Revista
de la
Universidad
del Zulia
Fundada en 1947
por el Dr. Jesús Enrique Lossada
DEPÓSITO LEGAL ZU2020000153
Esta publicación científica en formato digital
es continuidad de la revista impresa
ISSN 0041-8811
E-ISSN 2665-0428
Ciencias
Sociales
y Arte
Año 13 N° 38
Septiembre - Diciembre 2022
Tercera Época
Maracaibo-Venezuela
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Principles of organization and efficiency of China’s Political System
in modern conditions
Dmytro Nelipa*
Oleh Batrymenko**
Denys Yakovlev***
Vitalii Turenko****
Nataliia Perepelytsia*****
ABSTRACT
Ensuring the efficiency of the political life of the country depends significantly on the
establishment of relationships between state and non-state political and legal institutions
and social-political communities of the society that constitute the political system of the
State. In the conditions of intensification of globalization processes, the creation of
favourable conditions by the political system for the effective operation of the main spheres
of public life, ensuring the fulfilment of the interests of all society members, is of great
importance. The purpose of the research lies in substantiating the theoretical and practical
fundamentals for studying the principles of organization and effectiveness of China’s
political system in modern conditions, as well as in assessing its impact on the level of the
quality of life of the population. The general scientific and special methods of economic
analysis have been used in the research, in particular, as follows: analysis, synthesis, analogy,
comparison, systematization, generalization, graphical and tabular methods, and
correlation-regression analysis. It has been proven that the political system of China has a
significant impact on the level of the quality of life of the population.
KEY WORDS: Legal rights, political system, political institutions, society, legal theory.
*Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Professor of Politology Department, Faculty of Philosophy,
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-
5363-3990
**Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Head of Politology Department, Faculty of Philosophy,
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-
0211-248X
***Doctor of Political Science, Professor, Dean of the Faculty of Psychology, Political Science and
Sociology, National University Odesa Law Academy, Odesa, Ukraine. ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2828-4669
****PhD in Philosophy, Researcher, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0572-9119
*****PhD of Politology Science, Assistant at the Department of Politology, Taras Shevchenko
National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2889-3990
Recibido: 11/05/2022 Aceptado: 15/07/2022
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Principios de organización y eficiencia del sistema político chino en
las condiciones actuales
RESUMEN
Asegurar la eficiencia de la vida política del país depende significativamente del
establecimiento de relaciones entre las instituciones políticas y jurídicas estatales y no
estatales y las comunidades sociopolíticas de la sociedad que constituyen el sistema político
del Estado. En las condiciones de intensificación de los procesos de globalización, cobra gran
importancia la creación de condiciones favorables por parte del sistema político para el
funcionamiento efectivo de las principales esferas de la vida pública, asegurando la
realización de los intereses de todos los miembros de la sociedad. El propósito de la
investigación radica en establecer los fundamentos teóricos y prácticos para estudiar los
principios de organización y eficacia del sistema político de China en las condiciones
actuales, así como en evaluar su impacto en el nivel de calidad de vida de la población. En la
investigación se han utilizado los métodos científicos generales y especiales del análisis
económico, en particular, los siguientes: análisis, síntesis, analogía, comparación,
sistematización, generalización, métodos gráficos y tabulares, y análisis de correlación-
regresión. Se ha demostrado que el sistema político de China tiene un impacto significativo
en el nivel de la calidad de vida de la población.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Derechos jurídicos, sistema político, instituciones políticas, sociedad,
teoría jurídica.
Introduction
The issue of exploring the political system of the countries of the world is one of the
most significant in modern political science, forasmuch as the political system is a reflection
of the political life of the society. The purpose of the research lies in substantiating the
theoretical and practical fundamentals for studying the principles of organization and
effectiveness of China’s political system in modern conditions, as well as in assessing its
impact on the level of the quality of life of the population. In recent years, the Chinese
political system has been of particular interest in scientific circles, which is characterized by
the effectiveness of the implementation of political power, balanced political reforms,
ensuring social and political stability in the country, timely response to challenges and
destabilizing factors of the external environment. It is obvious that, despite the authoritarian
regime of state power, China’s political system is quite strong and stable, which is manifested
in the institutionalization of political activity in the country, the stability of the political
system, and the clear formulation and achievement of state development goals. However, it
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was not easy for this country to achieve the desired effect, as evidenced by the long period of
political reform, the stimulation of rapid economic growth, as well as the implementation of
a balanced foreign policy in the conditions of globalization and regionalization of world
relations. Taking into account the tendencies outlined the issue of exploring the principles
of organization and effectiveness of China’s political system becomes especially relevant.
