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DE LA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA
REVISTA TÉCNICAREVISTA TÉCNICA
“Buscar la verdad y aanzar
los valores transcendentales”,
misión de las universidades en
su artículo primero, inspirado
en los principios humanísticos.
Ley de Universidades 8 de
septiembre de 1970.
“Buscar la verdad y aanzar
los valores transcendentales”,
misión de las universidades en
su artículo primero, inspirado
en los principios humanísticos.
Ley de Universidades 8 de
septiembre de 1970.
VOLUMEN 43 MAYO - AGOSTO 2020 NÚMERO 2
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 43, No. 2, 2020, Mayo-Agosto, pp. 58-110
Study of the leaching potential in a soil and its depuration
capacity: perspectives in a landfill selection
Jhon Fredy Narvaez* , Juan José García , Francisco Campillo-Machado, Anderson A.
Rodríguez; Alejandro Cardona; Diana Patricia Urrea
Grupo de Investigación Ingeniar. Facultad de ciencias básicas e Ingeniería, Corporación Universitaria
Remington, Calle 51 No. 51-27, Medellín, Colombia.
*Autor de Correspondencia: jhon.narvaez@uniremington.edu.co
https://doi.org/10.22209/rt.v43n2a04
Recepción: 28/06/2019 | Aceptación: 17/03/2020 | Publicación: 01/05/2020
Abstract
pollution implications. Complex fractions of organic pollutants may transfer from the soil with multiplex physicochemical
and silicates present, may reduce the dye by physicochemical interaction with log Koc
condition for neutralization, while conductivity was reduced even to values presented in tap water due to ionic exchange
of pollutants removal in soils and, therefore, low physicochemical interactions may lead to the leaching of pollutants to
Keywords:
Estudio del potencial de lixiviación de un suelo y su
capacidad de depuración: perspectivas en la selección de un
relleno sanitario
Resumen
Muchos residuos sólidos son depositados en rellenos sanitarios, lo que puede conducir a procesos de lixiviación
entre el colorante y el suelo debido a que, aunque una gran cantidad de agua atraviesa los limos, se presentan bajos niveles
condición básica para la neutralización, mientras que la conductividad se redujo incluso a los valores presentados en el
agua del grifo debido a la capacidad de intercambio iónico del suelo. Una conclusión preliminar muestra que la eliminación
del primer estrato en un relleno sanitario reduce la capacidad de eliminación del suelo y, por lo tanto, pocas interacciones
estudios en el futuro.
Palabras clave:
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 43, No. 2, 2020, Mayo-Agosto, pp. 58-110
83
Introduction
A large amount of solid waste is produced
by the population growth, and thus, many cities build
and soil properties may play an important role in
natural bio-physicochemical reactor which degrades or
absorbs contaminants leaching from the solid phase and
thus more polar molecules may be transported cross the
soil to the groundwater due to solubility properties [3]. In
contrast, non-polar pollutants may interact with organic
fractions in soil by logkoc properties but low interactions
increase the transfer to water bodies from the soil [3].
humic and fulvic acids may be related to soil-pollutants
interactionsas well as minerals present in the soil.
important role in absorption/ retention of a wide range
of pollutants due to the molecular size and the soil
granulometry may have a relationship with the potential
fraction in soils may interact by size exclusion and even
by ionic interaction between organic pollutants and
aluminum and silicates into the layer and therefore
the removal of clay layer should not be done because
adequacy may lead to groundwater pollution by leaching
processes. For instance, the removal of silty and clay
layer reduces physicochemical interactions between
molecule structures of pollutants and alumina and
silicates minerals presents in those layers [6]. Although
absorption capacity are included to reduce soil- water
transport. In this paper, we focused on studying the soil
properties and leaching by trace marker and leaching
to purify simulated wastewater and,why does this type
management to decrease ecological impact and protect
Materials and methods
Reagents
Soil-layers samples
located at the coordinates 6° 23’13.8 “N 75° 35›50.8» W
layers were observed with different colors and physical
1.
