Macroeconomic factors for the global competitiveness of latin american countries (2013-2023)
Palabras clave:
Global competitiveness, macroeconomic factors, Latin America, infrastructure, education
Resumen
Latin America faces persistent global competitiveness gaps that limit its economic development, evidenced by lagging indicators compared to other regions. The lack of consensus on the determining macroeconomic factors in the Latin American context justifies this research, which seeks to identify those with a significant impact on regional competitiveness over the last decade. Using a quantitative design based on secondary data analysis from representative countries, variables such as trade openness, infrastructure investment, educational quality, inflation, and institutional stability were examined. The results showed that trade openness and investment in education are determining factors, while inflation and foreign direct investment did not present statistically significant impacts. Marked competitive disparities between countries were identified, associated with differences in their macroeconomic policies. The study provides empirical evidence to guide effective public policies, contributing to both academic debate and decision-making by policymakers and business leaders interested in improving regional competitive sustainability.
Citas
Adkins, L. C., Campbell, R. C., Chmelarova, V., & Hill, R. C. (2012). The Hausman test, and some alternatives, with Heteroskedastic data. En B. H. Baltagi, Advances in Econometrics (Vol. 29, pp. 515–546). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Amini, S., Delgado, M. S., Henderson, D. J., & Parmeter, C. F. (2012). Fixed vs random: The Hausman test four decades later. En B. H. Baltagi, Advances in Econometrics (Vol. 29, pp. 479–513). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Athari, S. A., Shaeri, K., Kirikkaleli, D., Ertugrul, H. M., & Ozun, A. (2020). Global competitiveness and capital flows: does stage of economic development and risk rating matter?. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 27(4), 426–450. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16081625.2018.1481754
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. (2023). Perspectivas económicas de América Latina 2023. OECD.
Banco Central de Reserva del Perú -BCRP (2023). Reporte de inflación [Informe trimestral, septiembre 2023]. https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Reporte-Inflacion/2023/setiembre/reporte-de-inflacion-setiembre-2023-sintesis.pdf
Baltagi, B. H., & Liu, L. (2007). Alternative ways of obtaining Hausman’s test using artificial regressions. Statistics & Probability Letters, 77(13), 1413–1417. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167715207000703
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe -CEPAL (2023a). Balance preliminar de las economías de América Latina y el Caribe, 2023. Naciones Unidas. https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/68747-balance-preliminar-economias-america-latina-caribe-2023
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe -CEPAL (2023b). Comunicado: Economías de América Latina y el Caribe mantendrán bajos niveles de crecimiento en 2023 y 2024 [Comunicado de prensa]. Naciones Unidas. https://www.cepal.org/es/comunicados/economias-america-latina-caribe-mantendran-bajos-niveles-crecimiento-2023-2024
Consejo Nacional de Competitividad. (2023). República Dominicana: Caso de inversión. https://cnc.gob.do/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Analisis-del-contexto-economico-para-Inversion.pdf
Cetin, M., & Erkisi, K. (2023). An innovative perspective on the impact of innovation on global competitiveness: Comparative analysis of EU13 and EU15 countries. Journal of Competitiveness, 15(4), 19–35. https://www.cjournal.cz/files/504.pdf
Eurostat. (2024). Euro area annual inflation down to 1.8% [Comunicado de prensa]. Oficina Estadística de la Unión Europea. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-euro-indicators/w/2-01102024-ap#:~:text=Close%20Print-,Overview,office%20of%20the%20European%20Union.
