Integración de factores zootécnicos y ecológicos para evaluar el bienestar fisiológico de Penaeus vannamei en fincas conectadas al lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela
Palabras clave:
eutrofización, fitoplancton, zooplancton, ICR, bioindicador
Resumen
El cultivo semiintensivo comercial de camarón en el Lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela, se ve afectado por procesos de eutrofización derivados del exceso de nutrientes, los cuales favorecen la proliferación de microalgas y el deterioro de la calidad del agua. Existe escasa información sobre la relación entre las variables productivas, las fluctuaciones de las comunidades planctónicas y su impacto sobre el estado fisiológico del camarón. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre variables productivas y ecológicas con el Índice de Condición Relativa (ICR) como indicador fisiológico de Penaeus vannamei durante un ciclo de engorde de diez semanas. Se monitorearon semanalmente variables productivas y ecológicas, incluyendo análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos de fitoplancton y zooplancton. Los datos fueron evaluados mediante correlación de Pearson, selección de variables con VIF y AIC, regresión logística con reducción de sesgo de Firth y análisis de devianza. Los camarones presentaron un ICR promedio final de 1,36 ± 0,92 y un ICA promedio de 1,81 ± 0,89. La comunidad fitoplanctónica estuvo dominada por Cyanobacteria (57,8 %), seguida por Chlorophyta (32,4%) y Heterokontophyta (9,1 %), mientras que el zooplancton estuvo representado principalmente por copépodos (69,9 %). Sin embargo, el modelo mostró una asociación positiva entre el ICR y la abundancia de Chlorella sp. y nauplios de cirrípedos, y una relación negativa con Mesocyclops sp. Estos resultados sugieren que la calidad nutricional y funcional del plancton puede tener mayor relevancia que su abundancia total, constituyendo un bioindicador del bienestar fisiológico y una potencial fuente alimenticia complementaria.
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Bonilla-Flórez, J. A., Mayer, P., Estruch-Fuster, V. D., & Jover-Cerdá, M. (2017). Cambios en el índice de condición y relación longitud-peso durante el ciclo de crecimiento de la dorada (Sparus aurata L.) en jaulas marinas. AquaTIC, (47), 20–31. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/494/49453839003/html/
Bradford-Grieve J. M. 2002. Key to calanoid copepod families. Version 1: Accesible (2014) en: http://www.crustacea.net/crustace/calanoida/index.htm
Casé, M., Leça, E., Leitão, S., Sant'Anna, E., Schwamborn, R., and de Moraes Junior, A. (2008). Plankton community as an indicator of water quality in tropical shrimp culture ponds. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(7), 1343–1352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.02.008
Cremen, M., Martínez-Goss, M., Corre, V., & Azanza, R. (2007). Phytoplankton bloom in commercial shrimp ponds using green-water technology. Journal of Applied Phycology, 19(6), 615–624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-007-9210-7
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Harrell, F. E., Jr. (2025). Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous (Version 5.2-2).