1. Literature Review
The increase of China’s geopolitical power as a socialist state of the democratic
dictatorship of the people to a great extent depends on the strength and stability of its
political system. Moreover, Weiss (2017) claims that China’s political system has a
significant impact on the strategic priorities of world politics and determines the key vectors
of its formation, development and implementation.
Golota et al. (2018) emphasize that China is one of the largest superpower states with
the world’s second largest economy, the largest population, a nuclear state with the largest
global industrial output, and its political system has been formed as a result of the successful
integration of history, culture and traditions. Dreyer (2018) agrees with the viewpoint of
scientists, who adds to the mentioned list the constant modernization of China’s political
system and notes the important role of the established traditions within the country. It is the
political modernization that is a powerful tool of the state-building process and contributes
to the establishment of a dialogue between the authorities and the public (Pipchenko, 2013).
Heilmann, S. (2016) claims that the effectiveness of China’s political system depends
significantly on the activities of the Chinese government, which, according to the scientist’s
standpoint, is one of the most important subjects of international relations, and the country’s
political success is closely related to economic achievements and global economic
integration.
Along with this, Helmy (2022) proves the absolute opposite standpoint regarding the
coherence of China’s political system with the political systems of other superpowers, in
particular, the USA, which competes with it. At the same time, the scholar believes that in
the conditions of 2022, the influence of the USA in the Asian region has weakened
significantly, and China has strengthened.
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Zhusong, Y. (2019) relates the effectiveness of China’s political system to its ability to
prioritize strong and effective state capacity over the rule of law and political accountability.
At the same time, from among the main goals of the political system, the author defines as
follows: (1) providing the population with food; (2) significant investment in national
defence in order to create a strong military capable of resisting external provocations; (3)
increasing the effectiveness of the Communist Party of China, which is enshrined in the
country’s Constitution. However, Weiwei (2021) somewhat contradicts the statement of
Zhusong, Y. (2019); the scholar is convinced that people’s democracy reigns in China at the
moment, which manifests itself through a tripartite institutional arrangement of the
leadership of the Communist Party, democracy and the rule of law. It should be noted that,
according to the scientist’s viewpoint, the Communist Party represents the general interests
of the people, and the rule of law is implemented through strict adherence to the
Constitution. In addition, there are officially eight more parties in China, which are
represented in the country’s legislative body - the National People’s Congress.
In this context, Blikhar (2018) has systematized the basic factors of the efficiency of
the political system and identified the most important ones, namely: (1) the ability of public
authorities to use all available resources to quickly solve pressing problems; (2) the
completeness of the representation of the interests of social groups and the ability to
implement them; (3) the completeness and quality of information resources influencing the
definition of a development strategy; (4) the speed of response to challenges of the external
and internal environment.
At the same time, Vedeneev (2020), exploring the doctrines and practices of “soft
power” and public diplomacy at the international level, has established that China is its
active supporter in the process of implementing its own state policy, forasmuch as it adheres
to the model of “socialism with Chinese features” and achieves enhancing its image in the
international arena due to the high level of cultural and political ideology and diplomacy. The
standpoint of the scientist is shared by Dorosh & Tablonska (2021), who have directed their
own scientific developments in the same direction, however, they have come to the
conclusion that China’s implementation of the “soft power” policy has vulnerabilities and is
denied by some countries due to the lack of formation of civil society in China and frequent
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violations of human rights by the authorities. At the same time, the political system is
considered strong and stable, but not able to fully ensure free human development.
