Revista
de la
Universidad
del Zulia
Fundada en 1947
por el Dr. Jesús Enrique Lossada
DEPÓSITO LEGAL ZU2020000153
ISSN 0041-8811
E-ISSN 2665-0428
Ciencias del
Agro,
Ingeniería
y Tecnología
Año 13 N° 36
Enero - Abril 2022
Tercera Época
Maracaibo-Venezuela
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.36.09
126
Adjustment of water demand norms for accompanying crops in rice
crop rotations
Roman S. Masnyi
Sergey M. Vasilyev
Georgy T. Balakay
Lidiya M. Dokuchayeva
Rita Y. Yurkova
ABSTRACT
The relevance of the study is due to the need to save water resources. The purpose of study
is to determine microclimatic correction factors for monitoring and adjusting the norms of
water de-mand for accompanying crops in rice crop rotations for various zones of natural
moistening in Russia. The main study methods are experimental (field) and comparative
analysis of the data obtained with theoretical calculations. Study results: Correction factors
are presented for calcu-lating evapotranspiration / evaporation of accompanying crops in rice
crop rotations, varying in the regions of Russia from Ccr= 0.75 to Ccr = 0.94, respectively, at
from Cm 0.2-0.3 to Cm 0.8-1.0 and it is determined that in the rice crop rotation it is necessary
to take into account the residual additional productive moisture reserves after rice, which is
in the meter soil layer - from 60 mm in regions with Cm = 0.2-0.3 to 84 mm with Cm 0.8-0.1.
Practical significance: The use of micro-climatic correction factors for adjusting the norms of
water demand for accompanying crops makes it possible to calculate and justify the volume
of water for irrigation of these crops in rice crop rotations and to save water resources.
KEYWORDS: water; crops, agricultural products, rice; irrigation.
Candidate of Military Sciences, Acting Director of Russian Scientific Research Institute of Land
Improvement Problems, Novocherkassk (Rostov region), Russia.
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, First Deputy Director of Science of Russian Scientific
Research Institute of Land Improvement Problems, Novocherkassk (Rostov region), Russia.
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Сhief Researcher of Russian Scientific Research
Institute of Land Improvement Problems, Novocherkassk (Rostov region), Russia.
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Leading Researcher of Russian Scientific Research Institute
of Land Improvement Problems, Novocherkassk (Rostov region), Russia.
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Senior Researcher of Russian Scientific Research Institute
of Land Improvement Problems, Novocherkassk (Rostov region), Russia.
Recibido: 09/09/2021 Aceptado: 04/11/2021
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Ajuste de las normas de demanda de agua para cultivos
acompañantes en rotaciones de cultivos de arroz
RESUMEN
La relevancia del estudio se debe a la necesidad de ahorrar recursos hídricos. El propósito del
estudio es determinar los factores de corrección microclimáticos para monitorear y ajustar
las normas de demanda de agua para los cultivos acompañantes en las rotaciones de cultivos
de arroz para varias zonas de humectación natural en Rusia. Los principales métodos de
estudio son el experimental (campo) y el análisis comparativo de los datos obtenidos con
cálculos teóricos. Resultados del estudio: Se presentan factores de corrección para calcular la
evapotranspiración/evaporación de los cultivos acompañantes en las rotaciones de cultivos
de arroz, que varían en las regiones de Rusia desde Ccr= 0,75 a Ccr = 0,94, respectivamente, a
Cm 0,2-0,3 a Cm 0,8-1,0 y se determina que en la rotación de cultivos de arroz es necesario
tener en cuenta las reservas de humedad productiva adicional residual después del arroz, que
se encuentra en el metro de capa de suelo - de 60 mm en regiones con Cm = 0,2-0,3 a 84 mm
con cm 0,8-0,1. Importancia práctica: El uso de factores de corrección microclimáticos para
ajustar las normas de demanda de agua para los cultivos acompañantes permite calcular y
justificar el volumen de agua para riego de estos cultivos en las rotaciones de cultivos de arroz
y ahorrar recursos hídricos.
PALABRAS CLAVE: agua; cultivos; producto agrícola; arroz; riego.
Introduction
Rice is one of the most water-intensive agricultural crops, the production of which
takes tens of thousands of cubic meters per hectare, therefore, the issues of saving water
resources in rice cultivation are relevant all over the world. Saving water resources is possible
by various methods: improving irrigation technology (Wu, 2017; Allen, 1998; Belder, 2007;
Redwanur, 2014), breeding rice varieties (Victoriano, 2017), organizational measures
(Victoriano, 2017; Mom, 2007), etc.
