Revista

de la

Universidad

del Zulia

Fundada en 1947

por el Dr. Jesús Enrique Lossada

DEPÓSITO LEGAL ZU2020000153

ISSN 0041-8811

E-ISSN 2665-0428

Ciencias del

Agro,

Ingeniería

y Tecnología

Año 14 N° 39

Enero - Abril 2023

Tercera Época

Maracaibo-Venezuela

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                                                                                                                    DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.39.05 
81 
 
Sustainable agricultural development paradigm formation in the 
context of managerial experience of industrialized countries 
 
Vitalina Nikitenko* 
Valentyna Voronkova** 
Roman Oleksenko*** 
Halyna Matviienko**** 
Oksana Butkevych***** 
 
ABSTRACT 
The purpose of the article is to study the management experience of sustainable development 
of agriculture in the context of the paradigm of industrialized countries. To achieve the goal, 
general  scientific  and  special-scientific  methods  of  cognition  were  used,  in  particular, 
dialectical, formal-logical, analysis and synthesis, system-structural. This study analyzes the 
problems of "deep reform choice", which is the goal of creating an environmentally friendly 
society. The conditions under which agroecology restores and maintains the natural fertility 
of  the land  and  contributes  to  the  conservation  of biodiversity,  conserves  soil  and  water 
resources, contributes to the achievement of high yields in the long term and opposes the use 
of  agrochemicals  are  clarified.  The  management  experience  of  industrialized  countries 
(China, Japan, Malaysia), which, by developing agroecology, reproduce the natural flows of 
closed material cycles, resist emissions into the atmosphere, provide reliable access to land, 
water resources, information, credit and markets, advocates for a revision is being studied 
and generalizes legislation on property rights and support for farmers, investments in local 
infrastructure and agricultural products. 
KEYWORDS:  Agriculture,  agroecology,  sustainable  development,  ecopolis,  regenerative 
economy. 
 
 
 
 
* Zaporizhzhia National University, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9588-7836.  
E-mail: vitalina2006@ukr.net  
** Zaporizhzhia National University, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0719-1546.  
E-mail: valentinavoronkova236@gmail.com 
***  Dmytro  Motornyi  Tavria  State  Agrotechnological  University,  Zaporizhzhia,  Ukraine.  ORCID  iD: 
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2171-514X. E-mail: roman.xdsl@ukr.net 
**** V.I. Vernadsky Taurida National University, Kyiv, Ukraine. ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5265-
8379. E-mail: halyna.matviienko@gmail.com 
***** Volodymyr Vynnychenko Central Ukrainian State Pedagogical University, Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine. ORCID 
iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9583-0960.   E-mail:butkevuch.1975oksans@gmail.com 
Recibido: 13/09/2022                                                                                              Aceptado: 09/11/2022 

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Formación del paradigma del desarrollo agrícola sostenible en el

contexto de la experiencia gerencial de los países industrializados

RESUMEN

El propósito del artículo es estudiar la experiencia de gestión del desarrollo sostenible de la

agricultura en el contexto del paradigma de los países industrializados. Para lograr el

objetivo, se utilizaron métodos de cognición científicos generales y científicos especiales, en

particular, dialéctico, lógico-formal, análisis y síntesis, sistema-estructural. Este estudio

analiza los problemas de la "opción de reforma profunda", que es el objetivo de crear una

sociedad respetuosa con el medio ambiente. Se aclaran las condiciones bajo las cuales la

agroecología restaura y mantiene la fertilidad natural de la tierra y contribuye a la

conservación de la biodiversidad, conserva los recursos suelo y agua, contribuye al logro de

altos rendimientos a largo plazo y se opone al uso de agroquímicos. La experiencia de gestión

de los países industrializados (China, Japón, Malasia) que, al desarrollar la agroecología,

reproducen los flujos naturales de ciclos materiales cerrados, resisten las emisiones a la

atmósfera, brindan acceso confiable a la tierra, los recursos hídricos, la información, el crédito

y los mercados, aboga por una revisión que se está estudiando, y generaliza la legislación sobre

derechos de propiedad y apoyo a los agricultores, inversiones en infraestructura local y

productos agrícolas.