Hong (2020) is convinced that the effectiveness of the political system of China, at the
current stage, is evaluated in terms of combating poverty and the fight against coronavirus
infection, however, at the state level, significant efforts are directed at avoiding publicity
regarding the problems of political corruption, lack of transparency of state power, uneven
regional development, and increasing social inequality, which is limitedly resolved at the
political level.
Taking into consideration the ambiguous positions among scientists regarding the
organization and effectiveness of China’s political system, this issue requires in-depth
research.
2. Materials and Methods
In the course of the research, general scientific and special methods of economic
analysis have been used and applied, in particular, as follows: analysis and synthesis in order
to determine the essence and features of China’s political system; analogy and comparison
for conducting analytical assessments of the state and tendencies of the organization and
efficiency of China’s political system, as well as for evaluating its impact on the level of the
quality of life of the population; systematization and generalization in order to form
hypotheses and formulate research conclusions and results; graphical and tabular methods
for visualizing the results of the conducted research; correlation-regression analysis in order
to determine the influence of China’s political system on the level of the quality of life of the
population.
The research has been conducted on the basis of data from China.
The information base of the research is based on reports of 2017–2021 as follows:
Fragile States Index according to the Index of State Instability; Democracy Index according
to the Democracy Index; Rankings KOF Globalization Index by indicator Globalization
Index; Quality of Life Index by Country according to the Index of the quality of life of the
population.
3. Results
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The study of the principles of organization and efficiency of China’s political system
involves providing an empirical assessment of its effectiveness. In this context, the political
system provides the definition of forms and methods of interaction of a complex multi-way
set of political institutions and social-political communities performing certain political
functions in order to regulate the production and distribution of social benefits, as well as to
establish relationships between them. In addition, China’s political system, as an
independent sphere of society, consists of the following structural elements, namely: (1)
political and legal norms; (2) political institutions; (3) political relations; (4) political culture
and ideology; (5) citizens as the main bearers of political activity; (6) political consciousness;
(7) methods of political activity; it has its own functioning mechanism, which we consider
appropriate to display in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Mechanism of functioning of China’s political system
Source: author’s development
Undoubtedly, the political system is called upon to identify factors for ensuring the
stability of the society development and form effective mechanisms for coordinating the
interests of different groups. At the same time, the basic principles of the organization of the
political system are aimed at ensuring its strength and stability on a unified normative and
value basis, which can be evaluated, in particular, by analysing the dynamics of the State
Instability Index in China. It should be noted that this indicator makes it possible to assess
the level of stability of the state’s functioning, political cohesion and the degree of
vulnerability to the destabilizing influence of the external and internal environment. At the
same time, the increasing value of the State Instability Index is evidence of the strengthening
POLITICAL SYSTEM
Economic system
Social system
Cultural system
Exit
Entrance
Political
decisions
Political actions
International system and other systems
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of negative political processes and political instability. The dynamics of the Fragile States
Index in China in 2014–2021 is represented in Figure 2. From the obtained results, it can be
assumed that positive tendencies in strengthening state power and consolidation of the
political system are observed in China during 2014-2017 (FSI decreased from 79 to 63,1 - by
20,13%). However, starting from 2018, the influence of negative factors of a political nature is
increasing, and the value of the Fragile States Index shows upward trends from 63,1 in 2017
to 68,9 in 2021. Forecast estimates of the Fragile States Index in China for the period 2022-
2023 also show an increase in the value of the indicator under study to approximately 78.
