Revista
de la
Universidad
del Zulia
Fundada en 1947
por el Dr. Jesús Enrique Lossada
75
ANIVERSARIO
DEPÓSITO LEGAL ZU2020000153
ISSN 0041-8811
E-ISSN 2665-0428
Ciencias
Exactas,
Naturales
y de la Salud
Año 13 N° 37
Mayo - Agosto 2022
Tercera Época
Maracaibo-Venezuela
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
Oleksander O. Vinyukov et al. /// Agrotechnical methods of increasing drought resistance… 244-261
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.16
244
Agrotechnical methods of increasing drought resistance of spring
barley
Oleksander O. Vinyukov *
Anatoliy D. Gyrka **
Oksana M. Korobova ***
Olha B. Bondareva ****
Hanna A. Chuhrii *****
ABSTRACT
Studies were conducted in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine with the aim to increase the
drought resistance of spring barley through such agrotechnical methods as: selection of new
adaptive varieties, as well as improving the fertilizer system through the use of new nutrient
complexes. New promising drought-resistant varieties of spring barley such as Stepovyk,
Avers, Pryazovskyi 9, Chudovyi, Donetsk 14 are intended for cultivation in the Northern
Steppe of Ukraine. It is established that the use of the new Nutrient Complex 3 increases the
yield with the mineral fertilizer system by 1.37 t/ha, with the organo-mineral fertilizer system
— by 2.08 t/ha, and Nutrient Complex 1 with the biological fertilizer system — by 1.6 t/ha,
compared with control sample without the use of nutrient complexes.
KEYWORDS: biopreparation, plant growth regulators, spring barley, drought resistance,
nutritional complex.
*Senior Researcher of Donetsk State Agricultural Science Station of National academy of
agrarian sciences of Ukraine, Pokrovsk, Ukraine. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2957-
5487. E-mail: olgafast43@gmail.com
**Professor of The Institute of Grain Crops of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of
Ukraine, Dnipro, Ukraine. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-502X. E-mail:
adgurka1@gmail.com
***Head of the department of selection and seed production of grain and fodder crops of
Donetsk State Agricultural Science Station National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of
Ukraine, Pokrovsk, Ukraine. E-mail: oksy.korobov22@ukr.net
****Candidate of Technical Sciences, Senior Researcher of Donetsk State Agricultural
Science Station National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Pokrovsk, Ukraine.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8128-8485. E-mail: olbraum51gm87@gmail.com
*****Head of the Department of Agricultural Production Technologies of Donetsk State
Agricultural Science Station National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Pokrovsk,
Ukraine. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0250-2456.
Recibido: 04/02/2022 Aceptado: 30/03/2022
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 13 N° 37, 2022
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.16
245
Métodos agrotécnicos para aumentar la resistencia a la sequía de la
cebada de primavera
RESUMEN
Se realizaron estudios en la estepa septentrional de Ucrania con el objetivo de aumentar la
resistencia a la sequía de la cebada de primavera a través de métodos agrotécnicos como:
selección de nuevas variedades adaptativas, así como mejorar el sistema de fertilización
mediante el uso de nuevos complejos de nutrientes. Las nuevas variedades prometedoras de
cebada de primavera resistentes a la sequía, como Stepovyk, Avers, Pryazovskyi 9, Chudovyi,
Donetsk 14, están destinadas al cultivo en la estepa septentrional de Ucrania. Se establece
que el uso del nuevo Complejo de nutrientes 3 aumenta el rendimiento con el sistema de
fertilizantes minerales en 1,37 t / ha, con el sistema de fertilizantes organominerales - en 2,08
t / ha, y el Complejo de nutrientes 1 con el sistema de fertilizantes biológicos - en 1,6 t / ha, en
comparación con la muestra de control sin el uso de complejos de nutrientes.
PALABRAS CLAVE: biopreparado, reguladores del crecimiento vegetal, cebada primaveral,
resistencia a la sequía, complejo nutricional.