PALABRAS CLAVE: Agricultura, agroecología, desarrollo sostenible, ecópolis, economía

regenerativa.

Introduction

Agricultural sustainable development paradigm in the context of industrialized

countries experience has a great relevance, because for its implementation it is necessary

management, economy, sustainable development state, smart society and smart technologies

development in the context of modern civilization development.. According to the

Khorramnia K. (Shariff, A.R.M, Abdul Rahim, A., Mansor, S. et al, 2014) he term sustainable

agriculture means an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a

site-specific application that over the long term will: satisfy human food and fiber needs,

enhance environmental quality and the natural resource base upon which the agricultural

economy depends, make the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources and on-farm

resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls, sustain

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the economic viability of farm operations, enhance the quality of life for farmers and society

as a whole (Khorramnia, et al., 2014).

After all, the situation in the world is extremely critical, because humanity, lives in

debt to the Earth. States have already exhausted or even exhausted all the planet's resources

and continue to "borrow" in future generations. The planet has no time to renew itself, and

states are increasing production at a frantic tempo, squandering resources, creating demand

for consumerism volumes and catching up with the industrialized countries' growth rates. It

is an opportunity to develop the economy, but not to drain more resources than the Earth

can recover, so the economic development management to reduce unemployment, inequality

and climate change in prosperity search us green is of primary importance (Maxton G.. et al.,

2017).

The main challenges of the study are therefore extremely relevant questions: What

paths can countries follow to make economics and agriculture sustainable, as the global

majority faces the harsh reality of an unsustainable path to growth and prosperity, the

benefits of which are enjoyed by a minority? Is it possible to turn a desert into a blooming

oasis and form the kind of sustainability that resists the planet's destruction in the context

of global environmental change that will be appropriate to the nature of the permanent state.

The state must form a sustainable development paradigm for both the economy and

agriculture, and we will show this through the examples of certain countries (China, Japan,

Malaysia), whose practices are called agroecology. Agroecology covers a wide range of

systems adapted to local conditions for local needs. They are all united by the principle of

ecological, environmental and social sustainability. Agroecology preserves soils, water

resources, restores and maintains the natural land fertility and promotes biodiversity; its

productivity is constant in the state long-term perspective of sustainable development,

future management, economy and society (Melnik, 2019).

1. Literature Analysis and Problem Statement

We rely on a study by Maxtone Graham, Randers Jørgen, «In Search of Welfare».

Managing Economic Development to Reduce Unemployment, Inequality, and Climate

Change. Report to the Club of Rome "(2017) Nair Chandran "The Sustainable Development

State. The Future of Governance, Economics, and Society "(2020) Porter Michaela

"Competitive Advantage. How to Achieve Sustainable High Performance " (2019) Spence

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Michaela "The New Convergence. The Future of Economic Growth in a Multilayered World"

(2017) Stadwell Joe "Why Asia Failed. The Successes and Failures of a Dynamic Region of the

World" (2017) Sharma Ruchira "Advanced Countries. Waiting for the New 'Economic

Miracle'" (2019), Kolokolchykova, I., Oleksenko, R., Rybalchenko, N., Yefimenko, L., &

Ortina, G. (2021). Perceive of organic products by Ukrainian consumers and problems of

shaping market demand. It is these authors who have succeeded in showing that a strong

functioning state is able to prove in practice the sustainable development of developed East

Asian states as an "East Asian miracle" through its governance and a strong political elite.

2. Goal and Objectives of the Study

The purpose of the study was to reveal the sustainable agricultural development

paradigm formation in the context of the East Asian region management experience. It is

based on the reports to the Club of Rome, which serve as an opportunity to contribute to a

new sustainable development narrative. Sustainability is the system's ability to survive

indefinitely without using more resources than it can recover, and without overusing them.

And, therefore, more sustainable is agriculture, in which there is a smaller gap between the

resources' use/abuse and the Earth's ability to regenerate them. Some technology aimed at

protecting the environment, but does not help reduce this gap. In other words, all steel

systems aim to protect the environment, but not all environmental protection systems are

permanent.

