Detecção de Diaporthe sp. em plantas de cacau (cv. CCN 51) na província de Guayas, Equador
Palavras-chave:
código de barras, cacau CCN-51, EF1-alfa, fitopatologia, ITS
Resumo
O cultivo do cacau contribui significativamente para a economia global. No entanto, um declínio na produção é evidente devido à presença de patógenos, especialmente dentro do reino dos fungos, onde alguns permanecem não identificados. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a presença de Diaporthe sp. em plantas de cacau da cultivar CCN-51 no Equador. Amostras de ramos de cacau com sintomas de podridão e tecido necrótico foram coletadas (cancros). As amostras foram desinfetadas e processadas no Laboratório de Microbiologia da Universidade Estadual de Milagro, Equador. Fragmentos de câmbio foram cultivados em ágar batata dextrose (PDA) e incubados a 27 °C. Após a purificação da cultura, a caracterização morfológica e a identificação molecular foram realizadas usando os métodos de código de barras ITS e EF1-α. As sequências foram comparadas com o banco de dados GenBank do NCBI para validação. Uma análise filogenética foi realizada entre as cepas encontradas e aquelas relatadas em Porto Rico e Austrália. A identificação morfológica situou os isolados dentro do gênero Diaporthe, o que foi confirmado molecularmente. A análise filogenética demonstra acentuada diversidade genética com alta similaridade dentro do gênero Diaporthe. Esses achados sugerem que Diaporthe spp. é prevalente nas plantações de cacau equatorianas e que métodos moleculares são eficazes para sua identificação. A presença desse patógeno implica a necessidade de estratégias de manejo para mitigar seu impacto na produção de cacau.
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Referências
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Cobos Mora , F., Montero Flores , P., Gómez Villalva , J., & Pérez Almeida, I. (2024). Eficiencia de agentes antagónicos para el control de moniliophthora roreri en el cultivo de cacao. Magazine De Las Ciencias: Revista De Investigación E Innovación, 9(2), 16-29. https://doi.org/10.33262/rmc.v9i2.3100
Colombatti Moran, J., Moran Rodríguez, P., & Ruiz Parrales, Y. (2024). Evaluación y caracterización de la sustentabilidad en fincas productoras de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) del Cantón Baba, provincia de Los Ríos. Conocimiento Global, 9(S1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.70165/cglobal.v9iS1.482
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de Novais, D. P. S., Batista, T. M., Costa, E. A., & Pirovani, C. P. (2023). Genomic and pathogenicity mechanisms of the main Theobroma cacao L. Eukaryotic Pathogens: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms, 11(6), 1567. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11061567
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Guo, J. M., Liang, J. J., Li, K. Y., Ling, X. F., & Yi, R. H. (2024). First report of Brown blotch disease caused by Diaporthe ueckeri on Hyophorbe lagenicaulis in China. Plant Disease, 108(1), 224. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-23-1619-PDN
Jiménez, W., Ramírez, A., López, J., & Alvarez, A. (2022). Análisis filogenético de aislamientos patogénicos de la familia Botryosphaeriaceae en cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la zona de Los Ríos. Ciencia y Tecnología, 15(2), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.18779/cyt.v15i2.583
Liu, H. Y., Luo, D., Huang, H. L., & Yang, Q. (2024). Two new species of Diaporthe (Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales) associated with Camellia oleifera leaf spot disease in Hainan Province, China. MycoKeys, 102, 225-243. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.102.113412
Long, H., Zhang, Q., Hao, Y.Y., Shao, X.Q., Wei, X.X., Hyde, K. D., Wang, Y., & Zhao, D.G. (2019). Diaporthe species in south-western China. MycoKeys, 57, 113-127. https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fmycokeys.57.35448
Mena, E., Larzábal, J., Stewart, S., & Ponce de Leon, I. (2024). First report of Diaporthe miriciae and Diaporthe masirevicii causing soybean stem canker in Uruguay. New Disease Reports, 49(2), e12283. https://doi.org/10.1002/ndr2.12283
Mena, E., Stewart, S., Montesano, M., & Ponce de León, I. (2023). Current understanding of the Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex causing soybean stem canker: A focus on molecular aspects of the interaction. Plant Pathology, 73(1), 31-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13803