Introduction
Ukraine is an important supplier of grain crops in the world. According to the US
Department of Agriculture, Ukraine ranked second in the supply of barley to world markets
in 2020 (Radio “Svoboda”, 2021). Thus, the need for barley grain production in our country
is growing every year, which encourages to increase its production in all climatic zones of
Ukraine. It is especially reasonable to grow spring barley in the Northern Steppe zone of
Ukraine due to high potential productivity, low energy and resource consumption
(Timofeyev et al., 2016). Under the conditions of observance of scientifically substantiated
technologies, the bioclimatic potential of the Steppe zone allows obtaining the yield of spring
barley at the level of 8.0-9.0 and more than 10.0 t/ha (Adamenko, 2004, 2006; Diduh, 2009).
However, agrotechnologies for growing spring barley do not take into account the
peculiarities of new varieties, climate change, which brings frequent droughts and dry winds
in the steppe zone of Ukraine, the use of new biopreparations and growth regulators, so its
yield in this area is quite low in the range of 1.8–2.5 t/ha (Laman et al., 1991; Lipinskiy et al.,
2003; Pashtenko et al., 2010; Yurkevich et al., 2011).
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.16
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So, solving the problem of increasing the yield and drought resistance of spring barley
requires improving existing agrotechnical methods of its cultivation, taking into account the
agrobiological characteristics of new adaptive varieties and improving the fertilizer system
using biopreparations and plant growth regulators. Therefore, research on the selection of
varieties and improvement of the fertilizer system through the use of biopreparations, plant
growth regulators, biofertilizers is urgent (Abay and Bjørnstad, 2009; Sallam et al., 2018).
1. Materials and Methods
The research was conducted in 2011–2018 on the research field of the Donetsk State
Agricultural Research Station of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine,
which is located in the central part of the Donetsk region. The crop area is 80.0 m2. There
was a triple repetition in experiments. The placement of crop areas is systematic. Soil —
ordinary low humic, heavy loamy chernozem. Gross content of basic nutrients: N — 0.28-
0.31%, Р2О5 — 0.16-0.18%, К2О — 1.8-2.0%, humus content in the arable layer — 4.5%, soil
pH — 6.9. The experiment involved 37 sown varieties of spring barley of different breeding
centers. The technology of growing spring barley is generally accepted for the region. The
sowing rate is 4.5 million/ha of similar seeds. The crop was harvested with a Sampo-130
combine in sections.
The coenotic composition of crops by plant productivity rank was studied When
determining the adaptive potential of varieties to maintain ontogenetic homeostasis: zero
rank (0) — plants without seeds, first rank (1) — plants with one fertile tiller, second rank
(2) — plants with two fertile tillers and so on for the third and fourth ranks.
Research was also conducted to study the effectiveness of new nutrient complexes,
which included biopreparations, plant growth regulators for growth and development of
spring barley. There were three fertilizing backgrounds: Background 1 — N30Р30К30,
Background 2 — N15Р15К15 + biohumus (250 kg/ha), Background 3 — biohumus (250
kg/ha). Microbiological complex of biopreparations — a mixture of Phosphoenterin (133.3
g/t), Diazophyte (133.3 g/t) and Biopolycid (133.3 g/t). The design of the experiment consisted
of the following options:
Background 1 – N30Р30К30: Control — without seed treatment and crop spraying;
chemical protection of crops — seed treatment with Vitavax 200FF (3 l/t) and crop spraying
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with Borey insecticide (0.1 l/ha) and Falkon fungicide (0.6 l/ha); biological crop protection
— inoculation of seeds with a microbiological complex (400 g/t); Complex 1*: seed treatment
with Rost-forte (0.5 l/t) in a mixture with a complex of amino acids, spraying of plants in the
tillering and earing phases with a mixture of Rost-concentrate 15.7.7 (1 l/ha) + amino acid
complex + Khelatin (2 l/ha) + microbiological complex (400 g/ha); Complex 2**: seed
treatment with Aidar (2 l/t), spraying of plants in the tillering and earing phases with a
mixture of Aidar (2 l/ha) and microbiological complex (400 g/ha); Complex 3***: seed
treatment with Sizam (250 g/t) in a mixture with a microbiological complex (400 g/t),
spraying of plants in the tillering phase with a mixture of Sizam (250 g/ha) and
microbiological complex (400 g/ha).