To achieve the goal, the following tasks were solved: 1) determine the impact of the

management paradigm on achieving the sustainable agricultural development practice,

which was called agroecology; 2) establish the specific conditions under which agroecology

reproduces and maintains the land's natural fertility and promotes biodiversity, contributing

to achieving high crop yields in the long term; 3) study and generalize the management

experience of industrialized countries (China, Japan, Malaysia) which, by improving

agroecology, contribute to its successful development, which indicates a strong state, which

is able to ensure sustainable development (Voronkova, et al., 2022a).

3. Materials and methods of research

The leading methods for the study of sustainable agricultural management experience

in the context of the industrialized countries paradigm are: 1) system method, which offers

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the concepts of "reasonable use of resources" and achieving sustainable development,

resource cycling and regenerative urbanization; 2) Agile-methodology, based on adaptation

to environmental conditions and flexibility of management structures that can contribute to

the effectiveness of agricultural sustainable development; 3) synergistic method, based on

which self-organization and finding the attractor (attraction) point, through which you can

exit the crisis and instability situation. The methodology is based on the literature analysis,

statistical material, the identification of new contradictions, the overcoming of which

allowed to form practical recommendations for the formation of the sustainable development

paradigm of agriculture in the context of the management experience of industrialized

countries (Voronkova, et al., 2022b).

4. Research results

4.1. China

Land was East Asia's most political problem after the Second World War, "which

later gave them the opportunity to sell their products on the international market and thus

achieve competitiveness at the global level," notes Joe Stadwell (Stadwell, 2017). A notable

problem is air pollution, three to four times the norm according to the World Health

Organization WHO, which found that the average annual pollution level was above the

norm. Instead of collecting payment from pollution sources locally (which can vary from

region to region), Beijing collected a nationwide tax from polluting companies. China also

announced a new program to open the carbon emissions trading market, where companies

were forced to buy and trade emissions and pollution credits. China also has serious water

pollution problems, as heavy industry and industrial agriculture have polluted both

waterways and groundwater, half of which is unsuitable for human consumption of any kind,

notes Chandran Nair (Chandran, 2020).

Agriculture also do one’s part: According to the Chinese Academy of Environmental

Planning, 90 percent of organic pollutants come from agricultural waste. The water pollution

problem reached a critical limit in 2013, when Shanghai residents were awakened by nearly

3,000 pork corpses drifting down the Huangpu River.Intensive farming, which involves

increased use of agricultural chemicals, is degrading much of China's vital farmland. A 2014

study by China's Ministry of Agriculture calculated that 40 percent of farmland is suffering

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from depletion. The country is also exhausting its rivers to provide water for agriculture,

which has resulted in extremely excessive water use.

Since 1985, the Yellow River has completely dried up at least once a year. China's

Ministry of Water Resources has found that 28,000 rivers have disappeared in the past 60

years. Beijing has launched the world's largest reforestation program to curb progressive

desertification, growing a "green belt" around Beijing and other major provinces, and trying

to deal with urban air pollution. In this regard, it is necessary to develop the concept of

sustainable development, which is useful not only for certain countries, but also for the whole

civilization, on which the representatives of the Club of Rome worked (Nikitenko et al.,

2022). After all, China is ready to punish both owners and large companies for poor

environmental protection. The Environmental Protection Law, as amended in 2015, gave the

government great power to administratively arrest top executives. In practice, China's

development focused on urban rather than rural areas, resulting in the threatening growth of

Chinese cities, and when provincial cities and even small towns began to decline, so one of

the concepts that had great practical significance for the countries analyzed is the formation

of the concept of creative-conscious economy in the challenges of globalization (Oleksenko,

2017; Nikitenko et al., 2022).