Rational use of water resources in Russia is becoming one of the urgent tasks of
irrigated agriculture. One of the ways to save water is the regulation and management of
water distribution by substantiating, developing, and approving regional water consumption
standards for agricultural crops and water disposal from irrigation systems (Olgarenko,
Vasilyev and Balakay, 2019). It is especially relevant for rice irrigation systems, which are the
main consumers of water resources, where 20 thousand m3 or more of irrigation water is
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supplied to each hectare of rice. In rice-growing regions, it is 70–80% of the volume of water
supplied for irrigation. In the existing normative document GOST R 58331.3-2019 regulating
water consumption by agricultural crops, there are no norms for the water demand of rice
and accompanying crops in rice crop rotations.
At the moment, the specialists of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "
Russian Research Institute of Land Reclamation Problems " have determined an approach to
calculating the norms of water demand for rice (Balakay, 2018; Vasilyev, 2018) and have
proposed these norms for various agro-climatic zones of Russia, but they have not developed
norms for water demand for accompanying crops of rice crop rotation, the adjustment of
which will give the possibility of saving water resources for rice irrigation systems up to 15–
20% by regulating the irrigation regime and operational water distribution, taking into
account the norms and, accordingly, reducing the norms of water disposal from them. Thus,
the purpose of study is to determine the microclimatic correction factors for adjusting the
norms of water demand for accompanying crops in rice crop rotations for various zones of
natural moistening in Russia.
1. Materials and methods
Today there are many methods for determining evaporation (potential
evapotranspiration). The calculation models of H.L. Penman, L. Turk, and H.F. Blaney - V.D.
Kriddle are the most well-known and widespread abroad. In Russia - A.M. and S.M.
Alpatyev, N.N. Ivanov, N.V. Danilchenko's modified formula, etc. (Ilyinskaya, 2001).
To determine the total evaporation (evapotranspiration, water demand) of a specific
field (
j
ЕТ
) with a specific crop «
j
», it is necessary to have indicators of biological (Cb) and
microclimatic (Co) coefficients of water consumption of this crop in dynamics from
germination to maturation. The total evaporation is proposed to be determined by the
equation (Methodological guidelines ..., 1984):
ЕТ j=ЕТо
⋅
Cb
⋅
C0,
(1)
where
j
ЕТ
is the total evaporation (water consumption) of the field, mm.
о
ЕТ
is the evaporation from the field, mm.
Cb is the bioclimatic coefficient.
Co is the microclimatic coefficient.
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The microclimatic coefficient (Co) considers the change in the microclimate of an
agricultural field under the influence of sprinkler irrigation. It depends on the agro-climatic
conditions of a particular territory, the size of the irrigated area Sir and the phase of
development of field crops.
However, in rice crop rotations, where rice is irrigated superficially by flooding
paddies with rice, the use of the same microclimatic coefficients (Co) to calculate the
evapotranspiration of accompanying crops in rice crop rotations leads to large calculation
errors.
To be able to calculate the water demand norms for accompanying crops in rice crop
rotations during flooding of rice, studies were carried out and correction microclimatic
coefficients for these crops Ccr instead of Co were obtained. The microclimatic correction
factor Ccr differs from the microclimatic coefficient Co in that it considers the peculiarities of
evaporation from the water surface of rice paddies flooded with water and from the fields of
irrigated accompanying crops in conditions of rice crop rotations.
Ccr is calculated for a certain period as a quotient of the value of evaporation (potential
evapotranspiration) of crops from rice crop rotation fields to the evaporation of the same
crops in field crop rotations. Calculations of monthly evaporation Eo were determined by the
formula of N. N. Ivanov (Norms of water demand ..., 2000):
, (2)
where t is the average monthly temperature, ° С.
α is the relative humidity of the air, %.
To establish the indicator Ccr, instrumental measurements of meteorological
parameters were carried out during the growing season of rice for the Petrovsko-
Anastasievskaya rice irrigation system of the Krasnodar Territory in five replications. The
measurements were carried out using the appropriate equipment, starting from the border
of the rice irrigation system from the windward side and with further deepening into the rice
system itself in the direction of the wind at various distances - from 200 to 7000 m. The
processing of the obtained data was carried out using mathematical analysis of the
experiment and mathematical statistics.