Fifeková, E., Nežinský, E., & Nemcová, E. (2018). Global competitiveness of Europe: A robust assessment. Danube, 9(4), 245–260. https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/danb-2018-0015
Flores-Sotelo, W. S., Pongo-Águila, O., Rivas-Peña, C. A., & Chávez-Diaz, J. M. (2024). An analysis of fiscal management and macroeconomic stability: An econometric study of public policies in Latin American countries. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(8), 6547. https://systems.enpress-publisher.com/index.php/jipd/article/view/6547
Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI). (2023). Política monetaria y actividad de los bancos centrales [Ficha técnica]. https://www.imf.org/es/About/Factsheets/Sheets/2023/monetary-policy-and-central-banking
García-García, C., Fernández, S., & Torrecillas, C. (2024). Economic Development and Eco-innovation: An Analysis of the Non-linear Relationship in the EU-27. ICE, Revista de Economía, (934). https://www.revistasice.com/index.php/ICE/article/view/7735
Ginevičius, R., Žemaitis, E., Šuhajda, K., & Schieg, M. (2023). Assessing the global competitiveness of European countries. Journal of Competitiveness, 15(4), 36–52. https://www.cjournal.cz/files/505.pdf
Grupo Banco Mundial. (2024). Perspectivas económicas | América Latina y el Caribe Octubre 2024 [Informe regional]. https://www.bancomundial.org/es/region/lac/publication/perspectivas-economicas-america-latina-caribe
Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics (5a ed.). McGraw-Hill Series. https://ucanapplym.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/RGU/notifications/E_learning/0nline_study/Basic-Econometrics-5th-Ed-Gujarati-and-P.pdf
Inter-American Development Bank – IDB (2024). IDB Report Highlights Future Growth Opportunities for Latin America and the Caribbean [Comunicado de prensa]. https://www.iadb.org/en/news/idb-report-highlights-future-growth-opportunities-latin-america-and-caribbean
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática –INEI (2021). Producto Bruto Interno trimestral 2022 [Informe Técnico]. https://m.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/boletines/01-informe-tecnico-pbi-iv-trim-2022.pdf
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática –INEI (2022a). Alrededor de 500 mil personas dejaron de ser pobres [Nota de prensa]. https://m.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/alrededor-de-500-mil-personas-dejaron-de-ser-pobres-7534/
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática –INEI (2022b). Población ocupada de Lima Metropolitana alcanzó los 5 millones 15 mil personas [Nota de prensa]. https://m.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/poblacion-ocupada-de-lima-metropolitana-alcanzo-los-5-millones-15-mil-personas-13897/
Kiselakova, D., Sofrankova, B., Cabinova, V., Onuferova, E., & Soltesova, J. (2018). The impact of R&D expenditure on the development of global competitiveness within the CEE EU countries. Journal of Competitiveness, 10(3), 34–50. https://www.cjournal.cz/index.php?hid=clanek&bid=archiv&cid=294&cp=
Kouskoura, A., Kalliontzi, E., Skalkos, D., & Bakouros, I. (2024). Assessing the key factors measuring regional competitiveness. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(6), 2530.
Ledesma, J. (2021, 10 de diciembre). Esperar y desesperar: la visión de los empresarios sobre el clima de negocios para la Argentina rumbo a 2023. El Cronista. https://www.cronista.com/apertura/empresas/esperar-y-desesperar-la-vision-de-los-empresarios-sobre-el-clima-de-negocios-para-la-argentina-rumbo-a-2023/
Malek, R., Yang, Q., & Dhelim, S. (2024). Toward sustainable global product development performance: Exploring the criticality of organizational factors and the moderating influence of global innovation culture. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(10), 4059. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16103911
Marčeta, M., & Bojnec, Š. (2023). What drives global competitiveness in the European Union countries? Acta Oeconomica, 73(3), 347–364. https://akjournals.com/view/journals/032/73/3/article-p347.xml
Marti, L., & Puertas, R. (2023). Analysis of European competitiveness based on its innovative capacity and digitalization level. Technology in Society, 72, 102206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102206
Melara-Gálvez, C., & Morales-Fernández, E. J. (2022). A comparative analysis of the competitiveness of Central American countries based on the global competitiveness index before the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 14(14), 8854. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148854
Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas. (2024). Informe de actualización de proyecciones macroeconómicas 2024-2027. Gobierno del Perú. https://www.mef.gob.pe/contenidos/pol_econ/marco_macro/IAPM_2024-2027.pdf
Morano, R. S., Jacomossi, R. R., Barrichello, A., & Feldmann, P. R. (2023). The interdependence between ease of doing business, innovation, and competitiveness of nations. BAR - Brazilian Administration Review, 20(2), e220054. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2023220103
Mukhamediyev, B., Temerbulatova, Z., & Mukhamediyeva, A. (2023). The significance of world oil prices and macroeconomic factors for the global competitiveness of countries. Energy Economics, 128, 107186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.107186
Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos- OECD (2022). Perspectivas económicas de América Latina 2022 (Perspectivas Económicas de América Latina). OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/perspectivas-economicas-de-america-latina-2022_f2f0c189-es
Paredes-Soria, A., Jaime-Belleza, H. R., Tafur-Anzualdo, V. I., & Chávez-Díaz, J. M. (2024). Determinants of economic growth and the externalities of infrastructure investment, Peruvian case 2000–2022. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(13), 9068. https://systems.enpress-publisher.com/index.php/jipd/article/view/9068
Paraušić, V., Cvijanović, D., Mihailović, B., & Veljković, K. (2014). Correlation between the state of cluster development and national competitiveness in the Global Competitiveness Report of the World Economic Forum 2012–2013. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 27(1), 662–672. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2014.974917
Priede, J., & Pereira, E. T. (2013). Innovation as a key factor in the international competitiveness of the European Union. European Integration Studies, 0(7), 173–182. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276046160_INNOVATION_AS_A_KEY_FACTOR_IN_THE_INTERNATIONAL_COMPETITIVENESS_OF_THE_EUROPEAN_UNION
Qazi, A. (2024). Exploring the impact of global competitiveness pillars on sustainable development. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 105, 107412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2023.107404
Rajnoha, R., & Lesnikova, P. (2022). Sustainable competitiveness: How does global competitiveness index relate to economic performance accompanied by the sustainable development? Journal of Competitiveness, 14(1), 136–154. https://www.cjournal.cz/files/439.pdf
Strilets, V., Franko, L., Dykha, M., Ivanov, M., & Rybina, L. (2024). The influence of innovative development in the EU countries and Ukraine on the competitiveness of national economies: A comparative analysis. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 22(2), 1–16. https://www.businessperspectives.org/index.php/journals/problems-and-perspectives-in-management/issue-455/the-influence-of-innovative-development-in-the-eu-countries-and-ukraine-on-the-competitiveness-of-national-economies-a-comparative-analysis
Ştefan, D. (2013). Study on the actual european competitiveness. Metalurgia International, 18(2), 139–143. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296913023_Study_on_the_actual_european_competitiveness
Tudose, M. B., & Rusu, V. D. (2015). Global competitiveness of the European Union member states: Evolution and perspectives. Studies and Scientific Researches Economics Edition, (22), 297–304. http://sceco.ub.ro/index.php/SCECO/article/view/326
Vera, C. P., & Rendon, S. (2023). Is the Global Competitiveness Index by the World Economic Forum a reliable tool for the design of labor market policies? Evidence from Latin American countries. IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 13(1), 1–25. https://ideas.repec.org/a/vrs/izajlp/v13y2023i1p26n1.html
Viloria-Nuñez, C., Tapias-Meza, A., & Gomez-Ceron, D. (2024). Reflection on the ICT adoption pillar in the Departmental Competitiveness Index in Colombia: The case of Atlántico. En 2024 IEEE Colombian Conference on Communications and Computing, COLCOM 2024 - Proceedings (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
Volosnikova, N., Klymova, S., Hubanova, N., Kosych, M., & Yatsyna, V. (2022). Directions of development of Ukraine’s competitiveness in the conditions of globalization. Financial and Credit Activity: Problems of Theory and Practice, 4(45), 365–373.
