Evaluación fisicoquímica de humus y compost como estrategia para fortalecer la agricultura sostenible
Palabras clave:
abonos orgánicos, compostaje, restauración de suelos
Resumen
La degradación del suelo por la gestión antropogénica insostenible ha generado el deterioro de la calidad y salud del mismo, por éste motivo se buscan alternativas como el uso de abonos orgánicos para la rehabilitación de sus funciones ecológicas. Por ello, el presente estudio evaluó las propiedades físico-químicas del humus y del compost producidos en la estación experimental Tunshi, Chimborazo, Ecuador, con el fin de validar su idoneidad para la agricultura sostenible. Se emplearon formulaciones basadas en insumos locales, incluyendo estiércol de cuy, restos vegetales, abono verde y cascarilla de arroz. Los análisis incluyeron parámetros como pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), materia orgánica (MO) y macronutrientes, siguiendo la normativa ecuatoriana NTE INEN 211:1998 y el manual técnico del INIAP. Los resultados revelaron que las formulaciones de compost y humus cumplen con los estándares de calidad, destacándose la formulación F2 de compost y la formulación H2 para humus con su alto contenido de nitrógeno total y MO. Las formulaciones de compost (F3) y humus (H3) mostraron niveles superiores de fósforo y potasio, aunque con menor contenido de nitrógeno, donde F2 (35 % estiércol de cuy, 25 % abono verde) y H2 (50 % estiércol de cuy, 50 % restos vegetales) mostraron mayor contenido de nitrógeno y MO, mientras que en F3 (25 % estiércol de cuy, 30 % abono verde) y H3 (40 % estiércol de cuy, 60 % restos vegetales), no existieron diferencias significativas en los parámetros de las formulaciones de humus. Estos abonos representan una alternativa agroecológica viable y sostenible para la rehabilitación de suelos degradados.
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Amoah-Antwi, C., Kwiatkowska-Malina, J., Thornton, S.F., Fenton, O., Malina, G., & Szara, E. (2020). Restoration of soil quality using biochar and brown coal waste: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 722, 137852. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2020.137852
Antonangelo, J.A., Sun, X., & Zhang, H. (2021). The roles of co-composted biochar (COMBI) in improving soil quality, crop productivity, and toxic metal amelioration. Journal of Environmental Management, 277, 111443. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2020.111443
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International Organization for Standardization. (1998). Soil quality - Determination of organic carbon by sulfochromic oxidation (ISO 14235:1998). https://www.iso.org/standard/23140.html
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Antonangelo, J.A., Sun, X., & Zhang, H. (2021). The roles of co-composted biochar (COMBI) in improving soil quality, crop productivity, and toxic metal amelioration. Journal of Environmental Management, 277, 111443. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2020.111443
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. (1984). Nitrogen (Total) in fertilizers. Modified combustion method (AOAC Official Method 978.02-1984). http://www.aoacofficialmethod.org/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=1&products_id=471
Awoonor, J.K., Amoakwah, E., Buri, M.M., Dogbey, B.F., & Gyamfi, J.K. (2025). Impact of land use on soil quality: Insights from the forest-savannah transition zone of Ghana. Heliyon, 11(1), e41183. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2024.E41183
Bhattacharya, D., Tripathy, S., Swain, D.K., & Mitra, A. (2024). Can organic farming improve the soil properties, food quality and human health?. Food and Humanity, 3, 100398. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOOHUM.2024.100398
Bonilla-Bedoya, S., Valencia, K., Herrera, M.., López-Ulloa, M., Donoso, D.A., & Macedo Pezzopane, J.E. (2023). Mapping 50 years of contribution to the development of soil quality biological indicators. Ecological Indicators, 148, 110091. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLIND.2023.110091
Bünemann, E.K., Bongiorno, G., Bai, Z., Creamer, R.E., De Deyn, G., de Goede, R., Fleskens, L., Geissen, V., Kuyper, T.W., Mäder, P., Pulleman, M., Sukkel, W., van Groenigen, J.W., & Brussaard, L. (2018). Soil quality - A critical review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 120, 105-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOILBIO.2018.01.030
Chen, K., Li, J., Lin, L., Qin, W., Gao, Y., Hu, E., & Jiang, J. (2024). Occurrence, fate and control strategies of heavy metals and antibiotics in livestock manure compost land application: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 957, 177381. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2024.177381
Dengiz, O., Alaboz, P., Saygın, F., Adem, K., & Yüksek, E. (2024). Evaluation of soil quality of cultivated lands with classification and regression-based machine learning algorithms optimization under humid environmental condition. Advances in Space Research, 74(11), 5514-5529. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ASR.2024.08.048
Domínguez, J., & Gómez-Brandón, M. (2013). The influence of earthworms on nutrient dynamics during the process of vermicomposting. Waste Management & Research, 31(8), 859–868. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X13497079
Ebrahimi, M., Gholipour, S., Mostafaii, G., & Yousefian, F. (2024). Biochar-amended food waste compost: A review of properties. Results in Engineering, 24, 103118. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RINENG.2024.103118
Eijsackers, H., & Maboeta, M. (2023). Pesticide impacts on soil life in southern Africa: Consequences for soil quality and food security. Environmental Advances, 13, 100397. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVADV.2023.100397
Faverial, J., Boval, M., Sierra, J., & Sauvant, D. (2016). End-product quality of composts produced under tropical and temperate climates using different raw materials: A meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 183, 909-916. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2016.09.057