China has recognized this problem, and has since launched several major initiatives to

develop underdeveloped areas. These include infrastructure investments in China's western

rural regions, the provision of social services, and regulatory changes such as the abolition of

agricultural taxes in 2006. By 2013, all rural residents had some form of health insurance, up

from 13 percent in 2000. Outside the western provinces, China's provincial cities now have

international-class airports, excellent road and rail connections, modern universities, large

companies, and skyscrapers. In China, in the early stages of economic reform, there were

"township-volunteer enterprises," which were collectively owned. It was such enterprises

provided the initial growth, in 10 years gave impetus to the economic boom, which combined

state and collective ownership and combined to stimulate economic development, which

also gave impetus to the development of agriculture, which says Porter M. in "Competitive

Advantage. How to Achieve Consistently High Results" (Porter, 2019). With

implementation of the precise poverty alleviation strategy, China has achieved remarkable

results in the tough battle against poverty. Compared with the figures for 2015, by the end

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of 2018, the number of poor people in rural China had decreased to 16.6 million from 55.75

million, incidence of poverty had decreased to 1.7% from 5.7%, and per capita disposable

income of rural residents in poverty-stricken areas had increased from RMB 7,653 to RMB

10,371. New types of businesses have developed rapidly in poverty-stricken areas, along with

a strong internal development momentum, a visibly improved ecological environment and a

markedly better livelihood.

Figure 1 Size of the poor population and poverty incidence in rural areas (China’s Progress

Report on Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 2019).

With the development of economic reforms in China, rural poverty has entered a new

phase. Its new feature is an increase of a gap between the levels of income in rural and urban

areas, as well as in the industrialized coastal provinces and inner parts of the country. Even

by the 1980s, urban per capita incomes were already growing at more than double the rate of

rural farm incomes, and the reforms have further widened the gap. Despite the growth of per

capita income in rural areas, particularly in the previous decade, the income gap between

rural and urban areas increases. The national average rural–urban income ratio increased

from 1:2.20 in 1990 up to 1:2.95 in 2016. Migrants only earn about 50% of urban worker. With

the development of economic reforms in China, rural poverty has entered a new phase. Its

new feature is an increase of a gap between the levels of income in rural and urban areas, as

well as in the industrialized coastal provinces and inner parts of the country (Tianming, et

al., 2016).

Thanks to its managerial paradigm, China has achieved historic results in reducing

poverty, but many are still poor. Even according to China's own findings, 450,000,000 people

in rural areas still live in poverty, equal to the population of Sudan. China's success in

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economic development and poverty reduction is already challenging traditional economic

and political theories, bringing more than half a billion people out of poverty and beginning

to move toward a more sustainable economic system, by investing in alternative energy

sources, protecting the environment and achieving sustainable development This can ensure

it is a leader in the world when it comes to sustainable development. It is based on reducing

the food industry, investing in agricultural infrastructure, fair pricing for farmers and

ecosystem services, and promoting circular agriculture. Attaching great importance to

agriculture and rural development, the Chinese Government has taken various measures to

further promote rural reform. The quality of agricultural development has thus been

improving continuously, with stable grains output, steadily improving produces quality and

safety, accelerated green development, better protection and utilisation of agro-species.

Agricultural development has become better integrated with other industries and market

access in agriculture has become easier. Positive progress has been made towards the relevant

sustainable development goal.

Implementation of Progress agricultural development of China

China has further consolidated the foundation and capacity of food production and maintains a safe and stable

supply of grains.

China has deepened supply-side structural reforms in agriculture and effectively protected agricultural outputs

and farmers’ rights and interests.

China has further consolidated the foundation and capacity of food production and maintains a safe and stable

supply of grains.

China is developing an eco-friendly agriculture and has continued making progress in green agricultural

development.

China has implemented several nutrition action plans and the nutrition and health status of its people has been

continuously improved

China has sped up the development of modern seed industry and established a national system for the

management, protection and utilisation of agricultural germplasms and livestock and poultry genetic resources

China has strengthened international cooperation in agriculture and helped to improve the technological level

and capacity of recipient countries.

Table 1. Implementation of Progress agricultural development of China (China’s Progress

Report on Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 2019).

China exercises the strategy of reserving and improving food production capacity by

land rotation and with better technologies and has kept the total sown area stable. Actions

have been taken to transform medium and low-yielding farmlands, improve permanent basic

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farmlands, develop water conservancy works, advance and upgrade agricultural

mechanisation and roll out innovative technologies and know-hows (China’s Progress

Report on Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 2019).

Therefore, China should be classified as a strong state, which is able to reach

agreement on social issues, achieve well-being and contribute to overcoming poverty, as

noted in Spence Michael's work "The New Convergence. The Future of Economic Growth in

a Multi-layered World" (Spence, 2017).

