Revista
de la
Universidad
del Zulia
Fundada en 1947
por el Dr. Jesús Enrique Lossada
75
ANIVERSARIO
DEPÓSITO LEGAL ZU2020000153
ISSN 0041-8811
E-ISSN 2665-0428
Ciencias
Exactas,
Naturales
y de la Salud
Año 13 N° 37
Mayo - Agosto 2022
Tercera Época
Maracaibo-Venezuela
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
321
One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in the city of Guayaquil:
Evidence of Municipal Response and the Socio-economic Impact
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero *
Fidel Márquez-Sánchez **
Rafael Sorhegui-Ortega ***
María-Salomé Ochoa-Rico ****
ABSTRACT
The objective of this article is to monitor the socio-economic impact of COVID-19 on the
most vulnerable areas of Guayaquil one year after the start of the pandemic and to point out
areas that remain vulnerable for future social linkage projects. The survey was used for the”
EPICO-ECOTEC” Project, validated by expert judgment and the average score using
Cronbach's alpha. Additionally, a description of the questions and contingency tables were
made for better proactive decisions. In this way, this article recommends developing a System
of Public Policies from the local level to face the consequences of inequity and the problems
of sustainable human development due to COVID-19.
KEYWORDS: socio-economic status; pandemic; vulnerable areas; Guayaquil; COVID-19.
*Affiliation: Universidad Ecotec. MSc.in Economics, Universidad Ecotec, Associate
Professor, Research Departments, Samborondón, Ecuador. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-
0001-8503-3685. E-mail: avergarar@ecotec.edu.ec
**Affiliation: Universidad Ecotec. Ph.D. in Economics, Universidad Ecotec, ProRector,
Samborondón, Ecuador. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1856-4464. E-mail:
fmarquez@ecotec.edu.ec
***Affiliation: Universidad Ecotec. Ph.D. in Economics, Universidad Ecotec, Associate
Professor, Research Departments, Samborondón, Ecuador. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-
0001-7882-5246. E-mail: rsorhegui@ecotec.edu.ec
****Affiliation: Universidad de Córdoba. MSc. in Economics, Universidad de Córdoba, Ph.D.
Student in Legal and Social Science, Córdoba, España. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-
6565-1785. E-mail: salomeochoa@hotmail.com
Recibido: 09/02/2022 Aceptado: 01/04/2022
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
322
A un año de la pandemia del COVID-19 en la ciudad de Guayaquil:
Evidencia de la respuesta municipal y el impacto socioeconómico.
RESUMEN
El artículo tiene como objetivo monitorear el impacto socioeconómico que ha causado la
COVID-19 en las zonas más vulnerables del cantón Guayaquil, a un año del inicio de la
pandemia, y proponer zonas que continúan en vulnerabilidad para los futuros proyectos de
vinculación social. Se utilizó la encuesta para el Proyecto “EPICO-ECOTEC”, el cual fue
validado por juicio de experto y el promedio de puntuación mediante el alfa de Cronbach;
adicional se realizó descripción de las preguntas y tablas de contingencia para mejores
decisiones asertivas. De esta forma, este artículo recomienda desarrollar un Sistema de
Políticas Públicas desde lo local para enfrentar las consecuencias de las inequidades y
problemas de desarrollo humano sostenible a causa de la COVID-19.
KEYWORDS: Estatus socioeconómico, pandemia, áreas vulnerables, Guayaquil, COVID-19.
Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic officially began in December 2019, after the first cases of
pneumonia of unknown origin were registered in Wuhan City. On March 11, 2020, the World
Health Organization announced that the disease had become a pandemic, and governments
began to take more restrictive measures to combat it (Coelho et al., 2021; Dang & Nguyen,
2021).
The emergence of COVID-19 and its different variants worldwide has urged global,
national, and local authorities to seek emergency aid alternatives immediately (Jawad et al.,
2021; Oreffice & Quintana-Domeque, 2021). It is imperative to highlight that emergency
actions are oriented towards preserving the health of the inhabitants and mitigating the
economic impact of the measures taken, whose purpose is to stop the spread of the virus and
the saturation of Intensive Care Units (Duarte et al., 2021; Fang et al., 2021).
The governments of several countries began to take measures to counteract the spread
of the disease, including a strict quarantine (Pan & Yue, 2021), which consisted of mobility
restrictions of citizens, a ban on massive events, a halt of national and international transport
(James et al., 2021; Su et al., 2021), among others. This significantly affected the operations of
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
323
many social institutions and triggered consequences of economic depression, especially in
developing countries (Michl, 2021; Mugaloglu et al., 2021).
In Ecuador, the implemented policies include health measures to contain the spread
of COVID-19 and the reinforcement of the saturated health system. A second policy
implemented included economic measures to support the inhabitants and productive
activity (Dai et al., 2021), as the pandemic undermined society’s level of income and liquidity
(Grasselli, 2021; Ortega-Santos et al., 2021), especially in Guayaquil.
Figure 1. Gross Domestic Product (2007=100, variation rates). Source: BCE.
Despite the efforts put into these measures by the Ecuadorian government, the
country's economic performance was severely impacted by COVID-19. This impact
represents a 7.8% drop for the year 2020 (see figure 1).
The analysis of the figure is explained mainly by the 11.9% reduction in gross fixed
capital formation and a 7% contraction in household final consumption expenditure (BCE,
2021; Sed’a et al., 2021).
The economic performance figures are marked by unemployment since this is a
common social and economic phenomenon in countries with falls in their Real Gross
Domestic Product (Gupta et al., 2021; Mehlum & Torvik, 2021). The national unemployment
rate is 5.8%, and this rate increases to 7.3% when evaluated in the urban area; it falls to 9.1%
in women who live in this same area (INEC, 2021).