Feicán Mejía, C. (2011). Manual de producción de abonos orgánicos. Estación Experimental del Austro-INIAP. http://repositorio.iniap.gob.ec/handle/41000/2396
Feng, D., Cui, Y., Zeng, Y., Wang, D., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y., & Song, W. (2024). Enhancing compost quality through biochar and oyster shell amendments in the co-composting of seaweed and sugar residue. Chemosphere, 366, 143500. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2024.143500
García-Rández, A., Orden, L., Marks, E.A.N., Andreu-Rodríguez, J., Franco-Luesma, S., Martínez-Sabater, E., Saéz-Tovar, J.A., Pérez-Murcia, M.D., Agulló, E., Bustamante, M.A., Cháfer, M., & Moral, R. (2025). Monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions and compost quality during olive mill waste co-composting at industrial scale: The effect of N and C sources. Waste Management, 193, 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WASMAN.2024.11.039
Hameed Ologunde, O., Kehinde Bello, S., & Abolanle Busari, M. (2024). Integrated agricultural system: A dynamic concept for improving soil quality. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 23(5), 352-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSSAS.2024.03.002
Instituto Ecuatoriano de Normalización. (1997). Fertilizantes o abonos. Etiquetado. Requisitos (NTE INEN 221:1997, 1.ª revisión). https://www.agrocalidad.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/inen-0221-1997.pdf
Instituto Ecuatoriano de Normalización. (1998). Fertilizantes o Abonos. Tolerancias (NTE INEN 211:98). bit.ly/4mWmsJ9
International Organization for Standardization. (1994). Soil quality - Determination of phosphorus - Spectrometric determination of phosphorus soluble in sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (ISO 11263:1994). https://www.iso.org/standard/19241.html
International Organization for Standardization. (1995). Soil quality - Determination of total nitrogen - Modified Kjeldahl method (ISO 11261:1995). https://www.iso.org/standard/19239.html
International Organization for Standardization. (1998). Soil quality - Determination of organic carbon by sulfochromic oxidation (ISO 14235:1998). https://www.iso.org/standard/23140.html
Jiménez, L., Jiménez, W., González, L., Quichimbo, P., Fierro, N., & Capa-Mora, D. (2024). Rescuing local knowledge with regards to soil management and fertility in the Amazon region of Ecuador. Environmental Development, 50, 100984. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVDEV.2024.100984
Kleemann, J., Koo, H., Hensen, I., Mendieta-Leiva, G., Kahnt, B., Kurze, C., Inclan, D.J., Cuenca, P., Noh, J.K., Hoffmann, M.H., Factos, A., Lehnert, M., Lozano, P., & Fürst, C. (2022). Priorities of action and research for the protection of biodiversity and ecosystem services in continental Ecuador. Biological Conservation, 265, 109404. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOCON.2021.109404
Kong, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, X., Gao, X., Yin, J., Wang, G., Li, J., Li, G., Cui, Z., & Yuan, J. (2024). Applicability and limitation of compost maturity evaluation indicators: A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 489, 151386. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2024.151386
Kuria, A.W., Barrios, E., Pagella, T., Muthuri, C.W., Mukuralinda, A., & Sinclair, F.L. (2019). Farmers’ knowledge of soil quality indicators along a land degradation gradient in Rwanda. Geoderma Regional, 16, e00199. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEODRS.2018.E00199
Li, Y., Herbst, M., Chen, Z., Chen, X., Xu, X., Xiong, Y., Huang, Q., & Huang, G. (2024). Long term response and adaptation of farmland water, carbon and nitrogen balances to climate change in arid to semi-arid regions. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 364, 108882. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGEE.2023.108882
Manzano Vela, D.R., Ortega Castro, J.O., & Moya, A.E. (2024a). Caracterización fisicoquímica del biol en varias mezclas generadas por biodigestión. Recursos Naturales Producción y Sostenibilidad, 3(1), 35-51. https://doi.org/10.61236/renpys.v3i1.596
Manzano Vela, D.R., Villegas Freire, C.N., Zabala Vizuete, R.F., & Flores Mancheno, A.C. (2024b). Utilization of forest residues for cellulose extraction from timber species in the high montane forest of Chimborazo, Ecuador. Polymers, 16(19), 2713. https://doi.org/10.3390/POLYM16192713
Naderi-Boldaji, M., & Keller, T. (2016). Degree of soil compactness is highly correlated with the soil physical quality index S. Soil and Tillage Research, 159, 41-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.STILL.2016.01.010
Niedrite, E., Klavins, L., Dobkevica, L., Purmalis, O., Ievinsh, G., & Klavins, M. (2024). Sustainable control of invasive plants: Compost production, quality and effects on wheat germination. Journal of Environmental Management, 371, 123149. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.123149
Potthast, K., Hamer, U., & Makeschin, F. (2010). Impact of litter quality on mineralization processes in managed and abandoned pasture soils in Southern Ecuador. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 42(1), 56-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOILBIO.2009.09.025
Rani, M., Kaushik, P., Bhayana, S., & Kapoor, S. (2023). Impact of organic farming on soil health and nutritional quality of crops. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 22(8), 560-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSSAS.2023.07.002
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Publicado
2025-08-03
Cómo citar
Manzano, D., Parra, V., Zurita, S., & Pico, M. (2025). Evaluación fisicoquímica de humus y compost como estrategia para fortalecer la agricultura sostenible. Revista De La Facultad De Agronomía De La Universidad Del Zulia, 42(3), e254236. Recuperado a partir de https://produccioncientifica.luz.edu.ve/index.php/agronomia/article/view/44209
Número
Sección
Producción Vegetal
Derechos de autor 2025 Dennis Renato Manzano Vela, Vicente Javier Parra León, Susana Monserrat Zurita Polo, Máyuri Viviana Pico Gordón
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