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Perera, R. H., Hyde, K. D., Dissanayake, A. J., Jones, E. B. G., Liu, J. K., Wei, D., & Liu, Z. Y. (2018). Diaporthe collariana sp. nov., with prominent collarettes associated with Magnolia champaca fruits in Thailand. Studies in Fungi, 3(1), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.5943/sif/3/1/16
Perrine-Walker, F. (2020). Phytophthora palmivora–cocoa interaction. Journal of Fungi, 6(3), 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030167
Puig, A. S. (2023). Fungal pathogens of cacao in Puerto Rico. Plants, 12(22), 3855. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223855
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Ramos, M. J., Beilhe, L. B., Alvarado, J., Rapidel, B., & Allinne, C. (2024). Disentangling shade effects for cacao pest and disease regulation in the Peruvian Amazonia. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 44(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-024-00948-6
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Rodríguez Velázquez, N.D., Gómez de la Cruz, I., Chávez Ramírez, B., & Estrada de los Santos, P. (2024). Biological control of diseases in Theobroma cacao. In A. Kumar, G. Santoyo & J. Singh (Eds.) Biocontrol Agents for Improved Agriculture (pp. 101-120). Plant and Soil Microbiome, Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15199-6.00009-9
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Santos, J. M., Vrandečić, K., Ćosić, J., Duvnjak, T., & Phillips, A. J. L. (2011). Resolving the Diaporthe species occurring on soybean in Croatia. Persoonia-Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, 27(1), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158511X603719
Serrato-Diaz, L. M., Ayala-Silva, T., & Goenaga, R. (2022). First report of Diaporthe tulliensis and D. pseudomangiferae causing cacao pod rot in Puerto Rico. Plant Disease, 106(9), 2530. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-21-2634-PDN
Sousa, R. do S. dos R. de, Lima, G. V. S., Garcias, J. T., Gomes, G. de O., Mateus, J. R., Madeira, L. D. P. dos S., Seldin, L., Rogez, H. L. G., & Marques, J. M. (2024). The microbial community structure in the rhizosphere of Theobroma cacao L. and Euterpe oleracea Mart. is influenced by agriculture system in the Brazilian Amazon. Microorganisms, 12(2), 398. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12020398
Sun, X.-D., Cai, X.-L., Pang, Q.-Q., Zhou, M., Zang, W., Chen, Y.-S., & Bian, Q. (2021). First report of Diaporthe longicolla causing leaf spot on Kalanchoe pinnata in China. Plant Disease, 105(11), 3739. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-20-2681-pdn
Thompson, S. M., Tan, Y. P., Shivas, R. G., Neate, S. M., Morin, L., Bissett, A., & Aitken, E. A. B. (2015). Green and brown bridges between weeds and crops reveal novel Diaporthe species in Australia. Persoonia-Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, 35(1), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158515x687506
Vera, J., Lazo, R., Barzallo, D., & Gavin, C. (2021). Caracterización química y degradabilidad in situ de residuos orgánicos como alternativa alimenticia para bovinos. Ecuadorian Science Journal, 5(4), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.46480/esj.5.4.166
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Chóez-Guaranda, I., Espinoza-Lozano, F., Reyes-Araujo, D., Romero, C., Manzano, P., Galarza, L., & Sosa, D. (2023). Chemical characterization of Trichoderma spp. Extracts with antifungal activity against cocoa pathogens. Molecules, 28(7), 3208. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073208
Cobos Mora , F., Montero Flores , P., Gómez Villalva , J., & Pérez Almeida, I. (2024). Eficiencia de agentes antagónicos para el control de moniliophthora roreri en el cultivo de cacao. Magazine De Las Ciencias: Revista De Investigación E Innovación, 9(2), 16-29. https://doi.org/10.33262/rmc.v9i2.3100
Colombatti Moran, J., Moran Rodríguez, P., & Ruiz Parrales, Y. (2024). Evaluación y caracterización de la sustentabilidad en fincas productoras de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) del Cantón Baba, provincia de Los Ríos. Conocimiento Global, 9(S1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.70165/cglobal.v9iS1.482