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
324
Figure 2. Composition of the Population of Guayaquil. Source: INEC-ENEMDU, 2021.
According to the National Survey of Employment, Unemployment and
Underemployment 2021 (ENEMDU), Guayaquil concentrates 15% of the Economically
Active Population of Ecuador and 9.8% of the unemployed inhabitants at the national level.
A particularity in the statistics is that the city of Guayaquil has the lowest unemployment
rate of the five main cities of the Ecuadorian territory (see figure 3), with 24.5%
underemployment (see figure 2).
Figure 3. The Unemployement rate of 5 cities (%). Source: INEC-ENEMDU, 2021.
The intervention of local governments was of great help to its inhabitants (Al-Thaqeb
et al., 2020; Vergara-Romero et al., 2020). In the case of Guayaquil, the policies aimed to
improve the most vulnerable areas and maintain the quality of life of households, the
objective of an effective recovery of economic performance being essential (Kaplan et al.,
2020; Sorhegui-Ortega et al., 2021) for Guayaquil and its society.
The council’s decision continues with the humanitarian mobilization in areas with
high population density and an easy spread of the virus. Humanitarian aid went from
Working-age Population 2.025.617
Economically Active Population 1.242.733
Employed Population 1.195.992
Adequate Employment 553.647
Underemployment 304.619
Unpaid Employment 53.948
Other non-full Employment 252.091
Unclassified Employment 31.687
Unemployment 46.741
Economically Inactive Population 782.884
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
325
deliveries of food kits (Neha & Kumar, 2021; Orden, 2021) as relief for the economy of the
inhabitants, and they can al-locate said savings to other expenses to free medical benefits
that continue to save the burden of the item of health (Ho & Gan, 2021; Langley, 2021).
Figure 4. Monthly inflation of the IPC and by divisions of goods and services (%). Source:
BCE.
The Mayor's approach responds to the reality experienced by the Ecuadorian
population. Figure 4 shows that inflation had a negative variation of 1.47, reflecting inflation
of -4.35 for food and non-alcoholic beverages. In addition to this, as a trigger, health services
have an inflation rate of 2.2%, which connects with the projection of medical costs in the
Latin American region (Willis Towers Watson, 2021).
Figure 5. Poverty and Extreme Poverty (%). Source: INEC-ENEMDU, 2021.
2,2
1,44
1,11
0,74
0,17
0,03
-0,72
-1,47
-1,69
-2,47
-3,54
-4,03
-4,35
7,34 HEALTH
0,66 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND TOBACCO
14,74 TRANSPORT
5,86 FURNITURE, HOUSEHOLD ITEMS AND CONSERVATION
4,74 COMMUNICATIONS
8,30 ACCOMMODATION, WATER, ELECTRIC, GAS AND…
5,30 RECREATION AND CULTURE
GENERAL
7,96 RESTAURANTS AND HOTELS
9,86 MISCELLANEOUS GOODS AND SERVICES
7,69 APPAREL AND FOOTWEAR
5,09 EDUCATION
22,45 FOOD AND NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
Inflation (Percentages)
Weighing (Percentages)
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
326
This approach also recognizes that the poverty rate stood at 32.4%, considering a
substantial increase. Similarly, the extreme poverty rate increased by 6%. The poverty line
complements these figures for December 2020, which was US$84.05 per month for family
income per capita and US$47.37 for extreme poverty (see figure 5).
In this context, it is laudable that the local government allocated significant financial
resources that are deducted from its sectional budget (Noboa-Salazar et al., 2021). Its
authorities are convinced that these specific expenses are necessary since the cost of inaction
will be greater.
Guayaquil is the most populous city with 3,453,631 inhabitants in its metropolitan
area. It is home to the nation's main port, where 70% of foreign trade cargo is operated, and
it is also the top business destination in the Pacific. Ecuadorian and contributes 28.78% of
the tax revenues of the National Treasury (SRI, 2022).
This article’s objective is to monitor the socio-economic impact of COVID-19 in the
most vulnerable areas of Guayaquil one year into the pandemic.
1. Materials and Methods
The report is the result of the events that occurred in the social and economic sphere
of Guayaquil society one year into the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the identification of
trends that can form a sustainable vector of long-term development for society.
To achieve the objective of the following report, the following stages were evaluated
(Souto-Anido et al., 2020):
Information collection: The EP-02 survey was applied (see Appendix A). This survey
was subjected to validation and reliability using the expert judgment technique, concluding
with an excellent internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha statistic (Hernández-Rojas et
al., 2021).
The validation was applied on the survey designed by Arnaldo Vergara for the "ÉPICO-
ECOTEC" project in the search for relevant information for the evaluation of public policies
that help the development of the canton.
The procedure is that each expert must judge nine indicators on the 16 questions of
the survey. The indicators to qualify are clarity, objectivity, timeliness, organization,
sufficiency, consistency, coherence, methodology and relevance. Finally, there will be a
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
327
general average and average for each expert, where the category of acceptance is described
from poor to excellent (see Vergara-Romero et al., 2020).
The technological tools to collect the data were "cellular offline mode", through the
KoBoToolbox application, an open-source tool that Harvard University developed as a
humanitarian initiative.
The research was carried out in the field. The surveyed areas are found in Appendix B,
where the Guayaquil area is divided into five areas, in order to group and focus the study.
This information was extracted from the spatial polygons to study a significant sample, using
‘.shp’ and ‘.kmz’ files provided by EPICO.