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Since it was not possible to conduct such field studies for various agro-climatic
conditions in Russia, theoretical calculations of these coefficients were carried out using the
analog method for all zones with natural moistening Cm from 0.2 to 1.0 using the
meteorological indicators of meteorological stations of specific territories.
2. Results
Analysis of experimental data in rice crop rotations allowed us to establish indicators
of changes in microclimatic coefficients Ccr during the growing season of various
accompanying crops, associated with increased relative moisture in rice crop rotations and,
as a consequence, lower air temperature. In this regard, the correction factor Cсr also changes
during the growing season of crops. For example, the calculations showed that in the
Petrovsko-Anastasievskaya rice irrigation system of the Krasnodar Territory in April (on
average) Ccr was 0.94, and in July - 0.72 (Table 1).
Table 1. Evaporation E0 in rice and field crop rotations and microclimatic correction
coefficient Ccr during the growing season of crops.
Month
In rice crop rotations
In field crop rotations
Ccr
T °C
α, %
0
Е
, mm
T °C
α, %
0
Е
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Experimental data
April
12.5
63.8
91.6
13.0
62.4
97.7
0.94
May
18.5
61.8
130.1
19.5
59.8
143.3
0.91
June
24.4
63.4
160.7
24.0
52.4
205.7
0.78
July
28.3
65.1
177.8
29.0
53.2
227.5
0.72
August
25.4
44.2
255.0
26.4
35.4
307.2
0.83
Average
21.6
59
177.7
21.4
49
205.0
0.84
Theoretical calculations
Month
According to the archival data of
the meteorological station of the
city of Slavyansk-on-Kuban
According to the archival data of
the meteorological station of the
city of Timashevsk
пр
К
Kpr
T °C
α, %
0
Е
T °C
α, %
0
Е
April
11.5
68.9
74.6
12.0
67
81.3
0.92
May
17
72.1
88.6
18.4
69
105.1
0.84
June
22.3
69.0
124.8
23.1
62
158.3
0.79
July
25.1
64.0
162.6
25.7
54
212.8
0.76
August
26
57.0
201.3
26.1
49.8
238.9
0.85
Average
20.3
66.2
130.4
21.1
60.3
158.7
0.83
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Figure 1 shows the relationship between the correction factors established by
theoretical calculations and experimental data using meteorological parameters.
Figure 1. Relationship between correction factors obtained from experimental and
theoretical data
The resulting relationship equation y = 0.6352 x + 0.3013 and the approximation
coefficient R2 = 0.91 confirm the reliable convergence of the microclimatic correction
coefficients obtained during instrumental field studies of changes in temperature, air
humidity and wind speed directly on rice and field crop rotations, as well as correction
factors, calculated using the same meteorological parameters, but taken from the archive of
meteorological stations in Slavyansk-on-Kuban and Tinashe’s of the Krasnodar Territory
(electronic resource).
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The close relationship of the obtained microclimatic correction coefficients made it
possible by the same analogy method to calculate the microclimatic correction coefficients
for accompanying crops cultivated in rice crop rotations for different moistening zones using
data from meteorological stations in rice-growing regions with observation periods of at least
35 years (Table 2).
Table 2. Data of Ccr obtained by calculation method for various natural moistening zones
Region
Moistening coefficient Сm
Microclimatic correction factor Ccr
Astrakhan region
0.2–0.3
0.75
Republic of Kalmykia
0.2–0.3
0.75
Republic of Dagestan
0.3–0.4
0.81
Rostov region
0.3–0.4
0.81
0.4–0.5
0.83
Krasnodar Region
0.45–0.5
0.83
0.5–0.6
0.85
Primorsky Krai
0.8–1.0
0.94
The reliability of the microclimatic correction factors obtained by the calculation
method for various moistening zones is confirmed by the close relationship between Ccr and
Cm (Figure 2). The approximation coefficient was 0.87, which indicates a close relationship
between these indicators.
In addition, a close relationship (R2 = 87) has been established between the
coefficients of natural moistening content Cm and the relative correction factors to the norm
of water demand of accompanying crops Crel.cr, equal to (1–Ccr), if we accept the condition
that at Cm= 1 there will be a balance between evaporation and precipitation (Figure 3).