Córdova Durán, E. G. (2025). Cacao fino de aroma: Comercio interno en el Ecuador. Arandu UTIC, 11(2), 3365-3380. https://doi.org/10.69639/arandu.v11i2.506
de Novais, D. P. S., Batista, T. M., Costa, E. A., & Pirovani, C. P. (2023). Genomic and pathogenicity mechanisms of the main Theobroma cacao L. Eukaryotic Pathogens: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms, 11(6), 1567. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11061567
Debnath, A. J., Dutta, P., & Bahadur, A. (2023). Diseases of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and their integrated management. In A. Bahadur & P. Dutta (Eds.), Diseases of Commercial Crops and Their Integrated Management (pp. 38-52). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781032627908
Delgado-Ospina, J., Molina-Hernández, J. B., Chaves-López, C., Romanazzi, G., & Paparella, A. (2021). The role of fungi in the cocoa production chain and the challenge of climate change. Journal of Fungi, 7(3), 202. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7030202
Dos Santos, G. C., Lima Horn, L. M., Trezzi Casa, R., Soardi, K., Lopes, M. A., Nascimento, S. C. do, Santi, V. M., Nascimento da Silva, F., Kór, D. G., & Gonçalves, M. J. (2024). First report of seed decay caused by Diaporthe ueckeri on soybean in Brazil. Plant Disease, 108(9), 2925. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-24-0814-PDN
Fernández Muñoz, R. del P., Mori Culqui, P. L., & Chavez Quintana, S. G. (2022). Efecto del tipo de azúcar en la aceptación y capacidad antioxidante de los chocolates oscuros. Revista Científica UNTRM: Ciencias Naturales e Ingeniería, 5(1), 64-69. https://doi.org/10.25127/ucni.v4i3.810
Gao, Y., Liu, F., Duan, W., Crous, P. W., & Cai, L. (2017). Diaporthe is paraphyletic. IMA Fungus, 8(1), 153-187. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2017.08.01.11
Guo, J. M., Liang, J. J., Li, K. Y., Ling, X. F., & Yi, R. H. (2024). First report of Brown blotch disease caused by Diaporthe ueckeri on Hyophorbe lagenicaulis in China. Plant Disease, 108(1), 224. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-23-1619-PDN
Jiménez, W., Ramírez, A., López, J., & Alvarez, A. (2022). Análisis filogenético de aislamientos patogénicos de la familia Botryosphaeriaceae en cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la zona de Los Ríos. Ciencia y Tecnología, 15(2), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.18779/cyt.v15i2.583
Liu, H. Y., Luo, D., Huang, H. L., & Yang, Q. (2024). Two new species of Diaporthe (Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales) associated with Camellia oleifera leaf spot disease in Hainan Province, China. MycoKeys, 102, 225-243. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.102.113412
Long, H., Zhang, Q., Hao, Y.Y., Shao, X.Q., Wei, X.X., Hyde, K. D., Wang, Y., & Zhao, D.G. (2019). Diaporthe species in south-western China. MycoKeys, 57, 113-127. https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fmycokeys.57.35448
Mena, E., Larzábal, J., Stewart, S., & Ponce de Leon, I. (2024). First report of Diaporthe miriciae and Diaporthe masirevicii causing soybean stem canker in Uruguay. New Disease Reports, 49(2), e12283. https://doi.org/10.1002/ndr2.12283
Mena, E., Stewart, S., Montesano, M., & Ponce de León, I. (2023). Current understanding of the Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex causing soybean stem canker: A focus on molecular aspects of the interaction. Plant Pathology, 73(1), 31-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13803
Patiño-Moscoso, M. A., Osorio-Guerrero, K. V., Flórez-Gómez, D. L., Sarmiento-Moreno, L. F., & Vargas-Ramírez, D. N. (2023). Molecular identification and prevalence of fungal contaminants in seeds of semi-annual crops. Scientia Agropecuaria, 14(3), 347-358. https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2023.030
Perera, R. H., Hyde, K. D., Dissanayake, A. J., Jones, E. B. G., Liu, J. K., Wei, D., & Liu, Z. Y. (2018). Diaporthe collariana sp. nov., with prominent collarettes associated with Magnolia champaca fruits in Thailand. Studies in Fungi, 3(1), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.5943/sif/3/1/16
Perrine-Walker, F. (2020). Phytophthora palmivora–cocoa interaction. Journal of Fungi, 6(3), 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030167
Puig, A. S. (2023). Fungal pathogens of cacao in Puerto Rico. Plants, 12(22), 3855. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223855
