Integração de fatores zootécnicos e ecológicos para avaliar o bem-estar fisiológico de Penaeus vannamei em fazendas conectadas ao Lago Maracaibo, Venezuela
Palavras-chave:
eutrofização, fitoplâncton, zooplâncton, ICR, bioindicador
Resumo
A carcinicultura comercial semi-intensiva no Lago Maracaibo, Venezuela, é afetada por processos de eutrofização resultantes do excesso de nutrientes, que favorecem a proliferação de microalgas e a deterioração da qualidade da água. Há pouca informação sobre a relação entre variáveis de produção, flutuações nas comunidades planctônicas e seu impacto no estado fisiológico do camarão. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre variáveis de produção e ecológicas com o Índice de Condição Relativa (ICR) como indicador fisiológico de Penaeus vannamei durante um ciclo de cultivo de dez semanas. As variáveis de produção e ecológicas foram monitoradas semanalmente, incluindo análises qualitativas e quantitativas de fitoplâncton e zooplâncton. Os dados foram avaliados utilizando correlação de Pearson, seleção de variáveis com VIF e AIC, regressão logística com redução de viés de Firth e análise de deviance. O camarão apresentou um ICR médio final de 1,36 ± 0,92 e um ICA médio de 1,81 ± 0,89. A comunidade fitoplanctônica foi dominada por cianobactérias (57,8 %), seguidas por clorófitas (32,4 %) e heterocontófitas (9,1 %), enquanto o zooplâncton foi representado principalmente por copépodes (69,9 %). No entanto, o modelo mostrou uma associação positiva entre o índice de resistência à clorofila (CRI) e a abundância de Chlorella sp. e náuplios de cracas, e uma relação negativa com Mesocyclops sp. Esses resultados sugerem que a qualidade nutricional e funcional do plâncton pode ser mais relevante do que sua abundância total, constituindo um bioindicador de bem-estar fisiológico e um potencial fonte alimentar suplementar.
Downloads
Não há dados estatísticos.
Referências
Aguilar, V., Racotta, I., Goytortúa, E., Wille, M., Sorgeloos, P., Civera, R., & Palacios, E. (2012). The influence of dietary arachidonic acid on the immune response and performance of Pacific whiteleg shrimp, LitoPenaeus vannamei, at high stocking density. Aquaculture Nutrition, 18(3), 258–271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2011.00892.x
Ávila-Parga, G., Dueñas-Ramírez, P. R., Sánchez-García, R., & Villatoro Fraile, M. (2022). Manual de zooplancton. Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano. https://www.utadeo.edu.co/sites/tadeo/files/node/publication/field_attached_file/pdf-manual_zooplancton_ensenada_gaira-pag._02-22.pdf
Berry, S. E., Simon, C. J., Foote, A. R., Jerry, D. R., & Wade, N. M. (2019). Evaluation of baseline haemolymph biochemistry, volume and total body energetics to determine an accurate condition index in the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 228, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.10.003
Bonilla-Flórez, J. A., Mayer, P., Estruch-Fuster, V. D., & Jover-Cerdá, M. (2017). Cambios en el índice de condición y relación longitud-peso durante el ciclo de crecimiento de la dorada (Sparus aurata L.) en jaulas marinas. AquaTIC, (47), 20–31. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/494/49453839003/html/
Bradford-Grieve J. M. 2002. Key to calanoid copepod families. Version 1: Accesible (2014) en: http://www.crustacea.net/crustace/calanoida/index.htm
Casé, M., Leça, E., Leitão, S., Sant'Anna, E., Schwamborn, R., and de Moraes Junior, A. (2008). Plankton community as an indicator of water quality in tropical shrimp culture ponds. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(7), 1343–1352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.02.008
Cremen, M., Martínez-Goss, M., Corre, V., & Azanza, R. (2007). Phytoplankton bloom in commercial shrimp ponds using green-water technology. Journal of Applied Phycology, 19(6), 615–624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-007-9210-7
Delgado, J. M. V., Pólit, P. A., Panta-Vélez, R. P., Rodríguez-Díaz, J. M., Dapena, J. D., Lozano, A. L., & Maddela, N. R. (2024). Identification and composition of cyanobacteria in Ecuadorian shrimp farming ponds—Possible risk to human health. Current Microbiology, 81(8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-024-03765-y