Background 2 – N15Р15К15 + biohumus (250 kg/ha). Control — without seed
treatment and spraying; Chemical crop protection — seed treatment with Vitavax 200FF (3
l/t) and spraying of crops with Borey insecticide (0.1 l/ha) and Falkon fungicide (0.6 l/ha).
Biological crop protection — seed inoculation with microbiological complex (400 g/t);
Complex 1*: seed treatment with Rost-forte (0.5 l/t) in a mixture with amino acid complex,
spraying of plants in the tillering and earing phases with a mixture of Rost-concentrate 15.7.7
(1 l/ha) + amino acid complex + Khelatin (2 l/ha) + microbiological complex (400 g/ha);
Complex 2**: seed treatment with Aidar (2 l/t), spraying of plants in the tillering and earing
phases with a mixture of Aidar (2 l/ha) and microbiological complex (400 g/ha). Complex
3***: seed treatment with Sizam (250 g/t) in a mixture with a microbiological complex (400
g/t), spraying of plants in the tillering phase with a mixture of Sizam (250 g/ha) and a
microbiological complex (400 g/ha).
Background 3 — biohumus (250 kg/ha). Control — without seed treatment and crop
spraying; chemical protection of crops — seed treatment with Vitavax 200FF (3 l/t) and
spraying of crops with Borey insecticide (0.1 l/ha) and Falkon fungicide (0.6 l/ha); biological
protection of crops — inoculation of seeds with microbiological complex (400 g/t). Complex
1*: seed treatment with Rost-forte (0.5 l/t) in a mixture with amino acid complex, spraying
of plants in the tillering and earing phases with a mixture of Rost-concentrate 15.7.7. (1 l/ha)
+ amino acid complex + Khelatin (2 l/ha) + microbiological complex (400 g/ha). Complex
2**: seed treatment with Aidar (2 l/t), spraying of plants in the tillering and earing phases
with a mixture of Aidar (2 l/ha) and microbiological complex (400 g/ha). Complex 3***: seed
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treatment with Sizam (250 g/t) in a mixture with a microbiological complex (400 g/t),
spraying of plants in the tillering phase with a mixture of Sizam (250 g/ha) and
microbiological complex (400 g/ha).
2. Results
Comparative analysis of the coenotic structure of varietal crops allows differentiating
varieties by adaptive capacity to maintain ontogenetic homeostasis under stress of the factor
“productive moisture reserves in the soil” and identifying the most adapted varieties for
specific adverse growing conditions (Table 1).
The varieties Stepovyk, Avers, Pryazovskyi 9, Chudovyi, which demonstrated high
adaptability and ecological plasticity on average over the years of research, are distinguished
in the experiment according to the above-mentioned qualities.
The largest percentage was occupied by the first productivity rank (from 58.6% to
61.8%), followed by the second productivity rank (from 22.4% to 28.9%). These varieties also
had the third productivity rank (from 2.5% to 4.1%), and the varieties Avers and Pryazovskyi
9 had the fourth rank of productivity of 0.2% and 0.3%, respectively.
Intensive-type varieties — Kazkovyi, Vodohrai, Vakula, Tokada under unfavourable
growing conditions were significantly inferior in terms of coenotic structure of experimental
crops to varieties of adaptive type. These varieties increased the zero rank of plant
productivity, the share of which reached 30% or more in both favourable and droughty years.
Plants with the first productivity rank had the largest proportion — from 47.4% to 60.9%,
and with the second — only from 5.2% to 10.5%.
A comparative analysis of plant productivity elements for two productivity ranks (first
— second, first — third) is a sufficiently informative means of determining the economic
value of varieties. Therefore, we will give an example of such an analysis based on the results
of varietal research in the conditions of hyperarid 2015, which is typical for the conditions of
the Donetsk region in terms of moisture supply.