R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Hmisc
Hudson, M. (2024). Desempeño zootécnico e expressão génica en camarones Penaeus vannamei alimentados con dietas suplementadas con las microalgas Arthrospira platensis, Chlorella vulgaris y Conticribra weissflogii. http://bdigital.unal.edu.co/10578/
Irani, M., Islami, H., Bahabadi, M., & Hosseini, S. (2022). Production of Pacific white shrimp under different stocking density in a zero-water exchange biofloc system: Effects on water quality, zootechnical performance, and body composition. Aquacultural Engineering, 100, 102313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2022.102313
Jindal, R., & Sharma, C. (2011). Studies on water quality of Sutlej River around Ludhiana with reference to physicochemical parameters. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 174(1), 417–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1466-8
Le Cren, E. D. (1951). The length–weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in perch (Perca fluviatilis). Journal of Animal. Ecology, 20(2), 201–219. https://doi.org/10.2307/1540
Lozada, J., & Graterol, D. (2003). Practicas agroforestales en el Municipio Rosario de Perijá, estado Zulia, Venezuela. Revista Forestal Latinoamericana, 33(1), 21–36. https://www.ula.ve/ciencias-forestales-ambientales/indefor/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2017/01/2003_Perija_orig.pdf
Lyu, T., Yang, W., Cai, H., Wang, J., Zheng, Z., & Zhu, J. (2021). Phytoplankton community dynamics as a metrics of shrimp healthy farming under intensive cultivation. Aquaculture Reports, 21, 100965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100965
Martínez, R., Polanco-Marín, D., Mora, R. & Reyes-Luján, J. (2021). Variación de la comunidad fitoplanctónica en piscinas de cultivo semi-intensivo de LitoPenaeus vannamei en el lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela. REDIELUZ, 10(2), 87-95. https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/redieluz/article/view/35522
Neto, F., Neumann-Leitão, S., Casé, M., Sant’Anna, E., Cavalcanti, E., Schwamborn, R., & Melo, P. (2009). Zooplankton from shrimp culture ponds in Northeastern Brazil. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 122, 251–260. https://www.repositorio.ufop.br/items/d032e818-0327-4a6f-83a4-f893e04c93fd
Patricio, L., Juana, R., Migdalia, P., Solano-Cordero, Q., & Manuel, R. (2023). Characterization of water quality during freshwater culture of shrimp *LitoPenaeus vannamei* in southern Ecuador. Journal of the Selva Andina Animal Science, 10(2), 74–87. https://doi.org/10.36610/j.jsaas.2023.100200074
Pedro, J., Henriques, J., Bergvik, M., Tzakris, K., Viegas, M., Loufi, K., Fernandes, J. M. O., Costas, B., Tokle, N., y Conceição, L. E. C. (2025). Early nutrition impacts on growth, skeletal anomalies and organ ontogeny in larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Animals, 15(20), 2985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202985
Peig, J., & Green, A. J. (2010). The paradigm of body condition: A critical reappraisal of current methods based on mass and length. Functional Ecology, 24(6), 1323–1332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01751.x
Picapedra, P. H. S., Fernandes, C., Baumgartner, G., & Sanches, P. V. (2020). Zooplankton communities and their relationship with water quality in eight reservoirs from the midwestern and southeastern regions of Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 81(3), 701–713. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.230064
Prajapati, S., & Ujjania, N. (2021). Study on length weight relationship and condition factor of whiteleg shrimp LitoPenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) cultured in earthen pond, Khambhat (Gujarat). International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies, 8(1), 67–70. https://doi.org/10.22271/23940522.2021.v8.i1b.792
Qiao, L., Chang, Z., Li, J., & Chen, Z. (2020). Phytoplankton community succession in relation to water quality changes in the indoor industrial aquaculture system for LitoPenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 527, 735441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735441
R Core Team (2024) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
Redfield, A. C. (1958). Preludes to the entrapment of organic matter in the sediments of Lake Maracaibo. In: Habitat of Oil (pp. 968–981). American Association of Petroleum Geologists. https://doi.org/10.1306/SV18350C38
Rodríguez-Olague, D., Ponce-Palafox, J., Castillo-Vargasmachuca, S., Arámbul-Muñoz, E., Santos, R., & Esparza-Leal, H. (2021). Effect of nursery system and stocking density to produce juveniles of whiteleg shrimp LitoPenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Reports, 20, 100709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100709
Samosir, H., Rostini, I., y Hamdani, H. (2021). Plankton community as a bio-indicator of water quality in situ Ciburuy Padalarang, West Bandung Regency, West Java. Asian Journal Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 15(1), 36–49.
