ppi 201502ZU4659
Esta publicación cientíca en formato digital es
continuidad de la revista impresa
ISSN 0254-0770 / Depósito legal pp 197802ZU38
UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA
Una Revista Internacional Arbitrada
que está indizada en las publicaciones
de referencia y comentarios:
• SCOPUS
• Compendex
• Chemical Abstracts
• Metal Abstracts
• World Aluminium Abstracts
• Mathematical Reviews
• Petroleum Abstracts
• Current Mathematical Publications
• MathSci
• Revencyt
• Materials Information
• Periódica
• Actualidad Iberoamericana
DE LA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA
REVISTA TÉCNICAREVISTA TÉCNICA
Patrimonio del Estado Zulia e
interés Cultural desde 2001
Fecha de Construcción:
1954-1958
Diseño: Arquitecto Carlos Raúl
Villanueva, con elementos
novedosos de adaptación
climática.
Policromía de la obra: Artista
Zuliano Victor Valera.
VOL.42 SEPTIEMBRE - DICIEMBRE 2019 No.3
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 42, No. 3, 2019, Septiembre-Diciembre, pp. 104-151
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 42, No. 3, 2019, 143-151
Antibacterial property of cancrinite-type zeolites exchanged
with silver and copper cations
Freddy Ocanto1*, Carlos F. Linares1, Edith Figueredo1, 2, Caribay Urbina de Navarro3
1Unidad de Síntesis de Materiales y Metales de Transición, Departamento de Química, Facultad Experimental
de Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad de Carabobo, Apartado 3336, Valencia 2005, Venezuela.
2Laboratorio de Calidad Ambiental, Escuela de Ingeniería Civil, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de
Carabobo, Apartado Postal 3336, Valencia 2005, Venezuela.
3Centro de Microscopía Electrónica Dr. Mitsuo Ogura, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad
Central de Venezuela, Apartado 20513, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela.
*Autor de correspondencia: ocantow@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.22209/rt.v42n3a06
Recepción: 22/08/2018 | Aceptación: 05/06/2019 | Publicación: 01/09/2019
Abstract
Ag+, Cu2+ or Ag+-Cu2+ ion-exchanged nitrate-sodium cancrinite-type zeolites were tested as bactericidal agents
against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). Nitrated-sodium cancrinite was synthesized
using solutions of NaOH and NaNO3, and using zeolite X as Al and Si sources under hydrothermal conditions at 80 ºC and
autogenous pressure during 40 h. Solids were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared
spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chemical analysis. Then, different masses of these ion-
exchanged zeolites were mixed with the microorganisms. Results showed that E. coli was more sensitive than P. aeruginosa,
and 2.5 mg of Ag+ or Cu2+-Ag+ cancrinites were enough to inhibit the E. coli growth, while for P. aeruginosa larger amounts of
Ag+ (5 mg) and Ag+-Cu2+ (20 mg) of the cancrinites were necessary. Cu-zeolites did not show bactericidal activity. Different

enough to inhibit totally the bacterial growth. As a reference system zeolite A exchanged with these metals was used.
Keywords: nitrate cancrinite, silver, antibacterial, E. coli, P. aeruginosa.
Propiedad antibacteriana de zeolitas tipo cancrinita
intercambiadas con iones plata y cobre
Resumen
Se estudiaron zeolitas tipo cancrinita sódica-nitrada intercambiadas con Ag+, Cu2+ o Ag+-Cu2+ como agentes
bactericidas contra Escherichia coli (E. coli) y Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). La zeolita sódica-nitrada fue
sintetizada utilizando soluciones de NaOH, NaNO3, y zeolita X como fuente de Al y Si en condiciones hidrotérmica, 80 ºC,
presión autógena durante 40 h. Los sólidos fueron caracterizados por difracción de rayos X de polvo (DRX), espectroscopia
de infrarrojo con transformada de Fourier (FT-IR), microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) y análisis químico. Diferentes
masas de zeolitas intercambiadas fueron puestas en contacto con estos microorganismos. Los resultados mostraron que
la E. coli es más sensible que la P. aeruginosa y 2,5 mg de la cancrinita intercambiada con Ag+ o Ag+-Cu2+
controlar la población completa del microorganismo. Sin embargo para controlar la población de la P. aeruginosa, se necesitó
+ (5 mg) y Ag+-Cu2+ (20 mg). Las zeolitas intercambiadas con cobre no
presentaron actividad bactericida. Se estudió el efecto de diferentes tiempos de contacto entre estos microorganismos y