We will make an analysis based on the results of biometric data, where the indicators
of quantitative indicators of ears for plants of the second rank of productivity were calculated
as the sum of indicators of the main and secondary ear and considered them as characteristics
of one conditional ear (Table 2).
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Table 1. Indicators of coenotic structure of crops of the spring barley varieties of
ecological crop variety testing of the Donetsk State Agricultural Research Station of the
National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, average for 2011-2015.
Variety name
Shoots,
pcs/m
2
Number of plants before harvesting
Productive
shoots,
pcs per 1
plant
Total,
pcs/m
2
Including by productivity rank
0
1
2
3
4
Stalker
470
466
15.9
71.8
11.4
0.9
-
0.99
Donetskyi 12
436
423
10.9
73.7
14.6
0.8
-
1.1
Hetman
406
390
24.7
59.3
14.6
1.2
0.2
0.93
Kazkovyi
364
330
40.6
48.1
10.5
0.8
-
0.71
Chudovyi
398
388
12.3
61.2
22.4
4.1
-
1.14
Vodohrai
402
372
36.2
56.9
6.8
0.1
-
0.71
Adapt
400
385
18.6
72.2
9.2
-
-
0.91
Vakula
396
345
33.7
60.9
5.2
0.2
-
0.72
Helios
441
387
30.6
64.4
4.9
0.1
-
0.74
Komandor
405
400
30.0
59.8
9.4
0.8
-
0.81
Halaktyk
370
365
31.0
56.2
12.6
0.2
-
0.82
Pivdennyi
510
503
27.0
67.7
5.3
-
-
0.78
Charivnyi
423
395
33.8
51.5
13.2
1.5
-
0.83
Enei
490
477
20.3
69.1
9.7
0.8
0.1
0.91
Vsesvit
510
502
24.9
70.5
4.4
0.2
-
0.80
Annabel
387
365
285
58.8
11.8
0.9
-
0.85
Danuta
448
415
12.7
67.7
18.1
1.4
0.1
1.1
Tokada
404
365
44.3
47.7
7.1
0.8
-
0.64
Donetskyi 14
442
410
12.5
66.1
20.2
1.2
-
1.1
Donetskyi 15
352
326
15.1
61.9
20.0
2.7
0.3
1.1
Partner
496
488
13.5
73.8
12.2
0.5
-
1.0
Skhidnyi
413
400
12.1
73.2
14.0
0.7
-
1.06
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Stepovyk
423
410
10.0
61.6
24.5
3.9
-
1.23
Avers
412
407
6.6
61.8
28.9
2.5
0.2
1.27
Shchedryk
424
411
12.4
63.7
21.5
2.4
-
1.12
Pryazovskyi 9
425
411
12.6
58.6
25.3
3.2
0.3
1.20
Zernohradskyi 813
461
421
26.2
60.4
12.8
0.3
-
0.87
Pryklad
462
446
29.0
62.3
8.5
0.2
-
0.80
Zdobutok
420
417
26.1
68.3
5.4
0.2
-
0.80
Parnas
482
475
22.5
68.4
8.8
0.3
-
0.87
Inklusyv
464
446
29.0
62.0
8.8
0.2
-
0.80
Vzirets
490
480
26.2
61.6
11.2
1.0
-
0.80
Etyket
400
392
23.4
62.9
12.9
0.8
-
0.91
Vyklyk
371
345
31.7
58.0
10.0
0.3
-
0.80
Zadum
360
353
25.7
53.0
19.2
2.0
0.1
0.97
Dokaz
418
396
20.5
62.4
15.8
1.3
-
1.0
Comparative analysis for two ranks of plant productivity allowed to evaluate varieties
for agroecological plasticity, which is largely due to the fact that the transition of plants to a
higher level of individual productivity is accompanied by a weak competition between
productive shoots in the distribution of plastic substances and as a result of optimal
synchronicity of their development by length, grain size and weight of ears.
According to the multiplicity of growth of plant productivity indicators of the second
rank, the variety Donetsk 14 was distinguished among the varieties of spring barley studied
in 2015, which can be objectively defined as a variety with a high level of agroecological
plasticity.