Figure 2. Dynamics of the Fragile States Index in China in 2014–2023 (2022–2023 – forecast
estimates)
Source: It has been compiled based on Fragile States Index 2014–2019; List of countries by Fragile States
Index 2020–2021
Along with this, the issues of ensuring democracy in China are characterized by
double standards: on the one hand, the Constitution guarantees that the population of the
state manages the country through the extensive network of the functioning of the
Communist Party, and on the other hand, the fundamental interests of the population are
expressed and protected at the highest state level. However, critics of the Chinese political
79
76.4
74.9
63.1
65.4
66.7
67.9
68.9
y = 0.6685x
2
- 7.6292x + 87.573
R² = 0.7995
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Fragile States Index
Years
Fragile States Index Poly. (Fragile States Index)
2022 2023
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system are convinced that the basic principles of its organization restrain the development
of democracy and, to some extent, suppress the interests of national minorities. In contrast,
supporters insist that, taking into consideration the fact that China is an authoritarian
regime, the implementation of the basic principles of democracy is ensured at a relatively
high level. The results of the conducted analysis of the dynamics of the Democracy Index in
China in 2014–2021 (Figure 3) prove that its value is in the range of 3,0–3,32 in the period of
2014–2018 and decreased to 2,26–2,21 in the period of 2019–2021. Forecast estimates of the
analysed indicator for 2022–2023 are also characterized by a downward tendency.
Figure 3. Dynamics of the Democracy Index in China in 2014–2023 (2022–2023 – forecast
estimates)
Source: It has been compiled based on the Democracy Index 2014–2021
In the conditions when the borders of domestic boundaries are being transformed, and
the economies of countries are being rearranged into a single world financial-economic and
social-political mega system, relations between countries are taking on new forms. Taking
into account such trends, China’s political system cannot function independently and be
limited from the world community; consequently, it is considered as part of it. At the
international level, attempts have been made to assess the real scale of integration of
3
3.14
3.18
3.1
3.32
2.26
2.27
2.21
y = -0.0389x
2
+ 0.2025x + 2.8914
R² = 0.7422
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Democracy Index
Years
Democracy Index Poly. (Democracy Index)
2022 2023
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countries into the world social-political and social-economic space, which are systematized
in the scientific developments of the Swiss Economic Institute, on the basis of which the
calculation of a combined indicator - the Globalization Level Index of the World’s Countries
(the KOF Globalization Index) is proposed. This indicator forms a database that indicates
the state of countries in terms of their absorption by global processes in political, economic
and social dimensions, and provides for the calculation of indicators of economic, social and
political globalization. It should be noted that political globalization is extremely important
for China, forasmuch it allows positioning the country in the international arena, acquiring
membership in international organizations and missions, ratifying international multi-
format treaties and getting the opportunity to represent its interests on the territory of other
states. We consider it expedient in to display the dynamics of the level of the Globalization
Index in China for the period from 2014 to 2021 in Figure 4, as well as to forecast the value of
this indicator in the near future.
Figure 4. Dynamics of the KOF Globalization Index in China in 2014–2023 (2022–2023 –
forecast estimates)
Source: It has been compiled based on Rankings of the KOF Globalization Index, 2014–2021
60.5
60.15
60.73
62.02
61.23
65.08
64.28
64.57
y = 0.0371x
2
+ 0.3967x + 59.588
R² = 0.7997
55
57
59
61
63
65
67
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
KOF Globalization Index
Years
KOF Globalization Index Poly. (KOF Globalization Index)
2022 2023
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According to the results of the study conducted, the China Globalization Index does
not have a stable trend, and it is accompanied by a decrease during 2020-2021. The forecast
for 2022-2023 is optimistic and indicates a slight increase in this indicator on average to a
mark of 67, which indicates the strengthening of China’s influence on world political
processes.
It is obvious that the study of China’s political system should take into account the
main tendencies in the efficiency of its formation and implementation in relation to the
population, the number of which in this state is the highest among all countries in the world.
It should be noted that the efficiency of China’s political system is proven by the not-too-
high, but acceptable rates of growth in the quality of life of the population in the country, as
evidenced by the upward trends of the Quality of Life Index (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Dynamics of the Quality of Life Index in China in 2014–2023 (2022–2023 – forecast
estimates)
Source: It has been compiled based on Quality of Life Index by Country, 2014–2021
In order to identify the influence of China’s political system on the quality of life of the
population in this country and to assess the relationship between such indicators as the State
Instability Index, the Democracy Index, the KOF Globalization Index and the Quality of Life
30.3
15.99
99.03
90.95
99.43
97.92
102.81
103.15
y = -2.9155x
2
+ 37.539x - 14.635
R² = 0.7713
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Quality of Life Index
Years
Quality of Life Index Poly. (Quality of Life Index)
2022 2023
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Index, we suggest conducting a correlation-regression analysis using the Statistica software
package 6 ,0.