Wang, X., & Alsaleh, M. (2023). Determinants of geothermal power sustainability development: Do global competitiveness markets matter? Sustainability, 15(4), 3747. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043747
Whitney, R. A., Hess, P. M., & Sarmiento-Casas, C. (2023). Livable Streets and Global Competitiveness: A Survey of Mexico City. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 43(4), 783–798. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0739456X20904428
Amini, S., Delgado, M. S., Henderson, D. J., & Parmeter, C. F. (2012). Fixed vs random: The Hausman test four decades later. En B. H. Baltagi, Advances in Econometrics (Vol. 29, pp. 479–513). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Athari, S. A., Shaeri, K., Kirikkaleli, D., Ertugrul, H. M., & Ozun, A. (2020). Global competitiveness and capital flows: does stage of economic development and risk rating matter?. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 27(4), 426–450. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16081625.2018.1481754
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. (2023). Perspectivas económicas de América Latina 2023. OECD.
Banco Central de Reserva del Perú -BCRP (2023). Reporte de inflación [Informe trimestral, septiembre 2023]. https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Reporte-Inflacion/2023/setiembre/reporte-de-inflacion-setiembre-2023-sintesis.pdf
Baltagi, B. H., & Liu, L. (2007). Alternative ways of obtaining Hausman’s test using artificial regressions. Statistics & Probability Letters, 77(13), 1413–1417. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167715207000703
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe -CEPAL (2023a). Balance preliminar de las economías de América Latina y el Caribe, 2023. Naciones Unidas. https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/68747-balance-preliminar-economias-america-latina-caribe-2023
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe -CEPAL (2023b). Comunicado: Economías de América Latina y el Caribe mantendrán bajos niveles de crecimiento en 2023 y 2024 [Comunicado de prensa]. Naciones Unidas. https://www.cepal.org/es/comunicados/economias-america-latina-caribe-mantendran-bajos-niveles-crecimiento-2023-2024
Consejo Nacional de Competitividad. (2023). República Dominicana: Caso de inversión. https://cnc.gob.do/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Analisis-del-contexto-economico-para-Inversion.pdf
Cetin, M., & Erkisi, K. (2023). An innovative perspective on the impact of innovation on global competitiveness: Comparative analysis of EU13 and EU15 countries. Journal of Competitiveness, 15(4), 19–35. https://www.cjournal.cz/files/504.pdf
Eurostat. (2024). Euro area annual inflation down to 1.8% [Comunicado de prensa]. Oficina Estadística de la Unión Europea. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-euro-indicators/w/2-01102024-ap#:~:text=Close%20Print-,Overview,office%20of%20the%20European%20Union.
Fifeková, E., Nežinský, E., & Nemcová, E. (2018). Global competitiveness of Europe: A robust assessment. Danube, 9(4), 245–260. https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/danb-2018-0015
Flores-Sotelo, W. S., Pongo-Águila, O., Rivas-Peña, C. A., & Chávez-Diaz, J. M. (2024). An analysis of fiscal management and macroeconomic stability: An econometric study of public policies in Latin American countries. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(8), 6547. https://systems.enpress-publisher.com/index.php/jipd/article/view/6547
Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI). (2023). Política monetaria y actividad de los bancos centrales [Ficha técnica]. https://www.imf.org/es/About/Factsheets/Sheets/2023/monetary-policy-and-central-banking
García-García, C., Fernández, S., & Torrecillas, C. (2024). Economic Development and Eco-innovation: An Analysis of the Non-linear Relationship in the EU-27. ICE, Revista de Economía, (934). https://www.revistasice.com/index.php/ICE/article/view/7735
Ginevičius, R., Žemaitis, E., Šuhajda, K., & Schieg, M. (2023). Assessing the global competitiveness of European countries. Journal of Competitiveness, 15(4), 36–52. https://www.cjournal.cz/files/505.pdf
Grupo Banco Mundial. (2024). Perspectivas económicas | América Latina y el Caribe Octubre 2024 [Informe regional]. https://www.bancomundial.org/es/region/lac/publication/perspectivas-economicas-america-latina-caribe
Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics (5a ed.). McGraw-Hill Series. https://ucanapplym.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/RGU/notifications/E_learning/0nline_study/Basic-Econometrics-5th-Ed-Gujarati-and-P.pdf
Inter-American Development Bank – IDB (2024). IDB Report Highlights Future Growth Opportunities for Latin America and the Caribbean [Comunicado de prensa]. https://www.iadb.org/en/news/idb-report-highlights-future-growth-opportunities-latin-america-and-caribbean
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática –INEI (2021). Producto Bruto Interno trimestral 2022 [Informe Técnico]. https://m.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/boletines/01-informe-tecnico-pbi-iv-trim-2022.pdf
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática –INEI (2022a). Alrededor de 500 mil personas dejaron de ser pobres [Nota de prensa]. https://m.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/alrededor-de-500-mil-personas-dejaron-de-ser-pobres-7534/
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática –INEI (2022b). Población ocupada de Lima Metropolitana alcanzó los 5 millones 15 mil personas [Nota de prensa]. https://m.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/poblacion-ocupada-de-lima-metropolitana-alcanzo-los-5-millones-15-mil-personas-13897/
Kiselakova, D., Sofrankova, B., Cabinova, V., Onuferova, E., & Soltesova, J. (2018). The impact of R&D expenditure on the development of global competitiveness within the CEE EU countries. Journal of Competitiveness, 10(3), 34–50. https://www.cjournal.cz/index.php?hid=clanek&bid=archiv&cid=294&cp=
Kouskoura, A., Kalliontzi, E., Skalkos, D., & Bakouros, I. (2024). Assessing the key factors measuring regional competitiveness. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(6), 2530.
Ledesma, J. (2021, 10 de diciembre). Esperar y desesperar: la visión de los empresarios sobre el clima de negocios para la Argentina rumbo a 2023. El Cronista. https://www.cronista.com/apertura/empresas/esperar-y-desesperar-la-vision-de-los-empresarios-sobre-el-clima-de-negocios-para-la-argentina-rumbo-a-2023/
Malek, R., Yang, Q., & Dhelim, S. (2024). Toward sustainable global product development performance: Exploring the criticality of organizational factors and the moderating influence of global innovation culture. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(10), 4059. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16103911
Marčeta, M., & Bojnec, Š. (2023). What drives global competitiveness in the European Union countries? Acta Oeconomica, 73(3), 347–364. https://akjournals.com/view/journals/032/73/3/article-p347.xml
Marti, L., & Puertas, R. (2023). Analysis of European competitiveness based on its innovative capacity and digitalization level. Technology in Society, 72, 102206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102206
Melara-Gálvez, C., & Morales-Fernández, E. J. (2022). A comparative analysis of the competitiveness of Central American countries based on the global competitiveness index before the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 14(14), 8854. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148854
Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas. (2024). Informe de actualización de proyecciones macroeconómicas 2024-2027. Gobierno del Perú. https://www.mef.gob.pe/contenidos/pol_econ/marco_macro/IAPM_2024-2027.pdf
Morano, R. S., Jacomossi, R. R., Barrichello, A., & Feldmann, P. R. (2023). The interdependence between ease of doing business, innovation, and competitiveness of nations. BAR - Brazilian Administration Review, 20(2), e220054. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2023220103
Mukhamediyev, B., Temerbulatova, Z., & Mukhamediyeva, A. (2023). The significance of world oil prices and macroeconomic factors for the global competitiveness of countries. Energy Economics, 128, 107186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.107186
Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos- OECD (2022). Perspectivas económicas de América Latina 2022 (Perspectivas Económicas de América Latina). OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/perspectivas-economicas-de-america-latina-2022_f2f0c189-es