The Donetsk Agricultural Research Station of the National Academy of Agrarian
Sciences of Ukraine obtained the highest yield from the new variety —Skhidnyi — at the
level of 3.47 t/ha among the studied varieties of spring barley. Thus, this variety was selected
for further research to study the effects of new nutrient complexes, which included
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biofertilizers, biopreparations and plant growth regulators on growth and development of
spring barley.
Table 2. Elements of plant productivity in spring barley varieties of ecological crop
variety testing, 2015 (for two productivity ranks)
Plant
Development of quantitative indicators of productivity
productivity rank
Plant height,
cm
Seeding rate, adjusted, pcs
Ear length, cm
The number of grains in the main ear,
pcs
Ear weight, g
Grain
weight,
g
Economic efficiency, %
Ear unit weight,
mg/cm
1
40.7
1.6
5.4
11.8
0.59
0.67
0.92
108
2
38.6
2.9
8.3
14.0
0.74
1.13
0.68
89
n
*
-1.05
1.81
1.53
1.18
1.25
1.68
-1.35
-1.21
1
43.0
1.4
5.2
11.2
0.57
0.62
0.91
104
2
44.7
2.0
9.8
19.7
0.90
1.01
0.92
93
n
1.03
1.42
1.88
1.75
1.57
1.62
1.01
-1.12
1
40.3
3.3
6.4
9.4
0.46
0.96
0.51
71
2
42.3
4.1
11.9
17.7
0.83
1.38
0.63
70
n
1.04
1.24
1.85
1.88
1.8
1.43
1.23
-1.01
1
39.4
2.8
7.0
10.6
0.57
0.97
0.67
84
2
40.6
3.4
12.1
19.8
1.01
1.37
0.77
82
n
1.03
1.21
1.72
1.87
1.77
1.41
1.14
-1.02
1
36.1
2.5
6.0
9.8
0.49
0.86
0.61
83
2
37.3
2.8
11.4
14.9
0.79
1.17
0.71
74
n
1.03
1.12
1.90
1.52
1.61
1.36
1.16
-1.12
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Note: n* – the multiplicity of growth of quantitative indicator in the transition of plants
to a higher productivity level
The results of studies on the density of spring barley of Skhidnyi variety in the full
maturity phase depending on the nutrient complex and nutritional background showed that
the highest increase in total tillering compared to the control on the mineral nutritional
background was observed when using microbiological preparations — +0.41 compared to
control (Table 3).
The study of the productive tillering coefficient showed an increase for all options of
the experiment compared with the control. The largest increase was observed in the use of
microbiological drugs to stimulate growth processes and protect plants from pests and
diseases.
1
44.4
2.7
6.7
11.6
0.62
0.98
0.63
97
2
45.3
2.8
12.4
19.9
1.03
1.45
0.71
85
n
1.02
1.03
1.85
1.71
1.66
1.47
1.12
-1.14
1
42.9
1.7
5.1
10.5
0.48
0.67
0.73
94
2
45.9
2.0
9.7
18.0
0.87
1.02
0.85
90
n
1.05
1.17
1.90
1.71
1.81
1.52
1.16
-1.04
1
41.0
2.7
5.2
8.1
0.42
0.91
0.47
79
2
44.9
2.7
10.2
16.7
0.88
1.27
0.71
84
n
1.09
1.00
1.96
2.06
2.09
1.39
1.51
1.06
1
39.4
2.4
5.6
11.0
0.55
0.87
0.66
99
2
39.0
2.4
10.4
18.5
0.92
1.16
0.79
87
n
-1.01
1.00
1.85
1.68
1.67
1.33
1.19
-1.13
1
43.9
2.0
5.4
10.0
0.50
0.67
0.79
93
2
44.4
2.5
10.0
18.2
0.91
1.18
0.78
89
n
1.01
1.25
1.85
1.82
1.82
1.76
-1.01
-1.04
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Table 3. The density of spring barley of Skhidnyi variety in the full maturity phase
depending on the nutrient complex and the nutritional background, average for 2014–2018
Option
Number of stems, pcs/m
2
Tillering rate
total
productive
total
productive
Background 1 – N
30
Р
30
К
30
Control
1,007.5
563.0
2.24
1.25
Chemical protection of crops
1,185.0
651.5
2.63
1.45
Biological protection of crops
1,193.5
661.0
2.65
1.47
Complex 1
*
1,146.0
584.0