We will define the quality of life index as the performance index (Y), and we will consider
the state instability index (х
1
), democracy index (х
2
), and globalization index (х
3
) as factor
indicators.
The results of the conducted analysis have made it possible to establish a strong
relationship between the analysed indicators (equation 1), as evidenced by the correlation
coefficient R=0,855, and the statistical significance of the model is confirmed by the value of
Fisher’s F test F (3,4) = 3,637.
Y= –4055,88 – 0,447х
1
+ 2,40х
2
+3,13х
3
(1)
R=0,855; 𝑅
2
=0,732; p < 0,05000,
where: Y – Quality of Life Index; х
1
– State Instability Index; х
2
– Democracy Index;
х
3
– KOF Globalization Index.
Therefore, the analysis of the influence of factors on the performance indicator - the
Index of the quality of life of the population gives reasons to assert that the value of the Index
of the quality of life of the population in China significantly depends on the value of the
indicators of state instability, democracy and globalization. The decrease in the State
Instability Index has a positive (inversely proportional) effect on the quality of life indicator
of the population: with a decrease in state instability, the index of the quality of life of the
population shows positive upward trends, which is confirmed by the regression indicator r =
–0,447. Regarding the Democracy Index, a positive but directly proportional influence can
also be noted in this case: the growth of the Democracy Index leads to the increase of the
Population Quality of Life Index (regression index r = 2,40). The growth of the Globalization
Index also has a positive (directly proportional) impact on the value of the Population
Quality of Life Index (r = 3,13).
As a result of comprehensive studies conducted, it has been established that the
political system of China is effective and depends on the established organizational and legal
mechanism of state management; by the way, it also significantly affects the level of the
quality of life of the population in the country. In order to improve the efficiency of China’s
political system, it is expedient to pay particular attention to the state administration system
and its problematic aspects that reduce the stability of the state’s functioning.
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4. Discussion
The results of the studies conducted on the principles of organization and efficiency
of the political system of China in modern conditions and the assessment of its impact on the
level of quality of life of the population make it possible to assert that the principles of
organization and the effectiveness of the political system of China in modern conditions
depend on the processes of globalization, which are significant and irreversible.
It has been revealed that the main shortcomings of China’s political system include as
follows: its authoritarian nature, limitations of democracy and inadequate level of human
development. At the same time, taking into account the high rates of social-political and
social-economic development of the country and the growing trends of positioning on the
international arena, in general, China’s political system is considered effective, strong and
stable, which is able to ensure an adequate standard of living in the society.
The results of the conducted empirical studies allow establishing a strong relationship
between the indicators characterizing the parameters of China’s political system (the
correlation coefficient is R=0,855). It has been proven that the current state of China’s
political system significantly affects the quality of life of the country’s population; in
particular, the strengthening of democracy and globalization factors increase the level of the
quality of life of the population, and the growth of state instability reduces it, which requires
the implementation of additional measures.
Conclusions
Thus, the conducted studies on the principles of the organization and efficiency of
China’s political system in modern conditions and the assessment of its impact on the quality
of life of the population provide grounds for the conclusion that China’s political system is
broad and multi-way; it has a complex political structure, and it is implemented in
accordance with the provisions of the normative - legal acts and regulations. Considering
that China is a socialist republic, the state governance is carried out by the communist party,
the model of which provides for the functioning of the legislative, executive and judiciary in
an authoritarian regime. It has been proven that the political system of China, despite
increasing indicators of state instability and decreasing the indicator of democracy, has a
significant positive impact on the quality of life of the population in the country, as evidenced
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by the growing trend of the Quality of Life Index to a mark of 103,15 in 2021. Predictive
assessments of China’s political stability indicators give grounds for asserting that the
country’s political success is expected to continue in 2022-2023, which is justified by China’s
significant economic achievements and its global social-political and social-economic
integration into the world space.
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