Domingos, J. A. S., & Vinatea, L. (2008). Efeito do uso de diferentes quantidades de substratos artificiais na engorda do camarão marinho LitoPenaeus vannamei em sistema semi-intensivo. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 34(1), 141–150. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/84854
Eissa, E.-S. H., Aljarari, R. M., Elfeky, A., Abd El-Aziz, Y. M., Munir, M. B., Jastaniah, S. D., Alaidaroos, B. A., Shafi, M. E., Abd El-Hamed, N. N. B., Al-Farga, A., Dighiesh, H. S., Okon, E. M., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Ezzo, O. H., Eissa, M. E. H., & ElBanna, N. I. (2023). Protective effects of Chlorella vulgaris as a feed additive on growth performance, immunity, histopathology, and disease resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Pacific white shrimp. Aquaculture International, 32(3), 2821–2840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01298-y
Firth, D. (1993). Bias reduction of maximum likelihood estimates. Biometrika, 80(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/80.1.27
Gómez, N., Domínguez, E., Rodrigues Capitulo, A., & Fernandez, H. R. (2020). Los indicadores biológicos. En F. H. R. (Ed.), Manual de métodos de campo y laboratorio para el estudio de los invertebrados acuáticos. https://ibn.conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/113/2021/05/4-Gomez-et-al.-2020-Los-indicadores-biologicos.pdf
Guiry, M. D., & Guiry, G. M. (Eds.). (2024). AlgaeBase. Universidad Nacional de Irlanda, Galway. https://www.algaebase.org/search/species/
Harrell, F. E., Jr. (2025). Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous (Version 5.2-2).
R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Hmisc
Hudson, M. (2024). Desempeño zootécnico e expressão génica en camarones Penaeus vannamei alimentados con dietas suplementadas con las microalgas Arthrospira platensis, Chlorella vulgaris y Conticribra weissflogii. http://bdigital.unal.edu.co/10578/
Irani, M., Islami, H., Bahabadi, M., & Hosseini, S. (2022). Production of Pacific white shrimp under different stocking density in a zero-water exchange biofloc system: Effects on water quality, zootechnical performance, and body composition. Aquacultural Engineering, 100, 102313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2022.102313
Jindal, R., & Sharma, C. (2011). Studies on water quality of Sutlej River around Ludhiana with reference to physicochemical parameters. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 174(1), 417–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1466-8
Le Cren, E. D. (1951). The length–weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in perch (Perca fluviatilis). Journal of Animal. Ecology, 20(2), 201–219. https://doi.org/10.2307/1540
Lozada, J., & Graterol, D. (2003). Practicas agroforestales en el Municipio Rosario de Perijá, estado Zulia, Venezuela. Revista Forestal Latinoamericana, 33(1), 21–36. https://www.ula.ve/ciencias-forestales-ambientales/indefor/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2017/01/2003_Perija_orig.pdf
Lyu, T., Yang, W., Cai, H., Wang, J., Zheng, Z., & Zhu, J. (2021). Phytoplankton community dynamics as a metrics of shrimp healthy farming under intensive cultivation. Aquaculture Reports, 21, 100965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100965
Martínez, R., Polanco-Marín, D., Mora, R. & Reyes-Luján, J. (2021). Variación de la comunidad fitoplanctónica en piscinas de cultivo semi-intensivo de LitoPenaeus vannamei en el lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela. REDIELUZ, 10(2), 87-95. https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/redieluz/article/view/35522
Neto, F., Neumann-Leitão, S., Casé, M., Sant’Anna, E., Cavalcanti, E., Schwamborn, R., & Melo, P. (2009). Zooplankton from shrimp culture ponds in Northeastern Brazil. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 122, 251–260. https://www.repositorio.ufop.br/items/d032e818-0327-4a6f-83a4-f893e04c93fd
Patricio, L., Juana, R., Migdalia, P., Solano-Cordero, Q., & Manuel, R. (2023). Characterization of water quality during freshwater culture of shrimp *LitoPenaeus vannamei* in southern Ecuador. Journal of the Selva Andina Animal Science, 10(2), 74–87. https://doi.org/10.36610/j.jsaas.2023.100200074