Samuel-Rosa, A. (2022). Pedometrics: Pedometric Techniques for Soil Data (Version 3.0.0). https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.pedometrics
Shirly-Lim, Y., Rahmah, S., Ghaffar, M., Liang, L., Chang, Y., Chisti, Y., Lee, M., & Liew, H. (2024). Pacific whiteleg shrimps compromise their physiological needs to cope with environmental stress. Environmental Advances, 15, 100492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2024.100492
Tjur, T. (2009). Coefficients of determination in logistic regression models—A new proposal: The coefficient of discrimination. The American Statistician, 63(4), 366–372. https://doi.org/10.1198/tast.2009.08210
Van Stappen, G., Sorgeloos, P., & Rombaut, G. (Eds.). (2024). Manual on Artemia production and use. (FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Papers, No. 702). FAO. https://users.ugent.be/~psorgelo/A4BreportClosingMayJune2024/FAO%20Artemia%20Manual%202024.pdf
Venables, W., & Ripley, B. (2002). Modern applied statistics with S (4th ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21706-2
Vidhya, K., Uthayakumar, V., Muthukumar, S., Munirasu, S., & Ramasubramanian, V. (2014). The effects of mixed algal diets on population growth, egg productivity and nutritional profiles in cyclopoid copepods (Thermocyclops hyalinus and Mesocyclops aspericornis). The Journal of Basic & Applied Zoology, 67(2), 58–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobaz.2014.08.003
WoRMS Editorial Board (2025). World Register of Marine Species. https://doi.org/10.14284/170
Yacubson, S. (1972). Catálogo e iconografía de las Cyanophyta de Venezuela. Boletín Del Centro De Investigaciones Biológicas, (5). Recuperado a partir de https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/boletin/article/view/210
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Ávila-Parga, G., Dueñas-Ramírez, P. R., Sánchez-García, R., & Villatoro Fraile, M. (2022). Manual de zooplancton. Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano. https://www.utadeo.edu.co/sites/tadeo/files/node/publication/field_attached_file/pdf-manual_zooplancton_ensenada_gaira-pag._02-22.pdf
Berry, S. E., Simon, C. J., Foote, A. R., Jerry, D. R., & Wade, N. M. (2019). Evaluation of baseline haemolymph biochemistry, volume and total body energetics to determine an accurate condition index in the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 228, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.10.003
Bonilla-Flórez, J. A., Mayer, P., Estruch-Fuster, V. D., & Jover-Cerdá, M. (2017). Cambios en el índice de condición y relación longitud-peso durante el ciclo de crecimiento de la dorada (Sparus aurata L.) en jaulas marinas. AquaTIC, (47), 20–31. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/494/49453839003/html/
Bradford-Grieve J. M. 2002. Key to calanoid copepod families. Version 1: Accesible (2014) en: http://www.crustacea.net/crustace/calanoida/index.htm
Casé, M., Leça, E., Leitão, S., Sant'Anna, E., Schwamborn, R., and de Moraes Junior, A. (2008). Plankton community as an indicator of water quality in tropical shrimp culture ponds. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(7), 1343–1352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.02.008
Cremen, M., Martínez-Goss, M., Corre, V., & Azanza, R. (2007). Phytoplankton bloom in commercial shrimp ponds using green-water technology. Journal of Applied Phycology, 19(6), 615–624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-007-9210-7
Delgado, J. M. V., Pólit, P. A., Panta-Vélez, R. P., Rodríguez-Díaz, J. M., Dapena, J. D., Lozano, A. L., & Maddela, N. R. (2024). Identification and composition of cyanobacteria in Ecuadorian shrimp farming ponds—Possible risk to human health. Current Microbiology, 81(8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-024-03765-y
Domingos, J. A. S., & Vinatea, L. (2008). Efeito do uso de diferentes quantidades de substratos artificiais na engorda do camarão marinho LitoPenaeus vannamei em sistema semi-intensivo. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 34(1), 141–150. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/84854
Eissa, E.-S. H., Aljarari, R. M., Elfeky, A., Abd El-Aziz, Y. M., Munir, M. B., Jastaniah, S. D., Alaidaroos, B. A., Shafi, M. E., Abd El-Hamed, N. N. B., Al-Farga, A., Dighiesh, H. S., Okon, E. M., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Ezzo, O. H., Eissa, M. E. H., & ElBanna, N. I. (2023). Protective effects of Chlorella vulgaris as a feed additive on growth performance, immunity, histopathology, and disease resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Pacific white shrimp. Aquaculture International, 32(3), 2821–2840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01298-y
Firth, D. (1993). Bias reduction of maximum likelihood estimates. Biometrika, 80(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/80.1.27
Gómez, N., Domínguez, E., Rodrigues Capitulo, A., & Fernandez, H. R. (2020). Los indicadores biológicos. En F. H. R. (Ed.), Manual de métodos de campo y laboratorio para el estudio de los invertebrados acuáticos. https://ibn.conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/113/2021/05/4-Gomez-et-al.-2020-Los-indicadores-biologicos.pdf
Guiry, M. D., & Guiry, G. M. (Eds.). (2024). AlgaeBase. Universidad Nacional de Irlanda, Galway. https://www.algaebase.org/search/species/
Harrell, F. E., Jr. (2025). Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous (Version 5.2-2).