4.2. Japan

Some of these strategies were used in other major East Asian economies, (Trusova, et

al., 2021) in particular Japan used less stringent forms of state financial and industrial

strategies to ensure that the economy developed in directions that were considered socially

and economically optimal. Agricultural, manufacturing and financial strategies helped bring

about the "Asian miracle" in the 1980s and 1990s. In Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and China,

governments radically restructured agriculture after World War II, focused on attempts to

modernize production, and subordinated their financial systems to development strategies.

The choice of each individual political strategy caused a discontinuity in the development of

the Asian region. The strategies – agricultural, productive, and financial-that determine

success or failure were laid out a decade before the 1980s and 1990s debate about the "Asian

miracle," notes Stadwell Joe's "Why Asia Succeeded. The Successes and Failures of a Dynamic

Region of the World" (Studwell, 2017).

These strategies begin with an analysis of the radical redistribution of agricultural

land in Japan, China and Taiwan in the 40s and early 50s, which enabled them to sell their

products on the international market and thus achieve global competitiveness. The

regenerative economy, based on the relationship between business, social institutions and

nature, has an inexhaustible capacity for self-reproduction and regeneration, as its

relationship to nature must be changed as quickly as possible. (Dmytrenko, et al., 2021). Self-

Sufficiency in Food With regard to Japan's food self-sufficiency ratio on a calorie supply

basis, although there is a downward trend over the long term, it has been fluctuating at a

level of around 40 percent since fiscal 1996. Whereas the ratio was 53 percent in fiscal 1980,

it was 38 percent in fiscal 2017. The major reason behind the decrease in the food self-

sufficiency ratio is that despite a decline in consumption of rice, of which self-sufficiency

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within Japan is possible as a result of diversification of the Japanese dietary life, there was an

increase in consumption of livestock products and oils and fats, for which overseas

dependence for feed and raw materials is inevitable. In fiscal 2017, the self-sufficiency ratio

per item (on weight basis) was 100 percent for rice, 14 percent for wheat, 8 percent for beans,

79 percent for vegetables, 39 percent for fruits, 52 percent for meat, and 55 percent for

seafood. While completely self-sufficient in rice, the staple food of its people, Japan relied

almost entirely on imports for the supply of wheat and beans. Japan's present food self-

sufficiency ratio is the lowest among major industrialized countries, and Japan is thus the

world's leading net importer of agricultural products (Statistical handboo of Japan, 2019).

Figure 2 Japan: Agro-food trade

Policies that restrict trade or unnecessarily increase trade costs harm countries’

domestic economies as well as their trading partners, by constraining the development of the

agro-food sector. Japan contributes to agro-food sector development in LDCs by providing

duty-free, quota-free market access for agricultural products which originate there. It is

active in its support for agricultural production in developing countries, announcing during

TICAD7 that it would help double rice production in Africa by 2030. Its agricultural science

research priorities include climate-smart technologies, and practices for sustainable

agriculture (G20 Meeting of Agricultural Chief Scientists, 2019). In 2020, Japan allocated

some USD 24.3 million to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries to establish

food value chains in developing countries, reduce hunger and take measures in response to

challenges on a global scale. Support to agricultural producers in Japan averaged 47% of gross

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farm receipts in 2016, two and a half times the OECD average, approximately USD 34.6

billion, 86% of which was potentially most distorting. As noted in a recent report, there is

room for greater innovation in the domestic food and agriculture sector to become more

productive and environmentally sustainable (OECD, 2020).

Large scale natural disasters continued to occur in 2019, causing significant income

oss to the agricultural sector. The funds needed to restore damaged infrastructure, both at

regional l and farm level, put substantial mitigating the risk and damage (OECD, 2020).

There is significant room to improve the environmental performance of agriculture. Japan has

one of the highest nutrient surpluses among OECD countries. Moreover, though GHG

emissions from agriculture were the lowest among OECD countries, the sector accounts for

more than three-quarters of total methane emissions and half of the national nitrous oxide

emissions. Japan has set a Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) target of 26%

emissions below 2013 by 2030 but no specific target for the agricultural sector. Several

environmental programmes have been implemented but agricultural policy programmes

should provide consistent incentives to adopt sustainable production practices. An

integrated agri-environmental policy framework with quantitative targets in which all

farmers commit to improving their environmental performance should be developed.