mismos metales fueron usadas como referencia.
Palabras claves: nitrato-cancrinita, plata, antibacterial, E. coli, P. aeruginosa.
144 Ocanto y col.
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 42, No. 3, 2019, Septiembre-Diciembre, pp. 104-151
Introduction
Cancrinites are special zeolites conformed by
small cages (e-cages) distributed in a hexagonal structure
and a big channel of 12 rings along the direction of the
hexagonal c axis of the structure, forming one-dimension-
al rectilineous channels along this axis. Access to these
channels occurs through windows formed by 12 member
rings [1]. Usually, anionic species such as: nitrate, sulfate,
oxalate, thiosulfate, etc., are found inside of the big chan-
nel of the structure compensating the positive charge gen-
erated by sodium cations placed in the e-cages [2-4]. Due
to the blocking of pores by anions inside of the cancrinite´s
structure, few pharmaceutical or industrial applications
have been reported in the literature [5-7].
Sodium-zeolite, per se, do not have bactericide ef-
fect but several ion-exchanged cations in its structure are
active as bactericidal agents. Due to the fact that cancrin-
ite-type zeolites show a Si/Al ratio close to 1, they could be
good candidates to be exchanged with cations such as Ag+
or Cu2+ which are recognized antibacterial agents.
Likewise, Rivera-Garza [8] studied a mexican
natural zeolite (clinoptilolite-heulandite) exchanged with
different Ag+     
tested as antibacterial agents in contaminated waters with
Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis. Results showed
that both bacteria could be eliminated at the highest used
silver amount after 2 h of contact time.
     
different heavy metals (Ni2+, Zn2+, Fe3+ and Cu2+). These
zeolites were tested on pure cultures of E. coli and P.
aeruginosa. Results established a decreasing order of the
bactericidal capacity being Cu2+>Fe3+>Zn2+>Ni2+.
Otherwise, Inoue [10] found that silver-loaded
zeolites had a strong bactericidal activity against E. coli.
Dissolved oxygen in the culture medium was an essential
factor for the occurrence of the bactericidal activity
because it was only observed under aerated condition.
Other zeolites and cations have also been used in
medical applications [11, 12], environmental management
in shrimp aquaculture [13] and bactericidal agents for
     
zeolites have been few mentioned for this last purposes
[16, 17], basically because they have a low ion-exchange
capacity. Their low ion-exchange capacity is due to the
blocking of pores by anions inside of the main channels.
        
several cations, such as silver, can act as bactericide even
at low concentrations. Therefore, it could reduce the
reactant amount and avoid environmental troubles.
Although zeolites act as metal carriers they do
not show per se antibacterial effects. The metallic load
depends on the Si/Al ratio: zeolites A and X have a high
exchanged capacity because their Si/Al ratio is closed to
         
also, but they have a low exchanged capacity, this could be
interesting because these antibacterial metals act at low
concentrations saving costs and avoiding damages to the
environment.
The aim of this paper was to modify cancrinite-
type zeolites with silver, copper, and a silver-copper
mixture and then test them as possible antibacterial agents
against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Likewise, an exchanged
zeolite A with the same cations was also used as reference.
Antibacterial properties of these solids depend on the Si/
Al ratio which is the same for both zeolites.
Experimental Section
Synthesis of sodium-nitrate cancrinite
A nitrate cancrinite-type zeolite was synthesized
according to the previously reported procedure [18]: 7.5
g NaNO3 were dissolved into 50 mL of distilled water in a


forming a slurry. This reactor was sealed and put in a
convection oven at 80 ºC
and washed with enough distilled water until a pH near 7.
Ion-exchange procedure
The synthesized nitrated-sodium cancrinite was
ion-exchanged with silver, copper and a mixture of silver-
copper cations. 15 mL of solution (0.02M) of Ag+, Cu2+ or
and Ag+-Cu2+ mixture were added to 5 g of sodium-nitrate
cancrinite forming a slurry. This slurry was agitated at
80 ºC for 24 h in nitrogen atmosphere in the absence of

         
exchange. This procedure was repeated three times. After
that, solids were washed up with abundant distilled water,
ºC.