R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Hmisc
Hudson, M. (2024). Desempeño zootécnico e expressão génica en camarones Penaeus vannamei alimentados con dietas suplementadas con las microalgas Arthrospira platensis, Chlorella vulgaris y Conticribra weissflogii. http://bdigital.unal.edu.co/10578/
Irani, M., Islami, H., Bahabadi, M., & Hosseini, S. (2022). Production of Pacific white shrimp under different stocking density in a zero-water exchange biofloc system: Effects on water quality, zootechnical performance, and body composition. Aquacultural Engineering, 100, 102313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2022.102313
Jindal, R., & Sharma, C. (2011). Studies on water quality of Sutlej River around Ludhiana with reference to physicochemical parameters. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 174(1), 417–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1466-8
Le Cren, E. D. (1951). The length–weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in perch (Perca fluviatilis). Journal of Animal. Ecology, 20(2), 201–219. https://doi.org/10.2307/1540
Lozada, J., & Graterol, D. (2003). Practicas agroforestales en el Municipio Rosario de Perijá, estado Zulia, Venezuela. Revista Forestal Latinoamericana, 33(1), 21–36. https://www.ula.ve/ciencias-forestales-ambientales/indefor/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2017/01/2003_Perija_orig.pdf
Lyu, T., Yang, W., Cai, H., Wang, J., Zheng, Z., & Zhu, J. (2021). Phytoplankton community dynamics as a metrics of shrimp healthy farming under intensive cultivation. Aquaculture Reports, 21, 100965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100965
Martínez, R., Polanco-Marín, D., Mora, R. & Reyes-Luján, J. (2021). Variación de la comunidad fitoplanctónica en piscinas de cultivo semi-intensivo de LitoPenaeus vannamei en el lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela. REDIELUZ, 10(2), 87-95. https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/redieluz/article/view/35522
Neto, F., Neumann-Leitão, S., Casé, M., Sant’Anna, E., Cavalcanti, E., Schwamborn, R., & Melo, P. (2009). Zooplankton from shrimp culture ponds in Northeastern Brazil. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 122, 251–260. https://www.repositorio.ufop.br/items/d032e818-0327-4a6f-83a4-f893e04c93fd
Patricio, L., Juana, R., Migdalia, P., Solano-Cordero, Q., & Manuel, R. (2023). Characterization of water quality during freshwater culture of shrimp *LitoPenaeus vannamei* in southern Ecuador. Journal of the Selva Andina Animal Science, 10(2), 74–87. https://doi.org/10.36610/j.jsaas.2023.100200074
Pedro, J., Henriques, J., Bergvik, M., Tzakris, K., Viegas, M., Loufi, K., Fernandes, J. M. O., Costas, B., Tokle, N., y Conceição, L. E. C. (2025). Early nutrition impacts on growth, skeletal anomalies and organ ontogeny in larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Animals, 15(20), 2985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202985
Peig, J., & Green, A. J. (2010). The paradigm of body condition: A critical reappraisal of current methods based on mass and length. Functional Ecology, 24(6), 1323–1332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01751.x
Picapedra, P. H. S., Fernandes, C., Baumgartner, G., & Sanches, P. V. (2020). Zooplankton communities and their relationship with water quality in eight reservoirs from the midwestern and southeastern regions of Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 81(3), 701–713. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.230064
Prajapati, S., & Ujjania, N. (2021). Study on length weight relationship and condition factor of whiteleg shrimp LitoPenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) cultured in earthen pond, Khambhat (Gujarat). International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies, 8(1), 67–70. https://doi.org/10.22271/23940522.2021.v8.i1b.792