Figure 1
Also, CP was built at similar percentages
Granulometry analysis of each layer
All granulometry test were carry out according
methods
performed in the Atterberg limits assay. All soil samples
were weighed on digital scales and stored in tares and
appropriate containers. Finally, to dry all the samples, a
450 g of samples were dried for 24 hours in the oven.
of six sieves and, therefore, the amount retained was
weighed individually to estimate the percentage retained.
granulometry curve to estimate particle size distribution.
For Atterberg limits, a large number of samples were
passed through sieve No. 40 to obtain 300 g of sample.
estimation of natural humidity and, subsequently, the
estimated by the Casagrande cup method only to reach
more than 15 strokes and less than 35 strokes, while the
that the canes of 3 mm in diameter and 10 centimeters in
length were obtained.
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 43, No. 2, 2020, Mayo-Agosto, pp. 58-110
84 Narvaez y Col
Leaching study
For the leaching study, packed columns with
the soil layer described in the previous section were
-1
of the solution used was calculated by means of average
was passed, the changes between the initial condition
by the differences in the relationship between the initial
Physicochemical analysis
-1
1/200 and 1/400. Absorbance was measuredat 276 by
r2 was estimated for linearity. For measuring
dye levels in leached samples, 1 ml was collected in a
in calibration curve and therefore absorvances were
interpolate in the linear equation. Finally, the initial and
Data treatment and analysis
All meassurements in leached samples were
parametric studies were applied for analyzing differences
between treatments.
Results and Discussion
Granulometry study
the Atterberg limit was carried out which is presented in
Figure 2.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0.010.11
% Accumulate retained
Particle Size (mm)
L2 L1 L3 L4
Figure 2. Granulometric distribution for all soil-layers
analysis.
Table 1. Results for Atterberg limit study in each soil-
layer.
Soil Layer Natural
humidity NH
Liquid
limit LL
Plastic
limit PL
Plastic
index
L2 29% 55% 45% 10%
L3 8.9% 66% 57% 9%
L4 20% 58% 43% 15%
because their physical properties lead to classify it as an
organic layer.
Figure 3. Plasticity index chart for Casagrande test.
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 43, No. 2, 2020, Mayo-Agosto, pp. 58-110
85
Leaching study (dye removal)
-
poses was plotted by the relationship between the absor-
-
gression shown a r2 greater than 0.98 and a nonzero slope,
so the percentage of dye removal was found using the cor-
responding equation. For more details, see the Figure 4.
Figure 4.Calibration curve for dye removal and quantity
purpose.
were analyzed by interpolation in linear equation, and,
there foreitthe removal percentages found were in the
details.
Figure 5.
layers.
in Figure 5.
Physicochemical analysis in leaching water
Variability of pH in leaching fractions
fractions of each soil layers, including the complete soil
sample, the original dye solution and a deionized water
values of every soil layers are very similar to each other,
to neutrality, which indicates an improvement of this
parameter up to 2 units.
Figure 6.
different soil-layers.
7.0 used as a blank.
Figure 7 shows the variability in the conductivity
in the leaching fractions of each of the soil layers, including
the complete soil sample, the original dye solution and a
of the original dye solution was reduced to values that
found in the leaching fractions were even lower than those
physicochemical interactions between the original dye
solution and the soil layers could reduce the electrolytes
present in the initial samples.
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 43, No. 2, 2020, Mayo-Agosto, pp. 58-110
86 Narvaez y Col
Figure 7. Conductivity in leaching fractions from the
different soil-layers.
Although, a reduction in conductivity was
compared to the rest of the soil layers.
estimated by the ratio between the volume of water
Table 2
layer.
