Algoritmos de aprendizaje automático para predecir la efectividad atribuida a la educación penitenciaria por estudiantes universitarios
Palabras clave:
Aprendizaje automático, educación penitenciaria, derechos humanos, evaluación educativa, enseñanza jurídica
Resumen
La educación penitenciaria constituye un eje estratégico en los procesos de reinserción social y garantía del derecho a la educación en contextos de privación de libertad. El objetivo del trabajo fue predecir la efectividad de la educación penitenciaria desde la perspectiva de estudiantes de la carrera de Derecho en la Universidad Estatal de Milagro, Ecuador. La metodología adoptó un enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo aplicada, con diseño no experimental y corte transversal. La muestra intencional estuvo conformada por 100 estudiantes, a los que se les aplicó un cuestionario estructurado validado por expertos. Los datos fueron procesados mediante análisis multivariado y técnicas de minería de datos en Orange Data Mining, utilizando modelos como AdaBoost, regresión logística y gradient boosting. Se evidenció que las variables con mayor capacidad explicativa fueron el diseño e implementación de programas educativos y el impacto en la resocialización; mientras que las variables sociodemográficas mostraron escasa incidencia predictiva. El modelo AdaBoost obtuvo el mayor rendimiento en métricas de precisión, sensibilidad y calibración. Se concluye que la percepción estudiantil sobre la efectividad de la educación penitenciaria está determinada más por factores pedagógicos que biográficos, y que los modelos predictivos constituyen una herramienta robusta para fortalecer la formación en derechos humanos.
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Citas
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Bentéjac, C., Csörgő, A., y Martínez-Muñoz, G. (2021). A comparative analysis of gradient boosting algorithms. Artificial Intelligence Review, 54(3), 1937-1967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-020-09896-5
Bharati, S., y Podder, P. (2022). Machine and deep learning for iot security and privacy: Applications, challenges, and future directions. Security and Communication Networks. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8951961
Cabral, S., y Santos, M.-F. (2018). Accountability mechanisms in public services: Activating new dynamics in a prison system. International Public Management Journal, 21(5), 795-821. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2016.1141815
Centeno, E., Mondragón, S. L., Ospina, E. F., y Franco, L. M. (2022). Resocialización de la pena: Retos desde las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXVIII(4), 303-314. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v28i4.39132
Da Silva, T. P., y Pich, N. (2024). A ressocialização de indivíduos encarcerados e o direito à educação. RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber, 3(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.51473/ed.al.v3i1.503
García, C., Marroquín, M. L., y Martínez, M. C. (2020). Visión resocializadora del sistema penitenciario en Colombia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXVI(4), 217-231. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v26i4.34659
Gastil, J., Knobloch, K. R., Reedy, J., Henkels, M., y Cramer, K. (2018). Assessing the Electoral Impact of the 2010 Oregon Citizens’ Initiative Review. American Politics Research, 46(3), 534-563. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X17715620
Hathazy, P. (2016). Remaking the prisons of the market democracies: New experts, old guards and politics in the carceral fields of Argentina and Chile. Crime, Law and Social Change, 65(3), 163-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-015-9579-1
Herrity, K., Schmidt, B. E. y Warr, J. (2021). Introduction: Welcome to the sensorium. In K. Herrity, B. E. Schmidt y J. Warr (Eds.), Sensory Penalities: Exploring the Senses in Spaces of Punishment and Social Control (pp. i–xxxiv). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83909-726-320210016
Hornyák, O., e Iantovics, L. B. (2023). AdaBoost algorithm could lead to weak results for data with certain characteristics. Mathematics, 11(8), 1801. https://doi.org/10.3390/math11081801
Jaitman, L. (2019). Frontiers in the economics of crime: lessons for Latin America and the Caribbean. Latin American Economic Review, 28(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40503-019-0081-5
Joutsenvirta, M., y Vaara, E. (2015). Legitimacy struggles and political corporate social responsibility in international settings: A comparative discursive analysis of a contested investment in Latin America. Organization Studies, 36(6), 741-777. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840615571958
Justice, B., y Meares, T. L. (2014). How the criminal justice system educates citizens? The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 651(1), 159-177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716213502929