Data processing: The statistical tool used is RStudio, with specialized spmap,
shp2dta, and mif2dta software packages. Additionally, the information was contrasted with
the Google Earth application.
The entire process of implementation and verification of the methodology was
compared in the field, being supervised by the Surrogate Director of the project.
2. Results
The report is organized in five zones, described in the methodological design as
Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, Southwest, and Rural parishes.
Table 1. Female gender and age of the beneficiaries.
Female
Zoner
Working
Parents
From 19
to 25
years
old
From 26
to 35
years
old
From 36
to 45
years
old
From 46
to 60
years
old
Over 61
years old
Total
NE
8
48
91
106
106
58
417
NW
6
63
114
137
102
43
465
R
0
1
15
14
19
18
67
SE
3
22
57
80
98
81
341
SW
1
33
90
88
100
85
397
18
167
367
425
425
285
1687
Source: Own elaboration.
This report consists of data from 2,197 households that were surveyed and that reside
in the Guayaquil area. The first result responds to the gender of the household head, 1,687
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
328
were women (76.8%), and 510 were men (23.2%). The average age of the participants is 46
years, and the range goes from 19 to 91 years. Next, the age and gender of the participants are
detailed by zones (see tables 1 and 2).
Table 2. Male gender and age of the beneficiaries.
Male
Zone
Working
Parents
From
19 to 25
years
old
From
26 to
35
years
old
From
36 to
45
years
old
From
46 to
60
years
old
Over 61
years old
Total
NE
2
9
19
35
40
40
145
NW
2
15
28
28
43
24
140
R
0
0
2
3
4
7
16
SE
2
14
16
29
25
33
119
SW
2
2
17
15
19
35
90
8
40
82
110
131
139
510
Source: Own elaboration.
In Tables 1 and 2, it can be seen that approximately 39% of female household heads
range between 36 and 60 years old, compared to 11% for males. Likewise, it can be seen that
24% of household heads are young women, and 6% are male. 19% of the participants who
received the food kit are elderly.
Table 3. Overcrowding
Number of people living in the household
Zone
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
NE
26
70
111
137
113
48
26
14
5
6
2
1
2
0
1
NW
18
51
130
198
100
59
25
11
7
1
1
3
0
1
0
R
9
12
21
24
9
5
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
SE
14
38
111
124
74
61
24
6
2
3
0
1
1
0
1
SW
22
59
120
150
77
34
15
7
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
89
230
493
633
373
207
92
38
14
11
4
6
4
1
2
Source: Own elaboration.
Table 3 integrates the number of people who live in the same dwelling as the surveyed
participants, distinguishing that 33% of the beneficiaries live in overcrowding and 1% live in
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
329
extreme overcrowding. It can also be seen that overcrowding occurs more in the city’s
northern area.
Table 4. Employment and Unemployment
Used to work
Did not use towork
Works
Does not
work
Works
Does not
work
Zone
at present
at present
at present
at present
NE
80
29
96
357
NW
37
31
76
461
R
1
2
13
67
SE
15
20
79
346
SW
14
17
56
400
147
99
320
1631
Source: Own elaboration.
Table 4 includes the employment situation of the beneficiaries of the food kit, where
their employment situation during the health crisis and one year later is represented. 74% of
those surveyed did not work during the second delivery of the food kits and today. Likewise,
it is shown that 14% of those surveyed were left unemployed, discriminating whether it is an
adequate or informal job.
Similarly, 7% of those who received the food kit worked, and 5% became unemployed.
The unification of these figures leads to an exploratory analysis of a moderate targeting of the
unemployed in vulnerable areas of the city (see table 4).
Table 5. Employment Relationship
Zone
Own Business
Salaried work
NE
72
104
NW
49
64
R
3
11
SE
29
65
SW
22
48
175
292
Source: Own elaboration.
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
330
The total number of employed respondents represents 21%, of which 13% respond to
salaried work, and 8% indicate that they have a business. This shows that the targeting of
the food kit helped not only the unemployed but also entrepreneurs and employees who live
in vulnerable areas of the Guayaquil area (see table 5).
Table 6. People with disabilities
Zone
No
Yes
NE
421
141
NW
532
73
R
65
18
SE
368
92
SW
376
111
1762
435
Source: Own elaboration.
20% of the beneficiaries have a disability and/or a disabled family member; the areas
with the most significant number of people with special abilities are in the northeast and
southwest of the city (see table 6).
Figure 6. How did the food kit help you? Source: EPICO-ECOTEC SURVEY EP-02.
80% of those surveyed maintain that the food kit helped complete the basic food
basket, 10% mention that it helped them to stay home, and 9% claim it helped them use the
resources saved to meet other basic needs (see figure 6).
The food kit helped prevent contagion in 72% of the beneficiaries; this figure refers to
a family without COVID-19 and where no family member died with said virus.
Do not leave
home; 216
Savings for
other needs
(medicine,
rent, etc.); 197
Complete the
family basket;
1751
Trust in public
authorities; 33
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
331
Table 7. Disease situation
Zone
Family with COVID
Family without COVID
Some family
members
passed away.
No family
members have
passed away.
Some family
members
passed away.
No family
members have
passed away.
NE
63
92
35
372
NW
29
91
17
468
R
7
12
6
58
SE
15
92
24
329
SW
25
81
23
358
139
368
105
1585
Source: Own elaboration.
Similarly, 17% of those who received humanitarian aid suffered from COVID-19, but
no family member died. It can be inferred that the kit prevented them from becoming infected
and, in turn, prevented family members from becoming infected (see Table 7).
