The restrictions of the freedom of information during the Covid-19 pandemic
Keywords:
freedom of Information, freedom of Speech, Covid-19, Restrictions, Human Rights
Abstract
The article is devoted to the study of the issues of restrictions on the freedom of information that has arisen under the impact of the novel coronavirus outbreak. Another goal of the paper is identifying ways to protect such rights or to indicate which amendments to the law might be of use. The research methodology is based on general and special scientific methods, in particular: analytical, comparative-legal, systemic, and structural. The structure of the work includes: the review of international and Ukrainian legislation related to the freedom of information; the possibilities of its restriction; possible ways to enabling safe and secure management of the freedom of information during the coronacrisis. An analysis of international experience was carried out, as well as aspects of the protection of civil liberties such as freedom of speech, the right of peaceful assembly, etc. Several problematic issues were identified. Although, the general results of the study can be interpreted as alarming trends in the field of human rights and civil liberties. Particularly, it is multiple violations of the freedom of information all around the world under quarantine restrictions.
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References
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MINISRTY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE. 2020. On the organization of the educational process in general secondary education during quarantine: Letter. Available online. In: https://mon.gov.ua/ ua/npa/shodo-organizaciyi-osvitnogo-procesu-v-zakladah-zagalnoyi- serednoyi-osviti-pid-chas-karantinu. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
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27/05/2021.
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VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2003. The Civil Code. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/435-15/conv#Text. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
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CABINET OF MINISTERS OF UKRAINE. (2020). How the Home Action application works. Available online. In: https://www.kmu.gov.ua/news/ yak-pracyuye-zastosunok-dij-vdoma. Consultation date: 27/05/2021
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CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF UKRAINE. 2020. Decision in the case on the constitutional complaint of Vyacheslav Yuriyovych Pleskach regarding the compliance of the Constitution of Ukraine (constitutionality) with the provisions of the second sentence of part four of Article 42 of the Law of Ukraine “On the Constitutional Court of Ukraine”. Available online. In: http://www.ccu.gov.ua/sites/default/files/docs/1_p1_2020.pdf. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
DEGELING, Chris, CHEN, Gang, GILBERT, Gwendolyn, BROOKES, Viktoria, THAI, Thi, WILSON, Andrew, & JOHNSON, Jane. 2020. Changes in public preferences for technologically enhanced surveillance following the COVID-19 pandemic: a discrete choice experiment. BMJ Open, 10(11), e041592. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1136/ bmjopen-2020-041592/ Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. 1969. Denmark v. Greece; Norway v. Greece; Sweden v. Greece; Netherlands v. Greece. Available online. In: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/ eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-167795%22]}. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. (2016). Handbook of Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Available online. In: https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Guide_Art_15_UKR.pdf. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
FLAXMAN,Seth,MISHRA,Swapnil,GANDY,Axel,UNWIN,Juliette,MELLAN, Thomas, COUPLAND, Helen, ... & BHATT, Samir. 2020. “Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe” Nature. No. 584, pp. 257-261. Available online. In: https://www.nature. com/articles/s41586-020-2405-7. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
GOLUBOV, Olexandr, & KASHEL, Helena. 2020. News about the coronavirus despite censorship: DW awarded 17 journalists. Deutsche Welle. Available online. In: https://www.dw.com/uk/novyny-pro-koronavirus-popry- censuru-dw-nagorodyla-17-zhurnalistiv/a-53310012. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
GONCHAROVA, Katerina. 2020. Diagnosis – Novi Sanzhary. What you need to know about the coronavirus so as not to panic. Media Sapiens. Available online. In: https://bit.ly/37EutNJ. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
ISAACS, David, BRITTON, Philipp, & PREISZ, Anne. 2020. Ethical reflections on the COVID-19 pandemic: The epidemiology of panic. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 56(5), 690–691. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.14882. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
ISHENKO, Natalya. 2020. What communication challenges do governments face during a pandemic? Available online. In: https://m.day.kyiv.ua/uk/ article/media/cenzura-proty-virusu. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
KRUSIAN, Anzhelika, TSIURA, Vadim, PEREZHNIAK, Boris, SABODASH, Roman & KAZAKOVA, Lyudmila. 2021. Realization of the right to free movementunder quarantine conditions: practice of the European Court of Human Rights. Cuestiones politicas, 39(68), 103-120. Available online. In: https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/cuestiones/ article/view/35401/37495. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
KUCHERYAVENKO, Viktoria. 2019. Legal content of the category “Inaccurate information”. Journal of civil law and procedure. No. 6, pp. 29-32. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.32849/2663-5313/2019.6.05 Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
GOSTIN, Lawrence, FRIEDMAN, Eric, & WETTER, Sarah. 2020. Responding to Covid-19: How to Navigate a Public Health Emergency Legally and Ethically. Hastings Center Report. Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 8-12.