Kakupa, P., y Mulenga, K. M. (2021). Does correctional education matter? Perspectives of prisoners at a male adult maximum-security prison in Zambia. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 2, 100090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2021.100090
Kilkelly, U., Forde, L., Lambert, S., y Swirak, K. (2023). Children in Conflict with the Law: Rights, Research and Progressive Youth Justice. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36652-9
Linden, R., y Perry, L. (1983). The Effectiveness of Prison Education Programs. Journal of Offender Counseling Services Rehabilitation, 6(4), 43-57. https://doi.org/10.1300/J264v06n04_04
Moradi, R., Berangi, R., y Minaei, B. (2020). A survey of regularization strategies for deep models. Artificial Intelligence Review, 53(6), 3947-3986. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-019-09784-7
Mukasheva, D., Tulkinbayev, N., Prilutskaya, M., Yessimova, D., y Stöver, H. (2024). Behind bars: Understanding prisoner perception of penitentiary rehabilitation in Kazakhstan. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 77, 100669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100669
Oganetse, D. K. (2025). Personalized Learning for Incarcerated Students. In S. Hai-Jew (Ed.), Mitigating Learner Disadvantages in Teaching and Learning (pp. 359-396). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-8623-1.ch013
Payne, Y. A., y Bryant, A. (2018). Street participatory action research in prison: A methodology to challenge privilege and power in correctional facilities. The Prison Journal, 98(4), 449-469. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885518776378
Phelps, M. S. (2011). Rehabilitation in the punitive era: The gap between rhetoric and reality in U.S. prison programs. Law & Society Review, 45(1), 33-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2011.00427.x
Polaschek, D. L. L. (2011). Many sizes fit all: A preliminary framework for conceptualizing the development and provision of cognitive–behavioral rehabilitation programs for offenders. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(1), 20-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2010.10.002
Pulido, M. L. (2023). Challenges to the Educational “Digital Divide” in Spanish Prisons. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 29(2), 263-281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-021-09493-4
Quiroga-Carrillo, A., Ferraces, M. J., y Lorenzo, M. (2024). Gender discrimination in prison: The perception of women inmates and prison professionals. Societies, 14(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14010005
Rangel, H. (2019). Cooperation and education in prison: A policy against the tide in the Latin American penitentiary crisis. International Review of Education, 65(5), 785-809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-018-9747-5
Sánchez, M. D. (2020). Educational and Cultural Challenges of the European Sustainability Model. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38716-7
Shu, X., y Ye, Y. (2023). Knowledge Discovery: Methods from data mining and machine learning. Social Science Research, 110, 102817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2022.102817
Speed, A., Thomson, C., y Richardson, K. (2020). Stay home, stay safe, save lives? An analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on the ability of victims of gender-based violence to access justice. The Journal of Criminal Law, 84(6), 539-572. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022018320948280
Stamatiou, Y. C., Halkiopoulos, C., Giannoulis, A., y Antonopoulou, H. (2022). Utilizing a restricted access e-Learning platform for reform, equity, and self-development in correctional facilities. Emerging Science Journal, 6, 241-252. https://doi.org/10.28991/ESJ-2022-SIED-017
Tavares, C., Nascimento, N., Alencar, P., y Cowan, D. (2025). Variability-Aware Machine Learning Model Selection: Feature modeling, instantiation, and experimental case study. IEEE Access, 13, 62527-62542. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3558218
Tavoschi, L., Vroling, H., Madeddu, G., Babudieri, S., Monarca, R., Vonk Noordegraaf-Schouten, M., Beer, N., Gomes, J., O’Moore, É., Hedrich, D., y Oordt-Speets, A. (2018). Active case finding for communicable diseases in prison settings: Increasing testing coverage and uptake among the prison population in the European Union/European economic area. Epidemiologic Reviews, 40(1), 105-120. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxy001
Tobón, S. (2022). Do better prisons reduce recidivism? Evidence from a prison construction program. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 104(6), 1256-1272. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_01007