Table 8. Perception of humanitarian aid
Zone
under
medium-low
medium
medium-high
high
NE
0
10
125
21
406
NW
0
10
129
67
399
R
0
0
6
14
63
SE
0
0
36
31
393
SW
0
0
58
3
426
0
20
354
136
1687
Source: Own elaboration.
The scope of humanitarian aid is expressed through the perception of the beneficiaries,
where it is observed that 77% of the beneficiaries have high perception and 22% have a
medium perception of the delivery of the food kit (see table 8).
The perception concerning the improvement of the benefited area shows that 54% of
the beneficiaries have high perception and 45% have medium perception (see table 9).
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
332
The survey reveals that 85% of the beneficiaries of humanitarian aid consider the
delivery of the kit was timely; this reveals that it did help mitigate employment problems,
inflation in medical costs, and economic impact on the Ecuadorian economy (see figure 7).
Table 9. Perception of aid to the area
Zone
Under
Medium-low
Medium
Medium-high
High
NE
1
10
122
209
220
NO
0
15
173
207
210
R
0
2
17
18
46
SE
0
1
64
44
351
SO
0
0
59
66
362
1
28
435
544
1189
Source: Own elaboration.
Figure 7. Was the humanitarian aid timely? Source: EPICO-ECOTEC SURVEY EP-02.
Within table 10, 66% of the total number of beneficiaries consider that they need a job
as a priority, and 24% consider it an average need (see table 10). When inferring these figures
with the gender variable, 52% of the total beneficiaries are women, and 15% are men.
Likewise, relating it to the variable "if currently working", we found that 9% aspire to a job
change and 4% have a business, although they prefer to have a salaried job.
This study’s Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN) include food, health, education, drinking
water, electricity, and internet access. For 71% of the respondents, they mention food as a
high need, while 61% indicate that they have a high health need, 57% have a high need for
No, 323
Si, 1874
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
333
education, 67% consider drinking water a high need, 60% of those surveyed cannot afford
their electric bills and 59% cannot afford internet bills (see figure 8).
Table 10. Employment Need
Employment
Zone
Under
Medium-low
Medium
Medium-high
High
NE
87
44
132
65
234
NO
37
26
141
50
351
R
2
0
6
7
68
SE
1
0
37
21
401
SO
9
6
62
5
405
136
76
378
148
1459
Source: Own elaboration.
Figure 8. Unsatisfied Basic Needs. Source: EPICO-ECOTEC SURVEY EP-02.
In the perception of the beneficiaries about the products that were delivered in the
food kit, it is observed that around 84% of the beneficiaries have a high perception about the
variety, access, and expiration of the kit products. Similarly, approximately 65% of the
beneficiaries have a high perception of the quality and quantity of the kit products (see figure
9).
The survey has a psychological evaluation component. These questions project that
64% of those surveyed perceive that the time dedicated to housework or childcare has
increased a little. In the same way, 27% of the beneficiaries consider that they spend much
time on housework and/or childcare (see table 11).
Sector under medium low medium medium high high under medium low medium medium high high under medium low medium medium high high
NE 0 1 77 35 589 0 5 95 115 487 3 13 104 111 471
NW 4 31 482 190 1977 8 51 506 463 1656 78 73 527 431 1575
R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 32 559 225 2566 8 56 601 578 2143 81 86 631 542 2046
Sector under medium low medium medium high high under medium low medium medium high high under medium low medium medium high high
NE 0 30 100 41 531 0 39 104 82 477 14 31 121 30 506
NW 11 116 484 199 1874 11 126 504 388 1655 169 121 501 209 1684
R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 146 584 240 2405 11 165 608 470 2132 183 152 622 239 2190
Feeding
Health
Education
Water
Electric Power
Internet
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
334
We should point out that 53% of the beneficiaries feel significantly affected
emotionally, and 38% feel somewhat affected. The arguments of the field visit denoted that
this feeling, in most cases, does not respond to a family member but to close friends, distant
relatives, or neighbors (see table 12).
Figure 9. Perception of the food kit products. Source: EPICO-ECOTEC SURVEY EP-02.
Table 11. Housework or childcare
Zone
No
Yes, a lot
Yes, a little
NE
59
220
283
NO
26
182
397
R
2
20
61
SE
37
97
326
SO
65
78
344
189
597
1411
Source: Own elaboration.
40% of the beneficiaries expressed that their children helped with the housework,
while 28% mentioned that their partners gave the necessary help, and 19% were helped by a
family member (see table 13).
Table 16 shows whether the respondents had difficulties obtaining contraceptive
methods or pregnancy control caused by the mobility restrictions. 3% of those surveyed had
difficulties obtaining contraceptive methods, 17% had no difficulties, and 80% did not use
contraceptives, either due to age or sterilization (see table 14).
Sector under medium low medium medium high high under medium low medium medium high high under medium low medium medium high high
NE 14 145 67 336 0 7 98 38 418 0 10 101 31 418 0
NW 2 158 77 368 0 1 129 10 465 0 2 125 8 470 0
R 0 0 15 68 0 0 0 1 82 0 0 0 2 81 0
SE 0 15 97 348 0 0 13 9 438 0 0 16 3 441 0
SW 0 42 123 322 0 0 37 5 445 0 0 37 4 446 0
16 360 379 1442 0 8 277 63 1848 0 12 279 48 1856 0
Sector under medium low medium medium high high under medium low medium medium high high
NE 28 576 118 3670 2 2812 0 32 720 758
NW 16 554 126 3696 4 3712 0 0 0 0
R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
44 1130 244 7366 6 6524 0 32 720 758
Variety
Quality
Quantity
Access
Expiration
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
335
Table 12. The pandemic affected him emotionally
Zone
No
Yes, a lot
Yes, a little
NE
82
259
221
NO
37
300
268
R
5
54
24
SE
35
268
157
SO
46
281
160
205
1162
830
Source: Own elaboration.