Type of Volume Soil sample or soil layer
CP L1 L2 L3 L4
Volume of water inltrated
(mL) 20.0 30.5 48.5 19.0 12.0
Percentage of water
inltrated (%) 25.0 38,1 60.6 23.8 15.0
Although recycling and organic production are
complex pollutantsas well as thesoil properties are not
fully considered in the conventional design. Although
groundwater can be the destination of many substances
causing pollution[7]. In this article, the leaching potential
using the carminic acid dye as a trace marked in order to
establish some soil properties which should be considered
works have been carried out with a similar orientation to
the present study[8-9]
capacity, as well as its effects on leachate, are not fully
understood and, thus, more research and knowledge must
be obtained in order to improve the site selection process
due to the origin of the soils,which is related to volcanic
silicates,
aluminum and low amounts of iron which may take part
in physicochemical reactions for degradation of the dye
substances due to their particles are lower than 4.5 µm
silica gel which is applied for chromatography separation
includes particle size between 38 to 63 µm and thus
the retention by physical interaction is done [11-12].
which containsa particle sizes distribution smaller than
silica gel used in chromatography and, therefore, the
adsorption capacity may be higher in those layers. In
a research study, it was found that silty loam layer does
not lead to the volatilization of kerosene, because the
hydrocarbons are caught by the smaller pore sizes[10].
According the present study, the carminic acid is removed
is found in CP. Additionally, the conductivity is reduced
contain all the individual properties presented in layers
analyzed by separate and, thus the granulometry, silt,
plasticity and organic matter contained in each layer
may affect together the transport of the carminic acid.
CP, can retain the dye by organic interactions including
Log Koc
organic mattermay affect the adsorption/desorption
in hydrophilic and hydrophobic sites which increase
the interactions between this fraction and the organic
for log Koc interaction between xenobiotic substances and
soil [14-15]. Additionally, the organic pollutants may be
caught and degraded by microbiota and physicochemical
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 43, No. 2, 2020, Mayo-Agosto, pp. 58-110
87
the adsorption is improved slightly due to particle size or
silica-aluminium interaction with carminic acid as was
presented before. In individual layers no differences were
adsorption may be related to complex interactions such as
the medium may change the chemical dissociation and
value for a non-ionized form of carminic acid and thus
the maximum adsorption may occur in soil. In Figure 8,an
ionic grup in the molecular structure of carminic acid is
variability in medium.
Figure 8. Molecular structure of carminic acid.
According to Figure 8, the carboxylic and even
the hydroxyl group affect the ionic form in carminic acid.
Additionally, the surface area and the high molecular
weight may be related to adsorption due to the thin pore
reduced, because hypothetically the absorbed carminic
acid may interact with ions which pass through the soil
transport of pollutants, which is the reason why although,
ionizablepollutants. Major pharmaceutical products are
weak acids and bases and thus, those products may be
Finally, the carminic acid is a degradable
substance by biological and physical processes and their
the carminic acid adsorbed in the porous soil may be
degraded by allocthonous microbiota and the delay
into the soil is unknown and, therefore, further studies
-1 from electric waste and electronic
waterbodies [21]. For this preliminary study, we may
say that soil with similar properties may be prepared as
soils and leached produced should be considered in the
pollutanttransport prediction and the water pollution.
studied in more details. For example, electronic waste
after their leaching.
Conclusions
properties of the soil and the physicochemical interactions
with the possible contaminants deposited there must be
layer removal from soil and low silty properties may
increase the passage of pollutants through the soil to reach
the presence of aluminum-silicates present may take an
bases soil-borne because ionic fractions can be easily
adsorbs weak acids and therefore, similar substances may
In this research, a natural biodegradable dye was used
physicochemical properties should be tested and their
possible impact on aquatic species due to pollutants soil-
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 43, No. 2, 2020, Mayo-Agosto, pp. 58-110
88 Narvaez y Col
Acknowledgments
Authors thanks the project Colciencias entitled
“Potencial de bioacumulación de agroquímicos y
contaminantes persistentes en una cuenca del oriente
Also, the authors would like to express their thanks to
internacionalización, lenguas y Culturas extranjeras –
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REVISTA TECNICA
DE LA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA
UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
en Abril de 2020, por el Fondo Editorial Serbiluz,
Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela
Vol. 43. N°2, Mayo - Agosto 2020, pp. 58 - 110__________________