Trivedi, C., y Ray, S. M. (2024). Equity, empowerment, and social justice: Social entrepreneurship for formerly incarcerated individuals. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development, 36(1), 48-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/19394225231223388
Villamar, R. M., Benavides, A. M., Orihuela, Z. F., y Ravello, A. A. (2024). Impacto de los programas de resocialización de centros penitenciarios femeninos latinoamericanos: Una revisión sistemática de literatura. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXX(3), 527-552. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v30i3.42694
Barton, K. C., y Ho, L.-C. (2021). Curriculum for Justice and Harmony: Deliberation, knowledge, and action in social and civic education. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003010104
Bentéjac, C., Csörgő, A., y Martínez-Muñoz, G. (2021). A comparative analysis of gradient boosting algorithms. Artificial Intelligence Review, 54(3), 1937-1967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-020-09896-5
Bharati, S., y Podder, P. (2022). Machine and deep learning for iot security and privacy: Applications, challenges, and future directions. Security and Communication Networks. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8951961
Cabral, S., y Santos, M.-F. (2018). Accountability mechanisms in public services: Activating new dynamics in a prison system. International Public Management Journal, 21(5), 795-821. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2016.1141815
Centeno, E., Mondragón, S. L., Ospina, E. F., y Franco, L. M. (2022). Resocialización de la pena: Retos desde las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXVIII(4), 303-314. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v28i4.39132
Da Silva, T. P., y Pich, N. (2024). A ressocialização de indivíduos encarcerados e o direito à educação. RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber, 3(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.51473/ed.al.v3i1.503
García, C., Marroquín, M. L., y Martínez, M. C. (2020). Visión resocializadora del sistema penitenciario en Colombia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXVI(4), 217-231. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v26i4.34659
Gastil, J., Knobloch, K. R., Reedy, J., Henkels, M., y Cramer, K. (2018). Assessing the Electoral Impact of the 2010 Oregon Citizens’ Initiative Review. American Politics Research, 46(3), 534-563. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X17715620
Hathazy, P. (2016). Remaking the prisons of the market democracies: New experts, old guards and politics in the carceral fields of Argentina and Chile. Crime, Law and Social Change, 65(3), 163-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-015-9579-1
Herrity, K., Schmidt, B. E. y Warr, J. (2021). Introduction: Welcome to the sensorium. In K. Herrity, B. E. Schmidt y J. Warr (Eds.), Sensory Penalities: Exploring the Senses in Spaces of Punishment and Social Control (pp. i–xxxiv). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83909-726-320210016
Hornyák, O., e Iantovics, L. B. (2023). AdaBoost algorithm could lead to weak results for data with certain characteristics. Mathematics, 11(8), 1801. https://doi.org/10.3390/math11081801
Jaitman, L. (2019). Frontiers in the economics of crime: lessons for Latin America and the Caribbean. Latin American Economic Review, 28(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40503-019-0081-5
Joutsenvirta, M., y Vaara, E. (2015). Legitimacy struggles and political corporate social responsibility in international settings: A comparative discursive analysis of a contested investment in Latin America. Organization Studies, 36(6), 741-777. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840615571958
Justice, B., y Meares, T. L. (2014). How the criminal justice system educates citizens? The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 651(1), 159-177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716213502929
Kakupa, P., y Mulenga, K. M. (2021). Does correctional education matter? Perspectives of prisoners at a male adult maximum-security prison in Zambia. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 2, 100090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2021.100090
Kilkelly, U., Forde, L., Lambert, S., y Swirak, K. (2023). Children in Conflict with the Law: Rights, Research and Progressive Youth Justice. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36652-9
Linden, R., y Perry, L. (1983). The Effectiveness of Prison Education Programs. Journal of Offender Counseling Services Rehabilitation, 6(4), 43-57. https://doi.org/10.1300/J264v06n04_04
Moradi, R., Berangi, R., y Minaei, B. (2020). A survey of regularization strategies for deep models. Artificial Intelligence Review, 53(6), 3947-3986. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-019-09784-7