Paredes-Soria, A., Jaime-Belleza, H. R., Tafur-Anzualdo, V. I., & Chávez-Díaz, J. M. (2024). Determinants of economic growth and the externalities of infrastructure investment, Peruvian case 2000–2022. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(13), 9068. https://systems.enpress-publisher.com/index.php/jipd/article/view/9068
Paraušić, V., Cvijanović, D., Mihailović, B., & Veljković, K. (2014). Correlation between the state of cluster development and national competitiveness in the Global Competitiveness Report of the World Economic Forum 2012–2013. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 27(1), 662–672. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2014.974917
Priede, J., & Pereira, E. T. (2013). Innovation as a key factor in the international competitiveness of the European Union. European Integration Studies, 0(7), 173–182. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276046160_INNOVATION_AS_A_KEY_FACTOR_IN_THE_INTERNATIONAL_COMPETITIVENESS_OF_THE_EUROPEAN_UNION
Qazi, A. (2024). Exploring the impact of global competitiveness pillars on sustainable development. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 105, 107412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2023.107404
Rajnoha, R., & Lesnikova, P. (2022). Sustainable competitiveness: How does global competitiveness index relate to economic performance accompanied by the sustainable development? Journal of Competitiveness, 14(1), 136–154. https://www.cjournal.cz/files/439.pdf
Strilets, V., Franko, L., Dykha, M., Ivanov, M., & Rybina, L. (2024). The influence of innovative development in the EU countries and Ukraine on the competitiveness of national economies: A comparative analysis. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 22(2), 1–16. https://www.businessperspectives.org/index.php/journals/problems-and-perspectives-in-management/issue-455/the-influence-of-innovative-development-in-the-eu-countries-and-ukraine-on-the-competitiveness-of-national-economies-a-comparative-analysis
Ştefan, D. (2013). Study on the actual european competitiveness. Metalurgia International, 18(2), 139–143. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296913023_Study_on_the_actual_european_competitiveness
Tudose, M. B., & Rusu, V. D. (2015). Global competitiveness of the European Union member states: Evolution and perspectives. Studies and Scientific Researches Economics Edition, (22), 297–304. http://sceco.ub.ro/index.php/SCECO/article/view/326
Vera, C. P., & Rendon, S. (2023). Is the Global Competitiveness Index by the World Economic Forum a reliable tool for the design of labor market policies? Evidence from Latin American countries. IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 13(1), 1–25. https://ideas.repec.org/a/vrs/izajlp/v13y2023i1p26n1.html
Viloria-Nuñez, C., Tapias-Meza, A., & Gomez-Ceron, D. (2024). Reflection on the ICT adoption pillar in the Departmental Competitiveness Index in Colombia: The case of Atlántico. En 2024 IEEE Colombian Conference on Communications and Computing, COLCOM 2024 - Proceedings (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
Volosnikova, N., Klymova, S., Hubanova, N., Kosych, M., & Yatsyna, V. (2022). Directions of development of Ukraine’s competitiveness in the conditions of globalization. Financial and Credit Activity: Problems of Theory and Practice, 4(45), 365–373.
Wang, X., & Alsaleh, M. (2023). Determinants of geothermal power sustainability development: Do global competitiveness markets matter? Sustainability, 15(4), 3747. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043747
Whitney, R. A., Hess, P. M., & Sarmiento-Casas, C. (2023). Livable Streets and Global Competitiveness: A Survey of Mexico City. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 43(4), 783–798. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0739456X20904428
Publicado
2026-01-02
Cómo citar
Flores-Sotel, S., Paredes-Taipe, F. A., Flores-Palomino, F., & Zarate Hermoza, J. R. (2026). Macroeconomic factors for the global competitiveness of latin american countries (2013-2023). Revista Venezolana De Gerencia, 31(113), e3111326. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.31.113.26
Número
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TRIMESTRE
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