Ion-exchanged cancrinites with Ag+, Cu2+ and
a Ag+-Cu2+ mixture were characterized by powder-X-ray
diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectros-
copy (FT-IR), chemical analysis and scanning electron mi-
croscopy (SEM).
XRD analyses were carried out by using a Sie-
mens 5000 difractometer with a CuK  
Å) for crystalline phase detection between 5 and 50º (2).
The presence of functional groups and evaluation of sol-

in a Perkin-Elmer 283 spectrometer in the 4000-400
cm-1 range. Samples were prepared by mixing the solids
with KBr to form a thin pastille. The morphology of the
products was observed on a Hitachi FEG-4500 scanning
145Modified cancrinites as antibacterial agents
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 42, No. 3, 2019, Septiembre-Diciembre, pp. 104-151
electron microscope (SEM) with 10 KeV of acceleration.
Samples were dispersed over a conductive surface and

Assay of bactericidal activity
E. coli and P. aeruginosa were used to assess the
bactericidal activity of Ag+, Cu2+ and Ag+-Cu2+-
crinites and zeolites A. These bacteria were collected from
the Department of Microbiology (University of Carabobo).
Brain-heart infusion was used as an aerobic growing me-
dium for both microorganisms at 35 ºC. Once microorgan-
isms reached the exponential growing phase of cultures
(after 18 h), an aliquot of this suspension was diluted in
a Mueller-Hinton culture medium to get approximately
1.5x108 units of colonies per plate (CFU). Then, 0.001 mL
from this suspension was inoculated in 9.999 mL of Muel-
ler-Hinton culture medium to get a 1x10-4 dilution factor
(1.5 x106 CFU). In order to determine the CFU, 100 
from this medium were spread on a Mueller-Hinton agar
plate and incubated at 35 ºC for 24 h [19].


mixed with 2 mL from a 10-4 diluted solution containing E.
coli or P. aeruginosa. Samples were horizontally agitated
for 6 h and then, slurries were kept in static condition
for 24 h. After that, an aliquot of 100  was spread on a
Mueller-Hinton agar plate and incubated at 35 ºC for 24 h.
Finally, the CFU was determined after contact with modi-


   -
lites and the microorganisms      
zeolites were mixed with 2 mL of a 10-4 diluted solution
containing E. coli or P. aeruginosa.
Samples were horizontally agitated during dif-
ferent contact times (14-1440 min), and aliquots of 100
 were spread on a Mueller-Hinton agar plate and incu-
bated at 35 ºC for 24 h. Finally, the CFU was determined
for each contact time.
Results and discussion
Characterization of sodium-nitrate cancrinite
      -
uted to the nitrated-cancrinite zeolite that were consis-
tent with the P63 spatial group [20]. This diffraction pat-
tern shows intense peaks corresponding to (110), (101),
(210), (300), (211), (400), (311), (102) and (330) planes
which are representatives of the nitrated-cancrinite zeo-
lites (PDF 46-1332) [21, 22]. Other phases such as sodalite
were not present in the synthesized sample.
Figure 1. XRD pattern of nitrate-sodium cancrinite-
type zeolite.
Fig. 2 shows the FTIR spectrum of the synthesized
cancrinite-type zeolite. A series of characteristic bands
        