Table 13. Household chore responsible
Zone
Relatives
Children
Partner/Spouse
Nobody
NE
128
147
196
91
NW
91
248
203
63
R
9
41
23
10
SE
95
215
105
45
SW
90
226
99
72
413
877
626
281
Source: Own elaboration.
The data allows us to evaluate the effort of the Mayor's Office of Guayaquil and the
delivery of food kits during the various confinements during this pandemic. The information
obtained allows us to arrive at findings that can be used to make proactive decisions in
various socio-economic areas.
Table 14. Difficulty obtaining contraceptive methods.
Sector
I do not use
contraceptive
methods
I had no
difficulties
I had
difficulties
NE
493
46
23
NW
474
114
17
R
71
10
2
SE
344
105
11
SW
370
105
12
1752
380
65
Source: Own elaboration.
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
336
Conclusions
The COVID-19 pandemic had socio-economic repercussions in 2020 reflected in a
sharp drop in real GDP of 7.8%, falling from 71.789 million dollars in 2019 to 66.308 million
in 2020. In comparison, the rate of National unemployment is 5.8%; this rate increases to
7.3% in urban areas, and in female unemployment, reaching 9.1%.
Guayaquil is home to 15% of the country's Economically Active Population and 9.8%
of the unemployed nationwide. This means that close to 50 thousand inhabitants of the city
do not have a job and if the underemployed, the unpaid, other non-full jobs and the un-
classified are added, we have a figure close to 700 thousand people with problems of
employment and income in the city. That is why the intervention of the local government
was of great help to its inhabitants.
In the case of the Guayaquil area, the policies aimed to improve the most vulnerable
areas and maintain the quality of life of households, an effective recovery of economic
performance for the area and society being essential.
We found that the Mayor's approach responded to the needs of the population,
although it is true that inflation experienced a negative variation of 1.47 percentage points,
health services, and the consumer price index increased by 2.2%.
Of the 2,197 households surveyed in the vulnerable areas of the Guayaquil area, 76.78%
of them were headed by women and 23.21% by men. It is also observed that approximately
39% of female households’ heads range between 36 and 60 years old, while 11% for men.
Likewise, 24% of the heads of households are young women, and 6% are male; 19% of the
respondents who received the food kit are elderly.
The total number of employed respondents represents 21%, of which 13% respond to
salaried work, and 8% indicate that they have a business. This shows that the targeting of
the food kit helped not only the unemployed but also entrepreneurs and employees who live
in vulnerable areas of the Guayaquil area.
80% of those surveyed maintain that the food kit helped complete the basic food
basket, 10% mention that it helped them not to leave the house and 9%n claim it helped them
use the resources saved to satisfy other basic needs. It can also be inferred that this
contributed to preventing contagion in 72% of the beneficiaries. Similarly, 17% of those who
intervened with humanitarian aid suffered from COVID-19, but no family member died. It
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
337
can be inferred that the kit helped them not get infected and, in turn, prevented the members
of the family from becoming infected.
The scope of humanitarian aid is expressed through the perception of the beneficiaries,
where it is observed that 77% of the beneficiaries have high perception and 22% have medium
perception of the delivery of food kits. The survey revealed that 85% of the beneficiaries of
humanitarian aid consider that the delivery of the kit was timely; this indicates that it
mitigated employment problems, inflation in medical costs and economic impact suffered by
families.
Regarding Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN), 71% of the respondents mention food as a
high need, while 61% indicate that they have a high health need, 57% have a high need for
education, 67% % weigh a high need for drinking water, 60% of those surveyed cannot afford
their electric bills and 59% cannot afford internet access.
84% of the beneficiaries have a high perception of the variety, access and expiration of
the food kit products. Similarly, approximately 65% of the beneficiaries have a high
perception of the quality and quantity of the kit's products.
64% have the perception that the time dedicated to housework or childcare has
increased a little. In the same way, 27% of the beneficiaries consider that they spent much
time on housework and/or childcare. 40% expressed that the children helped with the
housework, 28% mentioned that their partners provided help, while 19% received help from
a family member.
On the other hand, the survey revealed that 3% of those surveyed had difficulties
obtaining contraceptive methods, 17% had no difficulties, and 80% did not use them, either
due to age or sterilization.
In conclusion, according to the data evaluated, it can be seen that the effort of the
Mayor's Office of Guayaquil and the delivery of food kits during the various confinements of
this pandemic arrived at the right time and is very well received by the beneficiaries. In
addition, the information obtained will allow making proactive decisions in various socio-
economic areas.
After the disastrous initial months of the pandemic in the country and the coming to
power of President Guillermo Lasso, with the proposal to vaccinate 9 million people in 100
days, through a campaign that involved titanic planning and logistics effort, this included
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
338
meticulous coordination between the central government and local governments, especially
that of Guayaquil, which was the initial epicentre of infections and deaths in the country,
whose axis was the private sector, universities and other organizations, with particular
emphasis on the fundamental role of private companies in providing their advice and
logistical resources.
An example of the above was the Inter-institutional Framework Agreement between
the Cabildo de Guayaquil and the Ministry of Public Health to inoculate the population of
the city of Buenos Aires against COVID-19, which began with the delivery of 1.8 million
vaccines to Guayaquil and, after in turn, the council provided infrastructure and logistics for
an effective and timely vaccination process.