2.55
1.30
Complex 2
**
1,171.0
628.0
2.60
1.40
Complex 3
***
1,169.0
654.0
2.60
1.45
Background 2 – N
15
Р
15
К
15
+ biohumus (250 kg/ha)
Control
998.5
430.5
2.22
0.96
Chemical protection of crops
1,177.5
603.0
2.62
1.34
Biological protection of crops
1150.0
586.0
2.56
1.30
Complex 1
*
1,190.0
526.0
2.64
1.17
Complex 2
**
1,164.0
661.5
2.59
1.47
Complex 3
***
1,173.0
647.7
2.61
1.44
Background 3 – biohumus (250 kg/ha)
Control
804.0
432.5
1.79
0.96
Chemical protection of crops
978.5
495.0
2.17
1.10
Biological protection of crops
921.0
533.5
2.05
1.19
Complex 1
*
967.0
588.5
2.15
1.31
Complex 2
**
992.5
571.0
2.21
1.27
Complex 3
***
997.8
579.0
2.22
1.29
The smallest increase in the total and productive tillering coefficients compared to the
control on the mineral nutritional background was observed when using Nutrient Complex
1 (+0.31 and +0.05, respectively).
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In case of the organo-mineral background, the use of Nutrient Complex 1 contributed
to an increase in the total number of stems compared to the control by 174.5 pcs/m2. This is
the best option on this background. And the largest number of productive stems was formed
by plants using Nutrient Complex 2 (+231 pcs/m2 compared to the control).
On the organic background, the use of nutrient complexes showed an increase in both
total and productive tillering coefficients, compared with the control. The highest total
tillering coefficient was obtained for the option of application of Nutrient Complex 3 (2.22),
and the productive tillering coefficient — nutrient complex 1 (1.31).
Comparing the three nutritional backgrounds, we can conclude that the greatest
impact of the nutrient complexes studied was when using an organic background. That is,
the highest increases in the total and productive tillering coefficients compared to the control
were obtained on this background. The study of the effect of nutrient complexes on the yield
structure of spring barley Skhidnyi found that on the mineral nutritional background the
best results were obtained with the use of Nutrient Complex 3 — the ear length increased
compared to the control by 1.7 cm, the number of grains in the ear — by 2.1 pieces, the weight
of 1,000 grains — by 2.8 g (Table 4).
A similar situation was observed on the organo-mineral background, and the organic
nutritional background contributed to obtaining the best indicators of yield structure when
using Nutrient Complex 2. Thus, the ear length increased by 2.4 cm compared to the control,
the number of grains in the ear — by 2.4 pieces, weight of 1,000 grains — by 2.9 g.
When comparing the two options for plant protection against pests and diseases, it
was found that regardless of the nutritional background, the best indicators of yield structure
were achieved using biological crop protection (the use of microbiological drugs for seed
inoculation and crop spraying). Thus, on the mineral nutritional background with biological
protection of crops, the ear length was greater than the option of chemical protection by 0.1
cm, the number of grains in the ear increased by 0.3 pcs, weight of 1,000 grains — by 0,8 g.
On the organo-mineral nutritional background, biological protection of crops
provided elongation of the ear compared to chemical protection by 0.4 cm, the number of
grains in the ear increased by 0.6 pieces, and the weight of 1,000 grains — by 1 g.