Ramón Guanuche, R. E., Verdezoto Reinoso, M. D. R., Romero, D. J., & Meleán Romero, R. A. (2024). Análisis de las exportaciones cacaoteras en Sudamérica y su relación con Ecuador. Uniandes Episteme, 11(1), 86-100. https://doi.org/10.61154/rue.v11i1.3382
Ramos, M. J., Beilhe, L. B., Alvarado, J., Rapidel, B., & Allinne, C. (2024). Disentangling shade effects for cacao pest and disease regulation in the Peruvian Amazonia. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 44(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-024-00948-6
Rêgo, A. P. B., Mora-Ocampo, I. Y., & Corrêa, R. X. (2023). Interactions of different species of Phytophthora with cacao induce genetic, biochemical, and morphological plant alterations. Microorganisms, 11(5), 1172. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051172
Rehner, S. A., & Buckley, E. (2005). A Beauveria phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1-α sequences: evidence for cryptic diversification and links to Cordyceps teleomorphs. Mycologia, 97(1), 84-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832842
Rodríguez Velázquez, N.D., Gómez de la Cruz, I., Chávez Ramírez, B., & Estrada de los Santos, P. (2024). Biological control of diseases in Theobroma cacao. In A. Kumar, G. Santoyo & J. Singh (Eds.) Biocontrol Agents for Improved Agriculture (pp. 101-120). Plant and Soil Microbiome, Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15199-6.00009-9
Ruiz-Chután, J. A., Berdúo-Sandoval, J. E., Alvarado, V., Kalousová, M., Lojka, B., Žiarovská, J., Montes, L., Sánchez-Pérez, A., & Fernández, E. (2024). Genetic diversity and population structure of Moniliophthora roreri in cocoa producing areas of Guatemala. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 13(6), e5947. https://doi.org/10.55251/jmbfs.5947
Sánchez, M. C., Ridao, A. del C., y Colavita, M. L. (2015). Diaporthe caulivora: agente causal de cancro del tallo predominante en cultivos de soja del sudeste bonaerense. Fave. Sección Ciencias Agrarias, 14(2), 141-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.14409/fa.v14i2.5729
Santos, J. M., Vrandečić, K., Ćosić, J., Duvnjak, T., & Phillips, A. J. L. (2011). Resolving the Diaporthe species occurring on soybean in Croatia. Persoonia-Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, 27(1), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158511X603719
Serrato-Diaz, L. M., Ayala-Silva, T., & Goenaga, R. (2022). First report of Diaporthe tulliensis and D. pseudomangiferae causing cacao pod rot in Puerto Rico. Plant Disease, 106(9), 2530. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-21-2634-PDN
Sousa, R. do S. dos R. de, Lima, G. V. S., Garcias, J. T., Gomes, G. de O., Mateus, J. R., Madeira, L. D. P. dos S., Seldin, L., Rogez, H. L. G., & Marques, J. M. (2024). The microbial community structure in the rhizosphere of Theobroma cacao L. and Euterpe oleracea Mart. is influenced by agriculture system in the Brazilian Amazon. Microorganisms, 12(2), 398. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12020398
Sun, X.-D., Cai, X.-L., Pang, Q.-Q., Zhou, M., Zang, W., Chen, Y.-S., & Bian, Q. (2021). First report of Diaporthe longicolla causing leaf spot on Kalanchoe pinnata in China. Plant Disease, 105(11), 3739. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-20-2681-pdn
Thompson, S. M., Tan, Y. P., Shivas, R. G., Neate, S. M., Morin, L., Bissett, A., & Aitken, E. A. B. (2015). Green and brown bridges between weeds and crops reveal novel Diaporthe species in Australia. Persoonia-Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, 35(1), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158515x687506
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Publicado
2025-10-08
Como Citar
Vera-Rodríguez, J., Villamar-Aveiga, M., Herrera-Feijoo, R., Sevilla-Carrasco, J., Moreno, D., Gavin-Moyano, C., & Chenche-López, O. (2025). Detecção de Diaporthe sp. em plantas de cacau (cv. CCN 51) na província de Guayas, Equador. Revista Da Faculdade De Agronomia Da Universidade De Zulia, 42(4), e254246. Obtido de https://produccioncientifica.luz.edu.ve/index.php/agronomia/article/view/44606
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Direitos de Autor (c) 2025 José Humberto Vera-Rodríguez, Mónica del Rocío Villamar-Aveiga, Robinson J. Herrera-Feijoo, Jaime David Sevilla-Carrasco, Denny Moreno, Cesar Stalin Gavin-Moyano, Oscar Mauricio Chenche-López
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