Pedro, J., Henriques, J., Bergvik, M., Tzakris, K., Viegas, M., Loufi, K., Fernandes, J. M. O., Costas, B., Tokle, N., y Conceição, L. E. C. (2025). Early nutrition impacts on growth, skeletal anomalies and organ ontogeny in larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Animals, 15(20), 2985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202985
Peig, J., & Green, A. J. (2010). The paradigm of body condition: A critical reappraisal of current methods based on mass and length. Functional Ecology, 24(6), 1323–1332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01751.x
Picapedra, P. H. S., Fernandes, C., Baumgartner, G., & Sanches, P. V. (2020). Zooplankton communities and their relationship with water quality in eight reservoirs from the midwestern and southeastern regions of Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 81(3), 701–713. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.230064
Prajapati, S., & Ujjania, N. (2021). Study on length weight relationship and condition factor of whiteleg shrimp LitoPenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) cultured in earthen pond, Khambhat (Gujarat). International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies, 8(1), 67–70. https://doi.org/10.22271/23940522.2021.v8.i1b.792
Qiao, L., Chang, Z., Li, J., & Chen, Z. (2020). Phytoplankton community succession in relation to water quality changes in the indoor industrial aquaculture system for LitoPenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 527, 735441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735441
R Core Team (2024) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
Redfield, A. C. (1958). Preludes to the entrapment of organic matter in the sediments of Lake Maracaibo. In: Habitat of Oil (pp. 968–981). American Association of Petroleum Geologists. https://doi.org/10.1306/SV18350C38
Rodríguez-Olague, D., Ponce-Palafox, J., Castillo-Vargasmachuca, S., Arámbul-Muñoz, E., Santos, R., & Esparza-Leal, H. (2021). Effect of nursery system and stocking density to produce juveniles of whiteleg shrimp LitoPenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Reports, 20, 100709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100709
Samosir, H., Rostini, I., y Hamdani, H. (2021). Plankton community as a bio-indicator of water quality in situ Ciburuy Padalarang, West Bandung Regency, West Java. Asian Journal Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 15(1), 36–49.
Samuel-Rosa, A. (2022). Pedometrics: Pedometric Techniques for Soil Data (Version 3.0.0). https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.pedometrics
Shirly-Lim, Y., Rahmah, S., Ghaffar, M., Liang, L., Chang, Y., Chisti, Y., Lee, M., & Liew, H. (2024). Pacific whiteleg shrimps compromise their physiological needs to cope with environmental stress. Environmental Advances, 15, 100492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2024.100492
Tjur, T. (2009). Coefficients of determination in logistic regression models—A new proposal: The coefficient of discrimination. The American Statistician, 63(4), 366–372. https://doi.org/10.1198/tast.2009.08210
Van Stappen, G., Sorgeloos, P., & Rombaut, G. (Eds.). (2024). Manual on Artemia production and use. (FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Papers, No. 702). FAO. https://users.ugent.be/~psorgelo/A4BreportClosingMayJune2024/FAO%20Artemia%20Manual%202024.pdf
Venables, W., & Ripley, B. (2002). Modern applied statistics with S (4th ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21706-2
Vidhya, K., Uthayakumar, V., Muthukumar, S., Munirasu, S., & Ramasubramanian, V. (2014). The effects of mixed algal diets on population growth, egg productivity and nutritional profiles in cyclopoid copepods (Thermocyclops hyalinus and Mesocyclops aspericornis). The Journal of Basic & Applied Zoology, 67(2), 58–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobaz.2014.08.003
WoRMS Editorial Board (2025). World Register of Marine Species. https://doi.org/10.14284/170
Yacubson, S. (1972). Catálogo e iconografía de las Cyanophyta de Venezuela. Boletín Del Centro De Investigaciones Biológicas, (5). Recuperado a partir de https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/boletin/article/view/210
Yacubson, S. (1974a). Catálogo e iconografía de las Chlorophyta de Venezuela. I Parte. Boletín Del Centro De Investigaciones Biológicas, (1). Recuperado a partir de https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/boletin/article/view/222