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Table 4. Indicators of the yield structure of spring barley Skhidnyi depending on the
nutritional complex and the background (average for 2014-2018)
Option
Plant
height,
cm
Ear
length,
cm
Number of
grains in the
ear, pcs
Mass of
1000
grains, g
Grain
unit,
g/l
Background 1 – N
30
Р
30
К
30
Control
59.6
8.4
13.0
43.1
586.0
Chemical protection of
crops
62.1
8.9
13.6
44.9
586.7
Biological protection of
crops
63.5
9.0
13.9
45.7
587.4
Complex 1
*
63.6
9.8
14.7
45.5
587.3
Complex 2
**
63.4
9.9
14.9
45.4
589.5
Complex 3
***
64.3
10.1
15.1
45.9
588.4
НІР
0.5
0.2-0.5
0.3-0.6
0.7-0.9
0.5-0.9
0.7-1.5
Background 2 – N
15
Р
15
К
15
+ biohumus (250 kg/ha)
Control
60.9
8.0
12.5
42.1
579.5
Chemical protection of
crops
63.1
9.3
12.9
43.4
581.7
Biological protection of
crops
62.5
9.7
13.5
44.4
579.5
Complex 1
*
63.2
10.1
14.7
44.9
581.3
Complex 2
**
62.9
10.7
13.9
44.7
565.1
Complex 3
***
63.6
11.0
14.9
45.0
573.0
НІР
0.5
0.6-0.9
0.1-0.4
0.6-0.9
0.3-0.5
0.4-1.3
Background 3 – biohumus (250 kg/ha)
Control
58.0
7.5
12.1
41.9
556.2
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Comparison of food backgrounds shows that the highest indicators of the yield
structure were obtained when using the mineral background, regardless of the options
studied. At the same time, organic and organo-mineral backgrounds contributed to obtaining
the highest indicators of yield structure compared to control. When determining the
effectiveness of these complexes on the level of grain yield of spring barley Skhidnyi, it was
found that the use of Nutrient Complex 3 on a mineral nutritional background provided an
increase in grain yield of 1.37 t/ha, or 51.9% compared with control (Table 5).
Organo-mineral nutritional background in combination with Nutrient Complex 3
contributed to a yield increase of 2.08 t/ha before control. On the organic nutritional
background, the highest increase in yield (1.60 t/ha) was provided by the use of Nutrient
Complex 1.
A detailed analysis of the impact of new nutrient complexes in combination with
organic and organo-mineral nutrition on the yield of spring barley showed that their use
promotes active growth and development of plants during the growing season, as well as
improves the yield structure of spring barley Skhidnyi in the Eastern parts of the Northern
Steppe.
Chemical protection of
crops
61.8
8.7
13.9
42.2
588.7
Biological protection of
crops
61.5
8.9
13.7
43.5
567.9
Complex 1
*
62.7
9.5
14.0
44.5
571.0
Complex 2
**
62.2
9.9
14.5
44.8
562.4
Complex 3
***
62.8
9.7
13.9
44.2
569.5
НІР
0.5
for: experiment option
0.7–0.9
0.1–0.2
0.1–0.2
1.3–1.4
1.7–1.9
nutritional background
0.5–0.6
0.1–0.2
0.1–0.2
1.0–1.1
2.6–3.1
interaction
1.0–1.2
0.2–0.3
0.2–0.3
1.6–1.8
3.7–4.2
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Table 5. Yield of spring barley depending on the application of the nutrient complex
and nutritional background (average for 2014–2018), t/ha
Option
Yield, t/ha
Yield increase
t/ha
%
Background 1 – N
30
Р
30
К
30
Control
2.63
-
-
Chemical protection of crops
3.01
0.43
16.16
Biological protection of crops
3.81
1.18
44.68
Complex 1
3.46
0.83
31.56
Complex 2
3.71
1.08
41.06
Complex 3
3.99
1.37
51.90
Background 2 – N
15
Р
15
К
15
+ biohumus (250 kg/ha)
Control
1.78
-
-
Chemical protection of crops
2.88
1.10
61.80
Biological protection of crops
3.04
1.26
70.79
Complex 1
3.01
1.23
69.10
Complex 2
3.61
1.83
102.81
Complex 3
3.86
2.08
116.85
Background 3 – biohumus (250 kg/ha)
Control
1.65
-
-
Chemical protection of crops
2.43
0.78
47.27
Biological protection of crops
2.68
1.03
62.42
Complex 1
3.25
1.60
96.97
Complex 2
3.21
1.56
94.55
Complex 3
3.05
1.40
84.85
НІР
0.5
, t/ha for: А – 0.09–0.13; В – 0.11–0.17; АВ – 0.18–1.29
3. Discussion
The selection of varieties is a very important problem for most regions of Ukraine in
the agrotechnology of spring barley cultivation, as climate change leads to decreased rainfalls
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and increased droughts and dry winds, especially in the southern regions of our country. This
is not only a problem of Ukraine, but also a global problem, as evidenced by studies
(Cammarano et al., 2020; Carter et al., 2019; Sallam et al., 2019; Solonechnyi et al., 2015;
Toymetov and Maryina-Chermnykh, 2020; Yurkevich et al., 2011) . The increased droughts
in the south of Ukraine leads to the fact that intensive varieties of spring barley cannot use
their full potential, resulting in a significant yield reduction (Vinyukov et al., 2016).