Mukasheva, D., Tulkinbayev, N., Prilutskaya, M., Yessimova, D., y Stöver, H. (2024). Behind bars: Understanding prisoner perception of penitentiary rehabilitation in Kazakhstan. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 77, 100669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100669
Oganetse, D. K. (2025). Personalized Learning for Incarcerated Students. In S. Hai-Jew (Ed.), Mitigating Learner Disadvantages in Teaching and Learning (pp. 359-396). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-8623-1.ch013
Payne, Y. A., y Bryant, A. (2018). Street participatory action research in prison: A methodology to challenge privilege and power in correctional facilities. The Prison Journal, 98(4), 449-469. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885518776378
Phelps, M. S. (2011). Rehabilitation in the punitive era: The gap between rhetoric and reality in U.S. prison programs. Law & Society Review, 45(1), 33-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2011.00427.x
Polaschek, D. L. L. (2011). Many sizes fit all: A preliminary framework for conceptualizing the development and provision of cognitive–behavioral rehabilitation programs for offenders. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(1), 20-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2010.10.002
Pulido, M. L. (2023). Challenges to the Educational “Digital Divide” in Spanish Prisons. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 29(2), 263-281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-021-09493-4
Quiroga-Carrillo, A., Ferraces, M. J., y Lorenzo, M. (2024). Gender discrimination in prison: The perception of women inmates and prison professionals. Societies, 14(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14010005
Rangel, H. (2019). Cooperation and education in prison: A policy against the tide in the Latin American penitentiary crisis. International Review of Education, 65(5), 785-809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-018-9747-5
Sánchez, M. D. (2020). Educational and Cultural Challenges of the European Sustainability Model. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38716-7
Shu, X., y Ye, Y. (2023). Knowledge Discovery: Methods from data mining and machine learning. Social Science Research, 110, 102817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2022.102817
Speed, A., Thomson, C., y Richardson, K. (2020). Stay home, stay safe, save lives? An analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on the ability of victims of gender-based violence to access justice. The Journal of Criminal Law, 84(6), 539-572. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022018320948280
Stamatiou, Y. C., Halkiopoulos, C., Giannoulis, A., y Antonopoulou, H. (2022). Utilizing a restricted access e-Learning platform for reform, equity, and self-development in correctional facilities. Emerging Science Journal, 6, 241-252. https://doi.org/10.28991/ESJ-2022-SIED-017
Tavares, C., Nascimento, N., Alencar, P., y Cowan, D. (2025). Variability-Aware Machine Learning Model Selection: Feature modeling, instantiation, and experimental case study. IEEE Access, 13, 62527-62542. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3558218
Tavoschi, L., Vroling, H., Madeddu, G., Babudieri, S., Monarca, R., Vonk Noordegraaf-Schouten, M., Beer, N., Gomes, J., O’Moore, É., Hedrich, D., y Oordt-Speets, A. (2018). Active case finding for communicable diseases in prison settings: Increasing testing coverage and uptake among the prison population in the European Union/European economic area. Epidemiologic Reviews, 40(1), 105-120. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxy001
Tobón, S. (2022). Do better prisons reduce recidivism? Evidence from a prison construction program. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 104(6), 1256-1272. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_01007
Trivedi, C., y Ray, S. M. (2024). Equity, empowerment, and social justice: Social entrepreneurship for formerly incarcerated individuals. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development, 36(1), 48-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/19394225231223388
Villamar, R. M., Benavides, A. M., Orihuela, Z. F., y Ravello, A. A. (2024). Impacto de los programas de resocialización de centros penitenciarios femeninos latinoamericanos: Una revisión sistemática de literatura. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXX(3), 527-552. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v30i3.42694
Publicado
2025-12-09
Cómo citar
Ziadet-Bermúdez, E. I., García-Saltos, C. D., Sabando-Mendoza, M. V., & Sánchez-Azúa, I. M. (2025). Algoritmos de aprendizaje automático para predecir la efectividad atribuida a la educación penitenciaria por estudiantes universitarios. Revista De Ciencias Sociales, 31(4), 288-303. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v31i4.44854
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