Yacubson, S. (1974b). Catálogo e iconografía de las Chlorophyta de Venezuela. II Parte. Boletín Del Centro De Investigaciones Biológicas, (11). Recuperado a partir de https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/boletin/article/view/223
Yacubson, S. (1974c). Catálogo e iconografía de las Chlorophyta de Venezuela. III Parte. Boletín Del Centro De Investigaciones Biológicas, (11). Recuperado a partir de https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/boletin/article/view/224
Zhang, Y., Zhuo, H., Fu, S., & Liu, J. (2024). Growth performance and growth model fitting of LitoPenaeus vannamei cultured in pond and factory modes. Aquaculture Reports, 39, 102483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2024.102483
Ávila-Parga, G., Dueñas-Ramírez, P. R., Sánchez-García, R., & Villatoro Fraile, M. (2022). Manual de zooplancton. Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano. https://www.utadeo.edu.co/sites/tadeo/files/node/publication/field_attached_file/pdf-manual_zooplancton_ensenada_gaira-pag._02-22.pdf
Berry, S. E., Simon, C. J., Foote, A. R., Jerry, D. R., & Wade, N. M. (2019). Evaluation of baseline haemolymph biochemistry, volume and total body energetics to determine an accurate condition index in the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 228, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.10.003
Bonilla-Flórez, J. A., Mayer, P., Estruch-Fuster, V. D., & Jover-Cerdá, M. (2017). Cambios en el índice de condición y relación longitud-peso durante el ciclo de crecimiento de la dorada (Sparus aurata L.) en jaulas marinas. AquaTIC, (47), 20–31. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/494/49453839003/html/
Bradford-Grieve J. M. 2002. Key to calanoid copepod families. Version 1: Accesible (2014) en: http://www.crustacea.net/crustace/calanoida/index.htm
Casé, M., Leça, E., Leitão, S., Sant'Anna, E., Schwamborn, R., and de Moraes Junior, A. (2008). Plankton community as an indicator of water quality in tropical shrimp culture ponds. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(7), 1343–1352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.02.008
Cremen, M., Martínez-Goss, M., Corre, V., & Azanza, R. (2007). Phytoplankton bloom in commercial shrimp ponds using green-water technology. Journal of Applied Phycology, 19(6), 615–624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-007-9210-7
Delgado, J. M. V., Pólit, P. A., Panta-Vélez, R. P., Rodríguez-Díaz, J. M., Dapena, J. D., Lozano, A. L., & Maddela, N. R. (2024). Identification and composition of cyanobacteria in Ecuadorian shrimp farming ponds—Possible risk to human health. Current Microbiology, 81(8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-024-03765-y
Domingos, J. A. S., & Vinatea, L. (2008). Efeito do uso de diferentes quantidades de substratos artificiais na engorda do camarão marinho LitoPenaeus vannamei em sistema semi-intensivo. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 34(1), 141–150. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/84854
Eissa, E.-S. H., Aljarari, R. M., Elfeky, A., Abd El-Aziz, Y. M., Munir, M. B., Jastaniah, S. D., Alaidaroos, B. A., Shafi, M. E., Abd El-Hamed, N. N. B., Al-Farga, A., Dighiesh, H. S., Okon, E. M., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Ezzo, O. H., Eissa, M. E. H., & ElBanna, N. I. (2023). Protective effects of Chlorella vulgaris as a feed additive on growth performance, immunity, histopathology, and disease resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Pacific white shrimp. Aquaculture International, 32(3), 2821–2840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01298-y
Firth, D. (1993). Bias reduction of maximum likelihood estimates. Biometrika, 80(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/80.1.27
Gómez, N., Domínguez, E., Rodrigues Capitulo, A., & Fernandez, H. R. (2020). Los indicadores biológicos. En F. H. R. (Ed.), Manual de métodos de campo y laboratorio para el estudio de los invertebrados acuáticos. https://ibn.conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/113/2021/05/4-Gomez-et-al.-2020-Los-indicadores-biologicos.pdf
Guiry, M. D., & Guiry, G. M. (Eds.). (2024). AlgaeBase. Universidad Nacional de Irlanda, Galway. https://www.algaebase.org/search/species/
Harrell, F. E., Jr. (2025). Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous (Version 5.2-2).