Our proposed method of selecting the varieties with the help of coenotic composition
of crops according to the plant productivity rank is patented in Ukraine and has no analogues
in the world. Our research has shown that this method of selecting adaptive varieties of
spring barley is quite promising in terms of ranking plants by the number of productive
shoots and determining the most adapted varieties for growing in specific climatic conditions
(Krček et al., 2008).
As for this agrotechnical method of fertilizer system using biopreparations and plant
growth regulators, studies in Western and Eastern Europe show that the treatment of crops
with a complex of plant growth regulators increases the productivity of these crops by 15-
30% (Rassokhina et al., 2020; Toymetov and Maryina-Chermnykh, 2020). This is influenced
by such factors as: reducing the incidence of plant root rot, increasing the leaf surface of
barley plants resulting from increased photosynthetic activity, reduced negative effects of
stress, increased drought resistance of plants, etc. (Bidnyna et al., 2013; Gerasimenko, 1981;
Kadyrov et al., 1984; Kasatkina and Gamayunova, 2018; Vinyukov et al., 2014). In our studies
of new nutrient complexes consisting of biopreparations, biofertilizers, plant growth
regulators, the yield increase ranged from 16 to 116%. The yield increase through the use of
nutrient complexes indicates that their use reduces such negative effects as the lack of
sufficient moisture in the soil, and thus helps to increase the drought resistance of spring
barley plants.
Conclusion
According to the comparative analysis of coenotic structure of varietal crops, it was
found that the most drought-resistant for growing in agro-climatic conditions of the eastern
part of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine were the following varieties: Stepovyk, Avers,
Pryazovskyi 9, Chudovyi, which have high adaptability and ecological plasticity. As for the
productivity of plants of the second rank, Donetsk 14 should be noted, which can be
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described as a variety with a high level of agroecological plasticity. It was found that such an
agrotechnical method as the use of new nutrient complexes on different fertilizer
backgrounds in the cultivation of spring barley contributed to the good development of
plants throughout the growing season and allowed to obtain a yield that significantly
exceeded the control sample.
In particular, with the introduction of N30P30K30, grain yield from the use of
Nutrient Complex 3 (seed treatment with Sizam (250 g/t) in a mixture with a
microbiological complex (400 g/t), spraying plants in the tillering phase with a mixture of
Sizam (250 g/ha) ) and microbiological complex (400 g/ha)) compared to the control
increased by 1.37 t/ha, while on the organo-mineral background (N15P15K15 + biohumus, 250
kg/ha) the same Nutrient Complex 3 — 2.08 t/ha, and on an organic nutritional background
(biohumus, 250 kg/ha), Nutrient Complex 1 (seed treatment with Rost-forte) (0.5 l/t) in a
mixture with amino acid complex, spraying of plants in the tillering and earing phases with
a mixture of Rost-concentrate 15.7.7. (1 l/ha) + amino acid complex + Khelatin (2 l/ha) +
microbiological complex (400 g/ha)) — 1.60 t/ha.
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