This effort resulted in a well-structured campaign with segmented "vaccination days"
for private and state sector workers, students, and the general public. Additionally, there
have been special days to vaccinate hard-to-reach groups, such as indigenous, rural and
migrant populations. Innovation also played a role: voter registration and voting precincts
were used to reach Ecuadorians and vaccinate them. This campaign allowed that today the
country has 86.51% of the population with at least one dose and 80.71% with two doses.
Recommendations
It is recommended to develop a System of Public Policies from the local level to face
the consequences of inequities and sustainable human development problems. It is necessary
to identify the situation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). There is a need to land
them at the level of locality or territory, put them into monitorable indicators that can be
visualized, and prepare plans and projects within a System of Territorial Public Policies that
form a systemic scheme of a solution to the socio-economic problems of the territory.
In addition, it is recommended to continue with humanitarian aid but within the
Integrated System of Public Policies. Prioritize the zones through data on overcrowding, the
concentration of the elderly, and whose need for food is currently a high priority (see table
15).
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
339
Table 15. Difficulty obtaining contraceptive methods
NORTHEAST AREA
CODE
ZONE NAME
PRIORITY
01.01.01
SAN FRANCISCO
URGENT
01.01.02
PASCUALES
HIGH
01.01.03
BASTIÓN POPULAR BLOQUE 11
MEDIUM
01.01.04
KM 8,5 VÍA A DAULE
HIGH
01.01.05
MAPASINGUE ESTE
HIGH
01.01.06
MAPASINGUE OESTE
HIGH
01.01.07
PROSPERINA
MEDIUM
01.01.08
BASTIÓN POPULAR BLOQUE 1
MEDIUM
01.01.09
JUAN MONTALVO
MEDIUM
01.01.10
VERGELES
MEDIUM
NORTHWEST AREA
CODE
ZONE NAME
PRIORITY
01.02.01
VOLUNTAD DE DIOS
MEDIUM
01.02.02
FLOR DE BASTIÓN BLOQUE 22 / LAS DELICIAS
MEDIUM
01.02.03
REINALDO QUIÑONEZ, SAN IGNACIO DE LOYOLA,
NUEVA PROPERINA
URGENT
01.02.04
SERGIO TORAL 2: SECTOR CAROLINA
MEDIUM
01.02.05
FLOR DE BASTIÓN BLQ 16-17, BALERIO ESTACIO Y
JANETH TORAL
HIGH
01.02.06
TRINIDAD DE DIOS/MONTE SINAHÍ
MEDIUM
01.02.07
FLOR DE BASTIÓN BLQ 1… 6; 15 Y 16 CASA DEL TIGRE /
BALERIO ESTACIO 4 Y 6
HIGH
01.02.08
FLOR DE BASTIÓN BLQ 8, 20, 6 Y 21 / MARIA
AUXILIADORA / VALLE DE LA FLOR
HIGH
01.02.09
CIUDAD DE DIOS
MEDIUM
01.02.10
SERGIO TORAL 1
HIGH
01.02.11
PARAISO DE LA FLOR
MEDIUM
01.02.12
FORTIN
HIGH
01.02.13
LOMAS DE LA FLORIDA
MEDIUM
SOUTHEAST AREA
CODE
ZONE NAME
PRIORITY
02.01.01
GUASMO SUR 1
URGENT
02.01.02
FERTISA
URGENT
02.01.03
ISLA TRINITARIA SUR 1
HIGH
02.01.04
GUASMO SUR 2
URGENT
02.01.05
GUASMO SUR 3
URGENT
SOUTHWEST AREA
CODE
ZONE NAME
PRIORITY
02.02.01
SUBURBIO 1
URGENT
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
340
02.02.02
EL CISNE Y BARRIO CHICAGO
URGENT
02.02.03
SUBURBIO 2
HIGH
02.02.04
LAS MALVINAS/ESMERALDA CHIQUITA
URGENT
02.02.05
ISLA TRINITARIA NORTE 1
URGENT
RURAL AREA
CODE
ZONE NAME
PRIORITY
03.01.01
TENGUEL
URGENT
Source: Own elaboration.
References
Al‐Thaqeb, S. A., Algharabali, B. G., & Alabdulghafour, K. T. (2020). The pandemic and
economic policy uncertainty. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2298
BCE (2021). Estadisticas macroeconómicas, Presentación coyuntural (Mayo 2021).
https://contenido.bce.fin.ec//documentos/Estadisticas/SectorReal/Previsiones/IndCoyuntur
a/EstMacro052021.pdf
Coelho, G. L. D., Hanel, P. H., Vilar, R., Monteiro, R. P., Cardoso, F. J. V., & Gouveia, V. V.
(2021). Who prioritizes the economy over health? The role of political orientation and human
values. Personality and Individual Differences, 179, 110890.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110890
Dai, R., Feng, H., Hu, J., Jin, Q., Li, H., Wang, R., ... & Zhang, X. (2021). The impact of COVID-
19 on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): Evidence from two-wave phone surveys
in China. China Economic Review, 67, 101607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2021.101607
Dang, H. A. H., & Nguyen, C. V. (2021). Gender inequality during the COVID-19 pandemic:
Income, expenditure, savings, and job loss. World Development, 140, 105296.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105296
Duarte, A., Walker, S., Metry, A., Wong, R., Panovska-Griffiths, J., & Sculpher, M. (2021).
Jointly Modelling Economics and Epidemiology to Support Public Policy Decisions for the
COVID-19 Response: A Review of UK Studies. PharmacoEconomics, 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-021-01045-2
Fang, J., Collins, A., & Yao, S. (2021). On the global COVID-19 pandemic and China’s FDI.