and 3400 cm-1 corresponds to OH- groups from water
molecules entrapped inside of the framework. While the
band at 1639 cm-1 corresponds to water molecules inside
of the framework.
Figure 2. FT-IR spectrum of sodium-nitrate cancrinite-
type zeolite.
A band at 1424 cm-1 was assigned to occluded
nitrate anions as counter-anion in the internal cavities of
the cancrinite zeolite. Bands in the region between 1122
and 974 cm-1 have been assigned to Si-O-Al asymmetric
stretch vibrations of framework species. Three bands
between 687 and 574 cm-1
correspond to Si-O-Al symmetric stretch vibration bonds.
SEM analysis of the synthesized zeolite showed
the presence of small hexagonal prismatic crystallites
(~2        
crystallites correspond to the cancrinite zeolite in
agreement with Barnes [25].
146 Ocanto y col.
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 42, No. 3, 2019, Septiembre-Diciembre, pp. 104-151
Figure 3. SEM of nitrate-sodium cancrinite type zeolite.
Typical hexagonal crystals can be observed.
U: uncountable
Figure 4. a) Bacterial growth on the agar plates con-
taining 2.5 mg of Ag zeolites, after 24 h incubation b) 50
mg of Cu2+
However, several microorganisms show an
increasing tolerance to copper, which is induced by
resistance mechanisms, where copper resistant species
    2+ concentrations in the
culture medium are also necessary as a micronutrient for
bacteria [19]
According to our results, Cu2+ cations, from Cu-
loaded zeolites, do not have effect against E. coli or, on the
contrary, helps the vitality of this organism. Likewise, Ag+
cations were very effective against this organism even in
presence of Cu2+ cations which, according to our results,
The Si/Al ratio and formula of zeolites were

1 was obtained for both zeolites (cancrinite and zeolite A)
which agree the revised literature [1].
This Si/Al ratio was higher for the cancrinite
zeolite than for the zeolite A. Experimental errors could
be associated to these results. A similar Ag+ and Cu2+ ion-
exchange amount was obtained for both zeolites. These
results allowed a better comparison for these solids when
they were used as antibacterial materials. The amount of
exchanged Ag was superior to that of Cu. These results are
associated to the cation oxidation state. For each Al3+ ion
from the Al-O-Si zeolite framework as possible to exchange
one Ag+ cation while two Al3+ were replaced for one Cu2+
ions in order to get the neutrality of the framework.
Likewise, the metal ion-exchanged percentage (Ag+ or
Cu2+) was very low. This result is due to the blocking of the
pores in the cancrinite zeolite and the small pore size of
the zeolite A structure as was previously mentioned [1].
Table 1. Chemical analysis of the exchanged zeolites, chemical formula and exchange percentage.
Solids Empirical formula %Ag(p/p) %Cu(p/p) Si/Al
ZA-Ag/Cu Na91.06Ag2.21Cu0.73Al94.72Si97.28O384 1.3 ± 0.1 0.57 ± 0.06 1.03
ZA-Cu Na92.08Cu0.97Al94.02Si97.80 O384 0.69 ± 0.02 1.04
ZA-Ag Na92.73Ag2.07Al94.80Si97.80 O384 1.3 ± 0.1 1.03
Can-Ag Na7.57Ag0.09Al5.66
Si6.34
O
24 (NO3)21.5 ± 0.2 1.12
Can-Ag/Cu Na7.30Ag0.16Cu0.07Al5.60Si6.40O24(NO3)21.6 ± 0.1 0.74 ± 0.07 1.14
Can-Cu Na7,44Cu0.07
Al5.58Si6.42O24(NO3)20.83 ± 0.06 1.15
ZA: zeolite A. Can: cancrinite

Escherichia coli
Tables 2 and 3, shows the CFU of E. coli and P.
aeruginosa determined on Mueller-Hinton agar plates
before and after contact with different amounts of
       
that those ion-exchanged zeolites with Ag+ or Ag+-Cu2+
were more effective than those exchanged with Cu2+. 2.5
    + zeolites were enough to kill
the whole bacteria population after 24 h of contact (Fig
         2+ 
zeolites were not able to control the proliferation of E.
coli. It is probably that, at the assayed concentrations, the
presence of Cu2+ cations does not have effect against E.
coli population (Fig 4b). Ag+ and Cu2+ cations have been
reported as antibacterial materials [8, 9].
147Modified cancrinites as antibacterial agents
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 42, No. 3, 2019, Septiembre-Diciembre, pp. 104-151
On the other hand, no difference was observed

type zeolite and zeolite A. Antibacterial properties of
these solids depend on the Si/Al ratio which is the same
for both zeolites.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Antibacterial assays were also carried out
using P. aeruginosa. This microorganism is frequently
responsible of microbial contaminations in hospitals.
Table 3 reports results using different amounts of Ag+
or Ag+-Cu2+       