R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Hmisc
Hudson, M. (2024). Desempeño zootécnico e expressão génica en camarones Penaeus vannamei alimentados con dietas suplementadas con las microalgas Arthrospira platensis, Chlorella vulgaris y Conticribra weissflogii. http://bdigital.unal.edu.co/10578/
Irani, M., Islami, H., Bahabadi, M., & Hosseini, S. (2022). Production of Pacific white shrimp under different stocking density in a zero-water exchange biofloc system: Effects on water quality, zootechnical performance, and body composition. Aquacultural Engineering, 100, 102313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2022.102313
Jindal, R., & Sharma, C. (2011). Studies on water quality of Sutlej River around Ludhiana with reference to physicochemical parameters. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 174(1), 417–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1466-8
Le Cren, E. D. (1951). The length–weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in perch (Perca fluviatilis). Journal of Animal. Ecology, 20(2), 201–219. https://doi.org/10.2307/1540
Lozada, J., & Graterol, D. (2003). Practicas agroforestales en el Municipio Rosario de Perijá, estado Zulia, Venezuela. Revista Forestal Latinoamericana, 33(1), 21–36. https://www.ula.ve/ciencias-forestales-ambientales/indefor/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2017/01/2003_Perija_orig.pdf
Lyu, T., Yang, W., Cai, H., Wang, J., Zheng, Z., & Zhu, J. (2021). Phytoplankton community dynamics as a metrics of shrimp healthy farming under intensive cultivation. Aquaculture Reports, 21, 100965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100965
Martínez, R., Polanco-Marín, D., Mora, R. & Reyes-Luján, J. (2021). Variación de la comunidad fitoplanctónica en piscinas de cultivo semi-intensivo de LitoPenaeus vannamei en el lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela. REDIELUZ, 10(2), 87-95. https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/redieluz/article/view/35522
Neto, F., Neumann-Leitão, S., Casé, M., Sant’Anna, E., Cavalcanti, E., Schwamborn, R., & Melo, P. (2009). Zooplankton from shrimp culture ponds in Northeastern Brazil. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 122, 251–260. https://www.repositorio.ufop.br/items/d032e818-0327-4a6f-83a4-f893e04c93fd
Patricio, L., Juana, R., Migdalia, P., Solano-Cordero, Q., & Manuel, R. (2023). Characterization of water quality during freshwater culture of shrimp *LitoPenaeus vannamei* in southern Ecuador. Journal of the Selva Andina Animal Science, 10(2), 74–87. https://doi.org/10.36610/j.jsaas.2023.100200074
Pedro, J., Henriques, J., Bergvik, M., Tzakris, K., Viegas, M., Loufi, K., Fernandes, J. M. O., Costas, B., Tokle, N., y Conceição, L. E. C. (2025). Early nutrition impacts on growth, skeletal anomalies and organ ontogeny in larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Animals, 15(20), 2985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202985
Peig, J., & Green, A. J. (2010). The paradigm of body condition: A critical reappraisal of current methods based on mass and length. Functional Ecology, 24(6), 1323–1332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01751.x
Picapedra, P. H. S., Fernandes, C., Baumgartner, G., & Sanches, P. V. (2020). Zooplankton communities and their relationship with water quality in eight reservoirs from the midwestern and southeastern regions of Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 81(3), 701–713. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.230064
Prajapati, S., & Ujjania, N. (2021). Study on length weight relationship and condition factor of whiteleg shrimp LitoPenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) cultured in earthen pond, Khambhat (Gujarat). International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies, 8(1), 67–70. https://doi.org/10.22271/23940522.2021.v8.i1b.792
Qiao, L., Chang, Z., Li, J., & Chen, Z. (2020). Phytoplankton community succession in relation to water quality changes in the indoor industrial aquaculture system for LitoPenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 527, 735441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735441
R Core Team (2024) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
Redfield, A. C. (1958). Preludes to the entrapment of organic matter in the sediments of Lake Maracaibo. In: Habitat of Oil (pp. 968–981). American Association of Petroleum Geologists. https://doi.org/10.1306/SV18350C38
Rodríguez-Olague, D., Ponce-Palafox, J., Castillo-Vargasmachuca, S., Arámbul-Muñoz, E., Santos, R., & Esparza-Leal, H. (2021). Effect of nursery system and stocking density to produce juveniles of whiteleg shrimp LitoPenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Reports, 20, 100709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100709
Samosir, H., Rostini, I., y Hamdani, H. (2021). Plankton community as a bio-indicator of water quality in situ Ciburuy Padalarang, West Bandung Regency, West Java. Asian Journal Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 15(1), 36–49.