Journal of Asian Economics, 74, 101300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2021.101300
Grasselli, M. R. (2021). Monetary Policy Responses to Covid-19: A Comparison with the
2008 Crisis and Implications for the Future of Central Banking. Review of Political Economy,
1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2021.1908778
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
341
Gupta, J., Bavinck, M., Ros-Tonen, M., Asubonteng, K., Bosch, H., van Ewijk, E., ... & Verrest,
H. (2021). COVID-19, poverty and inclusive development. World Development, 145, 105527.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105527
Hernández-Rojas, R. D., Jimber del Rio, J.A., Ibañez Fernández, A., & Vergara-Romero, A.
(2021). The cultural and heritage tourist, SEM analysis: the case of The Citadel of the
Catholic King. Heritage Science, 9(52), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00525-0
Ho, L. T., & Gan, C. (2021). Foreign direct investment and world pandemic uncertainty
index: Do health pandemics matter?. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(3), 107.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14030107
INEC (2021). Encuesta Nacional De Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo (ENEMDU),
Indicadores de Pobreza y Desigualdad, Diciembre 2020.
https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/documentos/web-inec/POBREZA/2020/Diciembre-
2020/202012_PobrezayDesigualdad.pdf
James, D., Bowness, E., Robin, T., McIntyre, A., Dring, C., Desmarais, A., & Wittman, H.
(2021). Dismantling and rebuilding the food system after COVID-19. Journal of Agriculture,
Food Systems, and Community Development, 10(2), 1-23.
https://doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2021.102.019
Jawad, M., Maroof, Z., & Naz, M. (2021). Impact of pandemic COVID‐19 on global economies
(a seven‐scenario analysis). Managerial and Decision Economics, 1-12.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.3337
Kaplan, S., Lefler, J., & Zilberman, D. (2020). The political economy of COVID-19. Applied
Economic Perspectives and Policy, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13164
Langley, P. (2021). Economy and society in COVID times, Economy and Society, 50:2, 149-
157, https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2021.1900653
Mehlum, H., & Torvik, R. (2021). The macroeconomics of COVID-19: a two-sector
interpretation. Review of Keynesian Economics, 9(2), 165-174.
https://doi.org/10.4337/roke.2021.02.02
Michl, T. R. (2021). Notes on Covid-19, Potential GDP, and Hysteresis, Review of Political
Economy, 33:3, 480-486, https://doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2021.1911478
Mugaloglu, E., Polat, A.Y., Tekin, H. and Kılıç, E. (2021), "Assessing the impact of Covid-19
pandemic in Turkey with a novel economic uncertainty index", Journal of Economic Studies.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-02-2021-0081
Neha, & Kumar, K. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on food security and income of women
farmers in South and Southeast Asia. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community
Development, 10(2), 269–271. https://doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2021.102.013
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
342
Noboa-Salazar, J., Vergara-Romero, A., Sorhegui-Ortega, R. & Garnica-Jarrin, L. (2021).
Repensando el Desarrollo Sostenible en el territorio. Revista Científica RES NON VERBA, 11
(1), 19-33. https://doi.org/10.21855/resnonverba.v11i1.500
Orden, D. (2021). Agrifood markets and support in the United States after 1 year of COVID‐
19 pandemic. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne
d'agroeconomie, 69(2), 243-249. https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12278
Oreffice, S., & Quintana-Domeque, C. (2021). Gender inequality in COVID-19 times:
Evidence from UK Prolific participants. Journal of Demographic Economics, 87(2), 261-287.
https://doi.org/10.1017/dem.2021.2
Ortega-Santos, C. E., Márquez-Sánchez, F., Sorhegui-Ortega, R., & Vergara-Romero, A.
(2021). Impacto socioeconómico causado por la Covid-19 en zonas vulnerables de Guayaquil
a un año de la pandemia. Revista Científica ECOCIENCIA, 8(4), 60–83.
https://doi.org/10.21855/ecociencia.82.563
Pan, K., & Yue, X. G. (2021). Multidimensional effect of covid-19 on the economy: evidence
from survey data. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 1-28.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2021.1903333
Sed’a, P., Sorhegui-Ortega, R., Márquez-Sánchez, F., & Vergara-Romero, A. (2021). Estudio
del Impacto de la Ayuda Humanitaria en crisis sanitaria por COVID-19. En Vergara-Romero,
A. (Comp.). Políticas Públicas para el Desarrollo Local Sostenible. Universidad Ecotec.
Sorhegui-Ortega, R.; Vergara-Romero, A.; Garnica-Jarrin, L. (2021). Economía post-
crecimiento: una visión de múltiples perspectivas teóricas. Estudios del Desarrollo Social:
Cuba y América Latina, 9(2), 209-223.
http://www.revflacso.uh.cu/index.php/EDS/article/view/565
Souto-Anido, L., Vergara-Romero, A., Marrero-Anciza, Y., & Márquez-Sánchez, F. (2020).
Incidencia de la Gestión de los Recursos Humanos en los resultados Organizacionales: ¿mito
o realidad?. GECONTEC: Revista Internacional de Gestión del Conocimiento y la
Tecnología, 8(1), 1-23. https://upo.es/revistas/index.php/gecontec/article/view/5410
SRI. (2022). Servicio de Rentas Internas. Recuperado de
https://www.sri.gob.ec/estadisticas-generales-de-recaudacion-sri
Su, C. W., Dai, K., Ullah, S., & Andlib, Z. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic and unemployment
dynamics in European economies. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 1-13.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2021.1912627
Vergara-Romero, A., Márquez-Sánchez, F., Sorhegui-Ortega, R., & Macas Acosta, G. (2020).