effective against E. coli which is a microorganism much
more sensible to antibacterial agents than P. aeruginosa.
Results showed an important antibacterial effect using
   +. 5 mg were enough to
reduce to zero the bacteria population while 20 mg were
         
same result. These results showed that this bacterium is
more resistant to antibacterial action than E. coli, probable
due to its cellular wall which is much thicker than E.
coli. Contrary to the results obtained with Ag+ 
cancrinite, Ag+
P. aeruginosa. These results could be attributed to a low
liberation of Ag+ cation from zeolite A in comparison
  + cancrinite. The Ag+-Cu2+ 

cancrinite. The presence of Cu2+ cation could be helping
in the development of this microorganism due to its
importance as an essential microelement.
Table 2. CFU of E. coli determined on Mueller-Hinton
agar plates before and after contact with different

Modied
zeolite
CFU
initial
Zeolite
(mg)
Nº UFC
(24 h )
Can-Ag
77
77
77
2.5 0
0
0
5.0
10.0
Can-Ag/Cu
19
19
19
2.5 0
0
0
5.0
10.0
Can-Cu
64
64
64
64
50.0 U
U
U
U
75.0
100.0
125.0
A-Ag
106
106
106
2.5 0
0
0
5.0
10.0
A-Ag/Cu
48
48
46
2.5 0
0
0
5.0
10.0
A-Cu
47
47
47
47
50.0 U
U
U
U
75.0
100.0
125.0
U: uncountable
could be considered as essential microelements. Ag+
ions can polarize thiol, nitrogen and oxygen groups from
proteins producing the precipitation and irreversible
inhibition of enzymes and others important proteins.
The deactivation of these enzymes produces the death
of these bacteria [26, 27]. On the other hand, Cu is a
bacterial nutrient, required as a cofactor by enzymes
that catalyse electron transfer processes, for instance in
aerobic and anaerobic respiration. To date, the inward

target cuproenzymes has been reported [28]. Without
these transition metal cations, a sophisticated cellular
biochemistry is not possible. As a consequence, Cu2+ has to
be imported into the bacterial cytoplasm [29].
The metallic concentration is an important factor
when a bactericide should be evaluated due to its cost and
environmental impact. The Ag content in zeolites such as
clinoptilolites, A and X is relatively high (16.6 and 31.4 %
w/w respectively) [8, 30] in comparison to cancrinites
(1.5% w/w). This represents an important saving of Ag
and is ecofriendly due to the Ag content must be monitored
in water bodies according to Venezuelan normative [31].
Table 3. CFU P. aeruginosa determined on Mueller-Hinton
culture medium agar plated before and after contact with

Modied
zeolite
CFU
initial
Zeolite
(mg)
Nº UFC
(24 h )
Can-Ag
169 5.0 0
169 10.0 0
169 20.0 0
Can-Ag/Cu
361 5.0 U
153 10.0 1058
164 20.0 0
A-Ag
361 5.0 U
153 10.0 1216
164 20.0 0
A-Ag/Cu
361 5.0 U
153 10.0 U
164 20.0 0
Effect of the contact time
U: uncountable
148 Ocanto y col.
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 42, No. 3, 2019, Septiembre-Diciembre, pp. 104-151
Tables 4 and 5 shows the relationship between
the CFU and the contact time using E. coli and P. Aeruginosa.
2.5 mg (E. coli) and 20 mg (P. aeruginosa  
zeolites were used for these experiments, because they
were the minimal amounts of solids that inhibited the
bacterial
The contact time was varied between 14 min and
4320 min for E. coli while for P. aeruginosa ranged between
10 min and 1440 min. Table 4 shows an antibacterial
effect almost instantaneous against E. coli and a contact
time of 20 min is enough to bring down to zero the content
of viable cells. These results are interesting, taking into
the account that the studied solids showed bactericidal
Table 4. Effect of time in population growing of E. coli.
E. coli
Time
(Min).
CFU
initial
Can-Ag/Cu
CFU
Can-Ag
CFU
A-Ag/Cu
CFU
A-Ag
CFU
0 92
14 225 107 15 117 6
20 250 0 0 0 0
40 494 0 0 0 0
60 466 0 0 0 0
80 722 0 0 0 0
1440 U 0 0 0 0
1800 U 0 0 0 0
2480 U 0 0 0 0
4320 U 0 0 0 0
U: uncountable
        