Although the share of expenditures for general services provided to agriculture relative to

total support is higher than the OECD average, the level has decreased since the 1990s.

Moreover, most of these expenditures were programmed for infrastructure development and

maintenance. Further progress is needed in supporting agricultural knowledge and

innovation to enhance the sector’s productivity and sustainability (OECD, 2020).

Japan is promoting a broad-based, whole-of-society approach to implementing the

SDGs. The SDGs Promotion Headquarters was established in May 2016 and is headed by the

Prime Minister with participation of all members of Cabinet. Japan focuses on a broad range

of global public goods and challenges. Japan has listed eight priorities for engagement in

sustainable development (MFA, 2017). Examples of Japan’s global leadership on these

include: Empowerment of all people, Achievement of good health and longevity, Creating

growth markets, revitalising rural areas and promoting science technology and innovation,

Energy conservation, renewable energy, climate change countermeasures and a sound

material-cycle society, Conservation of the environment, including biodiversity, forests and

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the oceans, Achieving peaceful, safe and secure societies, Strengthening the means and

frameworks for the implementation of the SDGs and Sustainable and resilient land use, and

promoting quality infrastructure (OECD, 2020). The Basic Plan for Food, Agriculture and

Rural Areas, which sets Japan's comprehensive agricultural policy direction for the next

10 years, was revised in March 2020. In response to challenges such as the decrease of farming

population and the implementation of new large-scale trade agreements, the plan aims to

strengthen the agricultural production base regardless of farm size or its hilly and

mountainous condition. Emphasis is also placed on sustaining rural areas.

4.3. Malaysia

Malaysia established the Federal Land Office in 1965, which is considered one of the

most successful strategies for redeveloping land and relocating poor Malaysian farmers to

newly developed areas to organize them into small farms. Priority was given to people in rural

areas who did not own farmland, giving them access to land and agricultural development.

As a result, Malaysia created a strong agricultural sector that provided seed money for

Malaysia's early development. The Federal Land Office focused on growing crops such as

palm oil rather than more socially oriented products such as fruits, vegetables, and staple

foods. Large private sector facilities have been established, such as the International Venture

Holdings of the Federal Land Office of Malaysia, which are engaged in large-scale industrial

palm oil production. Prudent management, interventions, and resource allocation have

ensured better effects on both the overall economy and agriculture, growing crops such as

rice, cocoa, pepper, pineapples, tobacco, and others. Farmers should be helped to avoid the

mistakes of industrialized countries and gain access to the best practices of regenerative

management, circular metabolism and ecopolises," says Sharma Ruchir in "Advanced

Countries. Waiting for a new 'economic miracle'" (Sharma, 2018).

Selected Agricultural Indicators, Malaysia, 2020 comprised of statistics on economic

performance, employment, domestic production and external trade in the agriculture sector.

These statistics are presented in three main agriculture sub-sectors namely crops, livestock

and fisheries. The agriculture sector contributed 7.1 per cent (RM101.5 billion) to the Gross

Domestic Product (GDP) in 2019. Oil palm was the major contributor to the value added of

agriculture sector at 37.7 per cent followed by other agriculture (25.9%), livestock (15.3%),

fishing (12.0%), forestry & logging (6.3%) and rubber (3.0%). Exports of agriculture sector

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in 2019 amounted to RM115.5 billion as compared to RM114.5 billion in 2018, increased by

0.9 per cent. Total imports was valued at RM93.5 billion as compared to 2018 at RM93.3

billion with an increase of 0.2 per cent. Trade balance of this sector rose by 4.1 per cent from

RM21.1 billion in 2018 to RM22.0 billion in 2019. The production of main commodity crops

namely oil palm (fresh fruit bunches) and natural rubber increased by 646.0 thousand tonnes

(0.7 per cent) and 36.5 thousand tonnes (6.1 per cent) respectively in 2019 as compared to the

previous year. On the ontrary, the production of paddy declined by 11.0 per cent from 2,639.2

thousand tonnes to 2,348.9 thousand tonnes for the same period. The number of ducks

increased 7.6 per cent to 10.4 million in 2019 followed by chicken (5.8%) and goat (3.5%).