Qiao, L., Chang, Z., Li, J., & Chen, Z. (2020). Phytoplankton community succession in relation to water quality changes in the indoor industrial aquaculture system for LitoPenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 527, 735441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735441
R Core Team (2024) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
Redfield, A. C. (1958). Preludes to the entrapment of organic matter in the sediments of Lake Maracaibo. In: Habitat of Oil (pp. 968–981). American Association of Petroleum Geologists. https://doi.org/10.1306/SV18350C38
Rodríguez-Olague, D., Ponce-Palafox, J., Castillo-Vargasmachuca, S., Arámbul-Muñoz, E., Santos, R., & Esparza-Leal, H. (2021). Effect of nursery system and stocking density to produce juveniles of whiteleg shrimp LitoPenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Reports, 20, 100709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100709
Samosir, H., Rostini, I., y Hamdani, H. (2021). Plankton community as a bio-indicator of water quality in situ Ciburuy Padalarang, West Bandung Regency, West Java. Asian Journal Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 15(1), 36–49.
Samuel-Rosa, A. (2022). Pedometrics: Pedometric Techniques for Soil Data (Version 3.0.0). https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.pedometrics
Shirly-Lim, Y., Rahmah, S., Ghaffar, M., Liang, L., Chang, Y., Chisti, Y., Lee, M., & Liew, H. (2024). Pacific whiteleg shrimps compromise their physiological needs to cope with environmental stress. Environmental Advances, 15, 100492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2024.100492
Tjur, T. (2009). Coefficients of determination in logistic regression models—A new proposal: The coefficient of discrimination. The American Statistician, 63(4), 366–372. https://doi.org/10.1198/tast.2009.08210
Van Stappen, G., Sorgeloos, P., & Rombaut, G. (Eds.). (2024). Manual on Artemia production and use. (FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Papers, No. 702). FAO. https://users.ugent.be/~psorgelo/A4BreportClosingMayJune2024/FAO%20Artemia%20Manual%202024.pdf
Venables, W., & Ripley, B. (2002). Modern applied statistics with S (4th ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21706-2
Vidhya, K., Uthayakumar, V., Muthukumar, S., Munirasu, S., & Ramasubramanian, V. (2014). The effects of mixed algal diets on population growth, egg productivity and nutritional profiles in cyclopoid copepods (Thermocyclops hyalinus and Mesocyclops aspericornis). The Journal of Basic & Applied Zoology, 67(2), 58–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobaz.2014.08.003
WoRMS Editorial Board (2025). World Register of Marine Species. https://doi.org/10.14284/170
Yacubson, S. (1972). Catálogo e iconografía de las Cyanophyta de Venezuela. Boletín Del Centro De Investigaciones Biológicas, (5). Recuperado a partir de https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/boletin/article/view/210
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Publicado
2026-06-15
Cómo citar
Hernández, N., Guerrero-Riós, R., Reyes-Lujan, J., Bárcenas, J., Mora†, R., & Quintero-Torres, E. (2026). Integración de factores zootécnicos y ecológicos para evaluar el bienestar fisiológico de Penaeus vannamei en fincas conectadas al lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela. Revista De La Facultad De Agronomía De La Universidad Del Zulia, 43(3), e264333. Recuperado a partir de https://produccioncientifica.luz.edu.ve/index.php/agronomia/article/view/45726
Número
Sección
Producción Animal
Derechos de autor 2026 Nancy Hernández de Guerrero*, Randi Guerrero-Riós, Jeny Reyes-Lujan, Juan Bárcenas, Roberta Mora, Enrique Quintero-Torres
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