zeolites in comparison to those containing Ag+ and Cu2+.
As we have explained before, Cu2+ can act as an essential
microelement in the nutrition of these microorganisms.
Similar results were obtained using P. aeruginosa.
In this case, 20 min were also enough to kill the bacterial

had to be used (20 mg). Evidently, this bacterium is
more resistant to the assayed solids than E. coli as it was
explained before.
Table 5. Effect of time in population growing of P. aeruginosa.
P. aeruginosa
Time
(min.)
CFU
initial
Can-Ag/Cu
CFU
Can-Ag
CFU
A-Ag/Cu
CFU
A-Ag
CFU
0240
10 359 6 9 1 3
20 369 0 0 0 0
65 653 0 0 0 0
107 800 0 0 0 0
167 820 0 0 0 0
1440 U 0 0 0 0
U:uncountable
activity not only at short time incubations but at long time
treatments (three days: 4320 min).
149Modified cancrinites as antibacterial agents
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 42, No. 3, 2019, Septiembre-Diciembre, pp. 104-151
Conclusions
Sodium-nitrate cancrinite and zeolite A were
ion-exchanged using: Ag+, Cu2+ and a Cu2+-Ag+ mixture. Ag+
and Cu2+-Ag+zeolites showed bactericidal action against
E. coli and P. aeruginosa using low Ag concentrations (5
mg) and short contact time (20 min). Ag+ binds to tissue
proteins and brings structural changes in the bacterial
cell membranes and cytosolic components leading to
cellular distortion and death. Cu2+ zeolites did not show
bactericidal activity, and they did not modify the growth of
the reference bacterial cultures. Cu is a bacterial nutrient,
required in cellular biochemistry of bacteria and in small
quantities it acts as a trace element in the metabolism
of the bacteria, the bactericidal effect was not observed
under the used experimental conditions.
Acknowledgment
Authors are grateful to CDCH-UC and FONACIT for its

for checking our article.
References
[1] Barrer R.M and Cole J.F.: “Chemistry of soil minerals.
Part VI. Salt entrainment by sodalite and cancrin-
        
1516-1523.
[2] Lindner G., Massa W and Reinen D.J.: “Structure and
Properties of Hydrothermally Synthesized Thiosul-

(1995) 386-391.
[3] Barrer R.M., Cole J.F. and Villiger H.: “Chemistry of
soil minerals. Part VII. Synthesis, properties, and

Soc. A., (1970) 1523-1531.
[4] Linares C. F., Simon C. and Weller M. T.: “Synthesis
and characterization of the oxalate cancrinite-type
     
Nº 1-3, (2011) 32-35.
[5] Linares C.F., Sánchez S., Urbina de Navarro C., Rodrí-
guez K. and Goldwasser M.R.: “Study of cancrinite-
      -
porous Mesoporous Mater., Vol. 77, Nº 2-4, (2005)
215-221.
[6] Linares C.F., Colmenares M., Ocanto F. and Valbuena

Mater. Sci. Eng., C, Vol. 29, Nº 1, (2009) 350–355.
[7] Ocanto F., Linares C.F., Rivero A., Hurtado D., Guanche
R. y Cardozo X.: “Un posible uso de las zeolitas can-
     
       
Observador del Conocimiento. Vol. 1, Nº 1, (2013)
38-45.
[8] Rivera-Garza M., Olguín M.T., García-Sosa I., Alcán-
tara D. and Rodríguez-Fuentes G. “Silver supported
on natural Mexican zeolite as an antibacterial mate-

(2000) 431-444.
[9] Milán Z., de Las Pozas C., Cruz M., Borja R., Sánchez E.
Ilangovan K., Espinosa Y. and Luna B., “The removal

Sci. Health., Part A, Vol. 36, Nº 6, (2001) 1073-1087.
[10] Inoue Y., Hoshino M., Takahashi., H., Noguchi., T, Mu-
rata T., Kanzaki Y., Hamashima H. and Sasatsu M.:
“Bactericidal activity of Ag–zeolite mediated by re-
      