Samuel-Rosa, A. (2022). Pedometrics: Pedometric Techniques for Soil Data (Version 3.0.0). https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.pedometrics
Shirly-Lim, Y., Rahmah, S., Ghaffar, M., Liang, L., Chang, Y., Chisti, Y., Lee, M., & Liew, H. (2024). Pacific whiteleg shrimps compromise their physiological needs to cope with environmental stress. Environmental Advances, 15, 100492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2024.100492
Tjur, T. (2009). Coefficients of determination in logistic regression models—A new proposal: The coefficient of discrimination. The American Statistician, 63(4), 366–372. https://doi.org/10.1198/tast.2009.08210
Van Stappen, G., Sorgeloos, P., & Rombaut, G. (Eds.). (2024). Manual on Artemia production and use. (FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Papers, No. 702). FAO. https://users.ugent.be/~psorgelo/A4BreportClosingMayJune2024/FAO%20Artemia%20Manual%202024.pdf
Venables, W., & Ripley, B. (2002). Modern applied statistics with S (4th ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21706-2
Vidhya, K., Uthayakumar, V., Muthukumar, S., Munirasu, S., & Ramasubramanian, V. (2014). The effects of mixed algal diets on population growth, egg productivity and nutritional profiles in cyclopoid copepods (Thermocyclops hyalinus and Mesocyclops aspericornis). The Journal of Basic & Applied Zoology, 67(2), 58–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobaz.2014.08.003
WoRMS Editorial Board (2025). World Register of Marine Species. https://doi.org/10.14284/170
Yacubson, S. (1972). Catálogo e iconografía de las Cyanophyta de Venezuela. Boletín Del Centro De Investigaciones Biológicas, (5). Recuperado a partir de https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/boletin/article/view/210
Yacubson, S. (1974a). Catálogo e iconografía de las Chlorophyta de Venezuela. I Parte. Boletín Del Centro De Investigaciones Biológicas, (1). Recuperado a partir de https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/boletin/article/view/222
Yacubson, S. (1974b). Catálogo e iconografía de las Chlorophyta de Venezuela. II Parte. Boletín Del Centro De Investigaciones Biológicas, (11). Recuperado a partir de https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/boletin/article/view/223
Yacubson, S. (1974c). Catálogo e iconografía de las Chlorophyta de Venezuela. III Parte. Boletín Del Centro De Investigaciones Biológicas, (11). Recuperado a partir de https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/boletin/article/view/224
Zhang, Y., Zhuo, H., Fu, S., & Liu, J. (2024). Growth performance and growth model fitting of LitoPenaeus vannamei cultured in pond and factory modes. Aquaculture Reports, 39, 102483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2024.102483
Publicado
2026-06-15
Como Citar
Hernández, N., Guerrero-Riós, R., Reyes-Lujan, J., Bárcenas, J., Mora†, R., & Quintero-Torres, E. (2026). Integração de fatores zootécnicos e ecológicos para avaliar o bem-estar fisiológico de Penaeus vannamei em fazendas conectadas ao Lago Maracaibo, Venezuela. Revista Da Faculdade De Agronomia Da Universidade De Zulia, 43(3), e264333. Obtido de https://produccioncientifica.luz.edu.ve/index.php/agronomia/article/view/45726
Edição
Secção
Produção Animal
Direitos de Autor (c) 2026 Nancy Hernández de Guerrero*, Randi Guerrero-Riós, Jeny Reyes-Lujan, Juan Bárcenas, Roberta Mora, Enrique Quintero-Torres
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