Diagnóstico del impacto socioeconómico de la ayuda humanitaria en la crisis sanitaria por el
covid-19: validez de un instrumento. Revista Científica ECOCIENCIA, 7(5), 76-93.
https://doi.org/10.21855/ecociencia.75.421
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
343
Vergara-Romero, A., Sorhegui-Ortega, R. & Garnica-Jarrin, L. (2020). Factores de desarrollo
local desde el enfoque de la gestión organizativa. Revista de la Universidad del Zulia, 11(31),
86-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.31.07
Willis Towers Watson. (2021). Encuesta 2021 Global Medical Trends, Resultados de
Latinoamérica. https://www.willistowerswatson.com/es-CL/Insights/2020/11/encuesta-
2021-global-medical-trends
Appendix A
EPICO-ECOTEC SURVEY EP-02
Project: Impact of humanitarian aid in health crisis by COVID-19.
Objective: To collect information regarding the impact of the humanitarian aid given by the
Guayaquil Mayor's Office to vulnerable areas of the city as a strategy to face the COVID-19
health emergency.
Instructions: Complete the required information and mark with an "X" in the option that
you consider pertinent.
1. Gender: ___________ 2. Age: ____
3. Number of people living with you: ____
4. Currently working: Yes (_) No (_)
5. If the previous answer is “yes”, choose an option.
Own Business (_) Dependency Relationship (_)
6. During the health crisis, did you have a job? Yes (_) No (_)
7. Do you have a family member with a disability? Yes (_) No (_)
8. As a beneficiary, you consider that the delivery of the food kit helped your family to:
Complete the basic food basket ____
Do not leave home ____
Save for other needs (medicine, rent, etc.) ____
Build trust in public authorities (Mayor’s Office) ____
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
344
9. During 2021, will you or any family member who lives with you suffer from COVID-19?
Yes (_) No (_)
10. During the health crisis, did you or a family member die from COVID-19? Yes (_) No (_)
11. Select from 1 to 5, where 1 is "low perception" and 5 is "high perception".
Characteristic
1
2
3
4
5
Degree of kit support
Improvements in the area
12. Do you consider that the humanitarian aid was opportune? Yes (_) No (_)
13. Please select from 1 to 5, where 1 is “low need” and 5 is “priority need”.
UBN
1
2
3
4
5
Feeding
Health
Job
Education
Water
Electric Power
Internet
14. Please select from 1 to 5, where 1 is “totally dissatisfied”, and 5 is “totally satisfied”.
Characteristic
1
2
3
4
5
Variety of products
Quality of the products
Quantity of products
Access to the food kit
Product expiration
15. During the pandemic, do you feel that the time for housework or child care has
increased?
No (_)
Yes, a little (_)
Yes, a lot (_)
16. Do you feel that the pandemic has affected you emotionally?
No (_)
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
345
Yes, a little (_)
Yes, a lot (_)
17. Who participated in the household chores?
Patner/Spouse (_)
Children (_)
Relatives (parents, siblings, cousins) (_)
Nobody (_)
18. Did you have difficulties obtaining contraceptive methods or pregnancy control?
I do not use contraceptive methods (_)
I had no difficulties (_)
I had difficulties (_)
Appendix B
Table 16. Area Division
NORTHEAST AREA
CODE
ZONE NAME
01.01.01
SAN FRANCISCO
01.01.02
PASCUALES
01.01.03
BASTIÓN POPULAR BLOQUE 11
01.01.04
KM 8,5 VÍA A DAULE
01.01.05
MAPASINGUE ESTE
01.01.06
MAPASINGUE OESTE
01.01.07
PROSPERINA
01.01.08
BASTIÓN POPULAR BLOQUE 1
01.01.09
JUAN MONTALVO
01.01.10
VERGELES
NORTHWEST AREA
CODE
ZONE NAME
01.02.01
VOLUNTAD DE DIOS
01.02.02
FLOR DE BASTIÓN BLOQUE 22 / LAS DELICIAS
01.02.03
REINALDO QUIÑONEZ, SAN IGNACIO DE LOYOLA, NUEVA
PROPERINA
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Arnaldo Vergara-Romero et al./// One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil City… 321-346
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
346
01.02.04
SERGIO TORAL 2: SECTOR CAROLINA
01.02.05
FLOR DE BASTIÓN BLQ 16-17, BALERIO ESTACIO Y JANETH
TORAL
01.02.06
TRINIDAD DE DIOS/MONTE SINAHÍ
01.02.07
FLOR DE BASTIÓN BLQ 1… 6; 15 Y 16 CASA DEL TIGRE /
BALERIO ESTACIO 4 Y 6
01.02.08
FLOR DE BASTIÓN BLQ 8, 20, 6 Y 21 / MARIA AUXILIADORA /
VALLE DE LA FLOR
01.02.09
CIUDAD DE DIOS
01.02.10
SERGIO TORAL 1
01.02.11
PARISO DE LA FLOR
01.02.12
FORTIN
01.02.13
LOMAS DE LA FLORIDA
SOUTHEAST AREA
CODE
ZONE NAME
02.01.01
GUASMO SUR 1
02.01.02
FERTISA
02.01.03
ISLA TRINITARIA SUR 1
02.01.04
GUASMO SUR 2
02.01.05
GUASMO SUR 3
SOUTHWEST AREA
CODE
ZONE NAME
02.02.01
SUBURBIO 1
02.02.02
EL CISNE Y BARRIO CHICAGO
02.02.03
SUBURBIO 2
02.02.04
LAS MALVINAS/ESMERALDA CHIQUITA
02.02.05
ISLA TRINITARIA NORTE 1
RURAL AREA
CODE
ZONE NAME
03.01.01
TENGUEL
