Determinación de cepas de Enterococcus resistentes a la ampicilina, resistencia a antibióticos y genes de virulencia en muestras de leche y carne de pollo de la provincia de Sivas, Turquía
Resumen
El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la presencia de Enterococcus spp. resistentes a la ampicilina aislados en muestras de leche cruda y carne de pollo (Gallus gallus domesticus), centrándose en sus perfiles de resistencia antimicrobiana (AmpR) y genes de virulencia de la provincia de Sivas, Turquía. Se recolectaron y analizaron 210 muestras de leche cruda (n = 150; leche de vaca (Bos taurus), oveja (Ovis aries) y búfala (Bubalus bubalis)) y piezas frescas de pollo (n = 60; muslos y alas con piel). Se realizaron pruebas de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana mediante el método de difusión en disco, mientras que las concentraciones mínimas inhibitorias para los aislados de resistencia a la ampicilina se determinaron mediante microdilución en caldo. La reacción en cadena de la PCR identificó los aislados a nivel de especie y analizó los genes de virulencia clave (asa1, cylA, esp, gelE e hyl). Se aislaron 40 cepas Enterococcus spp. AmpRa partir de muestras de leche cruda y carne de pollo. De los aislados de leche cruda y carne de pollo, el 67,5 % se identificó como E. faecium, el 12,5 % como E. faecalis y el 20 % como otras especies de Enterococcus. Entre los aislados de resistencia a la ampicilina Enterococcus spp., se detectaron valores de concentraciones mínimas inhibitorias ≥ 16 μg·mL-1 en el 25,0 % de los aislados de leche y el 30,0 % de los aislados de muestras de carne de pollo. La difusión en disco reveló resistencia variada entre los aislados, con las más altas, la eritromicina (55,0%) y tetraciclina (50,0 %), seguida de rifampicina (42,5 %), ciprofloxacino (20,0 %), vancomicina (12,5%), gentamicina (10,0%) y cloranfenicol (7,5%). Los aislados de AmpR Enterococcus spp. exhibieron una tasa de resistencia a múltiples fármacos del 67,5 %. El análisis de genes de virulencia indicó la presencia del gen asa1 en un solo aislado de faecalis (2,5 %), mientras que no se detectaron los genes cylA, esp, gelE ni hyl. La detección de Enterococcus spp. resistentes a antibióticos en leche cruda y carne de pollo, así como la presencia de enterococos resistentes a la vancomicina y la gentamicina, son importantes para la salud pública. El monitoreo de enterococos resistentes a antimicrobianos en alimentos de origen animal es crucial en el marco del concepto “Una Salud”.
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