MINISRTY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE. 2020. On the organization of the educational process in general secondary education during quarantine: Letter. Available online. In: https://mon.gov.ua/ ua/npa/shodo-organizaciyi-osvitnogo-procesu-v-zakladah-zagalnoyi- serednoyi-osviti-pid-chas-karantinu. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
MORLEY, Jessica, COWLS, Josh, TADDEO, Mariarosaria, & FLORIDI, Luciano. 2020. Ethical guidelines for COVID-19 tracing apps. Nature. No. 582, pp. 29-31. Available online. In: https://doi. org/10.1038%2Fd41586-020-01578-0. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
NEKIT, Kateryna, ULIANOVA, Galyna & KOLODIN, Denis. 2019. Website as an object of legal protection by Ukrainian legislation. In: Amazonia investiga. Vol. 8, No. 21, pp. 222-230. Available online. In: https:// amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/97. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
PARLIAMENT COMOSSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS OF UKRAINE. 2020. The results of monitoring the state of provision and disclosure of public information on combating the spread of coronavirus COVID-19. Available online. In: https://bit.ly/2NTySpe. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
PLENUM OF THE SUPREME COURT OF UKRAINE. 2009. On judicial practice in cases of protection of the dignity and honor of individuals, as well as the business reputation of individuals and legal entities: Resolution 1. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/v_001700- 09#Text. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
POLITANSKY, Volodymyr. 2016. The right to information in the system of fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms. Bulletin of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine. Vol. 4, No. 87, pp. 86- 95. Available online. In: https://bit.ly/2ZEguDb. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
ROMANENKO, Maria. 2020. “Out of the shower and waiting for the police”: what’s wrong with the application “Action at home”? Hromadske. Available online. In: https://hromadske.ua/posts/vijshov-z-dushu-j- ochikuvav-na-policiyu-sho-ne-tak-z-dodatkom-dij-vdoma. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
SERVICK, Kelly. 2020. COVID-19 contact tracing apps are coming to a phone near you. How will we know whether they work? Science. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc9379. Consultation date:
27/05/2021.
SHIROKOVA, Alla. 2021. “Let’s not let buses with coronavirus in Sanzhari”- exactly a year has passed since the “crazy” protests that shook the country. Available online. In: https://www.0532.ua/news/3029035/ ne-pustimo-u-sanzari-avtobusi-z-koronovirusom-minuv-rivno-rik- pisla-kovidnih-protestiv-aki-skolihnuli-krainu. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
TADDEO, Mariarosaria. 2020. “The Ethical Governance of the Digital During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic” In: Minds & Machines. No. 30, pp. 171-176. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-020- 09528-5 .Consultation date: 27.05.2021
TING, Daniel, LAWRENCE, Carin, DZAU, Viktor, & WONG, Tien. 2020. Digital technology and COVID-19. Nature Medicine. Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 459- 461. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0824-5. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
TREIN, Philipp. 2020. The paradox of prevention: authoritarian past and liberal democracy in times of crisis. Available online. In: http://dx.doi. org/10.2139/ssrn.3625523. Consultation date: 12/09/2020.
UKRINFORM. 2020. The ICRC told how the Kremlin propaganda was experimenting with the fears of the Ukrainians. Available online. In: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-society/3194436-u-mkip-rozpovili- ak-propaganda-kremla-eksperimentue-zi-strahami-ukrainciv.html. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
UNITED NATIONS. 1948. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Available online. In: https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human- rights/.Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
UNITED NATIONS. 1950. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Available online. In: https://www.echr.coe.int/ documents/convention_eng.pdf. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
UNITED NATIONS. 1967. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Available online. In: http://www.un.org.ua/images/International_ Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights_CCPR_eng1.pdf. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
UNITED NATIONS. 2003. Declaration on Freedom of Communication on the Internet. Available online. In: https://bit.ly/3k9RXiW.Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
UNITED NATIONS. 2005. Declaration on human rights and the rule of law in the Information Society. Available online. In: https://www.coe.int/t/dgap/goodgovernance/Activities/Public_participation_ internet_governance/Declaration-Information-Society/011_ DeclarationFinal%20text_en.asp. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
UNITED NATIONS. 2011. Declaration on Internet governance principles. Available online. In: https://bit.ly/2MenUtT. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
UNITED NATIONS. 2016. On the promotion, protection, and enjoyment of human rights on the Internet. Available online. In: https://www.article19.org/data/files/Internet_Statement_Adopted.pdf. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 1984. Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses: Law. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/80731-10. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 1992. On Information: Law 2657-XII. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2657-12/ conv#Text. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 1996. Constitution of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2003. The Civil Code. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/435-15/conv#Text. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2004. On Telecommunications: Law 1280-IV. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/1280-15#Text. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2011. On Access to Public Information: Law 2939-VI. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/2939-17#Text. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2017. On the Constitutional Court: Law. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/422/96-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2020. On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Aimed at Providing Additional Social and Economic Guarantees in Connection with the Spread of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Law 540-IX. Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/540-20. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
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Published
2021-10-05
How to Cite
Kalitenko, O., Anikina, G., Spasova, E., & Shahaka, O. (2021). The restrictions of the freedom of information during the Covid-19 pandemic. Political Questions, 39(70), 426-445. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3970.26
Section
Derecho Público
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