Meanwhile, the number of both swine and sheep decreased by 0.8 per cent and 0.4 per cent

respectively. Total marine fish landings in 2019 was 1,455.4 thousand tonnes, rose by 0.2 per

cent against 1,452.9 thousand tonnes in 2018. Production of brackishwater and freshwater

aquaculture also showed an increase of 17.0 thousand tonnes (5.9%) and 3.3 thousand tonnes

(3.3%) respectively. Employed persons in the agriculture sector recorded 1,541.1 thousand

persons in 2019 and dominated by males at 79.2 per cent (1,220.9 thousand persons) (Press

Release selected Agricultural Indicators, Malaysa, 2020).

Figure 3. Malaysia: Agriculture value added, billion USD

(Business and economic data for 200 countries,

https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Malaysia/value_added_agriculture_dollars/)

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For that indicator, we provide data for Malaysia from 2000 to 2019. The average value

for Malaysia during that period was 10.16 billion U.S. dollars with a minimum of 0.84 billion

U.S. dollars in 1960 and a maximum of 34.13 billion U.S. dollars in 2011.

Figure 4. HDI trend in Malaysia, East Asia and the Pacific and the World

(Dmytrenko et al., 2021).

Malaysian agricultural sector received strong government support during last three

decades. The government of Malaysia, set up strategic directions to use information and

communication technologies in third National Agricultural Policy (NAP3). According to

NAP3, training activities focused on new methods and technologies like PA and providing

basic infrastructures (i.e. GIS and remote sensing) in national scale. According Khorramnia

et al (2014), a wide variety of agricultural activities are running in Malaysia. Maintaining high

quality of agricultural products with lower environmental impacts through a sustainable

economic viability and life satisfaction of farmers and community are important factors

helping to meet sustainable agriculture. Human resources are playing key role in directing

the community toward sustainable development. The trend of improving the human

development index in Malaysia is highest in the East Asia and the Pacific, high human

development countries and the world, since 2000. Precision agriculture is providing strong

tools to achieve sustainable agriculture. Different types of sensors, positioning and

navigation systems, GIS, software and variable rate technology are well known components

of precision agriculture. Drones and robots are promising tools that enabling farmers and

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managers to collect information or perform particular actions in remote areas or tough

conditions.

Conclusions

The conducted research established that the formation of the sustainable agricultural

development management experience paradigm based on institutional competence and the

ability to achieve sustainable state through their management skills, technologies, strategies

formulation of state development.

1. Importantly, China's state development program gives Beijing the tools to create a

more sustainable agriculture. To become a strong state, China has increased its managerial

capacity by creating new tools to manage the economy, increasing the ecological tax increase.

It is to be commended that Beijing has implemented a real sustainable development

paradigm.

2. The state must have the ability and willingness to constantly intervene in the

economy and agriculture and manage them. This means that the state must be strong, that is,

it must be able to define and implement social, political and economic goals; support capital

and services that will act as the basis for an equitable distribution of resources and the

creation of smaller, ecological and sustainable enterprises and economies. (Oleksenko et al.,

2021).

3. The main thing for East Asian countries is to create a rural economy to reduce the

level of displacement of people to cities, which requires direct investment in rural areas, to

create a shortage of labor force from rural areas that works to provide benefits for urban areas,

to create a viable and stable economy in rural areas.

4. Agroecology conserves soil and water resources, largely avoids the use of

agrochemicals by growing different crops together, and replicates the natural flow of closed

material cycles. Their management paradigm includes: 1) ensuring reliable access to land,

water, credit, and markets; 2) revising property rights legislation to support farmers; 3)

establishing equitable regional and global agreements; and 4) investing in local infrastructure

and agro-processing industries. The effectiveness of the state and its governance paradigm is

most important to sustainable development for the masses. The astounding economic

development of China, Malaysia, and Japan is considered a success story of globalization.

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