Inorg. Biochem., Vol. 92, Nº 1, (2002) 37–42.
[11] Niira R, Yamamoto T., Uchida M. Antibiotic Zeolite-
Containing Film. (1996). US Patent No: 5,556,699.
[12] Kaali P., Pérez-Madrigal M. M., Strömberg E., Aune
         
Ag+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ exchanged zeolite on antimicro-
bial and long term in vitro stability of medical grade

5, Nº 12, (2011) 1028-1040.
[13] Krishnani K.K., Zhang Y., Xiong L., Yan Y., Boopathy.
and Mulchandani A.: “Bactericidal and ammonia re-
-
resour. Technol., Vol.117, (2012) 86-91.
[14] -
tion of zeolite 4A for use as an adsorbent for glypho-
-
icol. Environ. Saf., Vol. 155, Nº 1-8, (2018).
[15] Yan H., Zeng X., Guo L., Lan J., Zhang L. and Cao D.:
“Heavy metal ion removal of wastewater by zeolite-
     
194, (2018) 462-469.
[16] Moneim M., Abdelmoneim A., Geies A. and Farghaly
S.: “Synthesis, characterization and application of
cancrinite in ground water treatment from Wadi El-

Res., Vol. 21, Nº 1, (2018) 23-40).
[17] Peng X., Wang C., Ma B. and Chen Y.: “Removal of
Pb(II) from aqueous solution using a new zeolite-
 
Environ. Chem. Eng., Vol. 6, Nº 6, (2018) 7138-7143.
[18] Ocanto F., Álvarez R., Urbina de Navarro C., Lieb A.
3
-
/Cl- anionic composition on the synthesis of the can-
   
Mater., Vol. 116, Nº 1-3, (2008) 318-322.
150 Ocanto y col.
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 42, No. 3, 2019, Septiembre-Diciembre, pp. 104-151
[19] Madigan M.T., Martinko J.M., Stahl D.A., Bender S.,
and Buckley D.: “Brock. Biología de los microorgan-
     -
arta Edición 2015.
[20] Baerlocher Ch., McCusker| LB. and Olson D.H.: “Atlas
      -
dam. Sixth Revised Edition 2007.
[21] Treacy M.M. and Higgins J.B.: “Collection of Simu-

Amsterdam. Fourth Revised 2001.
[22] -
      -
vised Edition 2016.
[23] Buhl J-Ch., Stief F., Fechtelkord M., Gesing T.M., Ta-
phorn U. and Taake C.: “Synthesis, X-ray diffraction
and MAS NMR characteristics of nitrate cancrinite
Na7.6[AlSiO4]6(NO3)1.6(H2O)2    
305, Nº 1-2, (2000) 93-102.
[24] Flanigen E., H. Khatami, H. and Syzmansky, H.: “In-
     
Adv. Chem. Ser., Vol 101, (1971) 201-229
[25] Barnes MC., Addai-Mensah J. and Gerson AR.: “The
mechanism of the sodalite-to-cancrinite phase
-
croporous Mesoporous Mater., Vol. 31, Nº 3, (1999)
287-302.
[26] Kwakye-Awuah B., Williams M., Kenward M. and
      

(2008)1516-1524.
[27] Feng Q., Wu J., Chen G., Cui F., Kim T. and Kim J.: “A
mechanistic study of the antibacterial effect of silver
ions on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
J. Biomed. Mater. Res., Vol. 52, Nº 4, (2000) 662-668.
[28]    
and Djoko.: “Handling of nutrient copper in the bacte-

[29] Nies D.: “The biological chemistry of the transition
    
Metallmics., Vol. 8, (2016) 481-507.
[30] 
N.: “Antimicrobial Properties of Zeolite-X and Zeo-
lite-A Ion-Exchanged with Silver, Copper, and Zinc
      
Biochem. Biotechnol., Vol. 172, Nº 3, (2014) 1652-
1662
[31]       
Venezuela Nº 5.021 Decreto N° 883. “Normas para
-

REVISTA TECNICA
DE LA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA
UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA
www.luz.edu.ve
www.serbi.luz.edu.ve
produccioncientica.luz.edu.ve
Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada en
Septiembre de 2019, por el Fondo Editorial Serbiluz,
Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela
Vol. 42. N°3, Septiembre - Diciembre 2019, pp. 104 -151_________