Figure 3 shows that the drier the climate, the more water evaporates from flooded
paddies (the temperature decreases and the relative humidity of the air increases) and thus
this is more reflected in the evaporation and irrigation regime of associated crops, i.e.,
evapotranspiration and, accordingly, the irrigation rate decreases.
When adjusting the water requirements for accompanying crops in rice crop
rotations, additional moisture reserves remaining in the soil after rice cultivation should be
considered. As studies carried out in Kalmykia have shown, residual moisture reserves in the
spring period are quite large and, regardless of weather conditions in the autumn-winter
period, the meter layer contained water from 74.3 to 88% of field moisture capacity and more
(Balakay, 2017; Consolidated norms ..., 2013; Kravchenko, 2007).
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Figure 2. Relationship between microclimatic correction factors and moistening factors for
different agro-climatic zones
Figure 3. Relationship between natural moisture factors Cm and relative correction coefficients Crel.cr
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We also carried out studies to establish residual moisture reserves in the soil of
paddies in the spring before sowing accompanying crops (Table 3).
Table 3. Moisture and moisture reserves in a meter layer of soil before sowing in paddies
after rice cultivation
(n = 5)
Layer,
cm
Moisture
Moisture
reserves
at the
beginning
of the
growing
season,
mm
Actual, %
abs. dry soil
, %
V, %
Field
moisture
capacity,
%
, %
V, %
Actual, %
from field
moisture
capacity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Nizhne-Manychskaya irrigation system, Rostov region Cm= 0.31-0.4
0–20
21.2
0.68
3.2
26.5
1.10
4.3
80
58.9
20–40
19.1
0.71
3.7
24.5
0.95
3.9
78
53.4
40–60
20.1
0.83
4.3
24.5
1.07
4.4
82
56.5
60–80
22.3
0.74
3.1
26.5
0.95
3.6
84
62.5
80–100
23.8
0.69
2.9
27.6
0.86
3.1
86
66.7
0–100
21.3
0.73
3.4
26.0
0.99
3.9
82
298.0
Petrovsko-Anastasievskaya rice irrigation system, Krasnodar Territory, Cm = 0.45-0.50
Continuation of table 3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0–20
22.9
0.85
3.7
28.3
1.25
4.4
81
64.3
20–40
22.5
0.90
4.0
28.9
1.18
4.1
78
63.2
40–60
22.8
0.96
4.2
28.8
1.35
4.7
79
64.1
60–80
25.4
1.29
5.1
31.7
1.61
5.1
80
71.6
80–100
26.9
1.05
3.9
32.8
1.24
3.8
82
74.8
0–100
24.1
1.01
4.2
30.1
1.32
4.4
80
338.0
Note
is the standard deviation, V is the coefficient of variation.
The results showed that under the conditions of the Rostov region in the zone with
Cm = 0.31–0.40 on soils with a heavy loamy composition, these moisture reserves in the meter
layer amounted to 298 mm or 82% of field moisture capacity, and on clay soils of the
Krasnodar Territory in the zone with Cm = 0.45–0.50, respectively, 338 mm or 80% of field
moisture capacity. At the same time, the calculations of the standard deviation and the
coefficient of variation indicate insignificant variability of moisture and moisture reserves in
the soil in the spring after rice in different regions.
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The data obtained allow us to assert that in the spring of the next year, after the
cultivation of rice, the moisture in the soil remains equal in volume to at least 80% of field
moisture capacity. Based on this, for the main rice-sowing regions, we calculated the residual
moisture reserves after rice cultivation before sowing accompanying crops, considering the
properties of soils and data of field moisture capacity (Table 4). They ranged from 238 mm in
the Astrakhan region to 325 mm in the Primorsky Krai.
Table 4. Residual moisture reserves after rice cultivation
Region
Ccr
Soil by
granulometric
composition
Field
moisture
capacity
, % abs.
dry soil
Moisture
reserves
at field
moisture
capacity,
mm
Moisture
reserves at
the
beginning of
the growing
season, mm
Productive
moisture,
mm
Residual
moisture
reserves,
mm
Astrakhan
region
0.21–
0.30
Medium loamy
22
297
238
178
60
Republic of
Kalmykia
0.21–
0.30
Medium loamy
23
308
246
185
61
Republic of
Dagestan
0.31–
0.40
Heavy loamy
25
340
272
204
68
Rostov region
0.31–
0.40
Heavy loamy
26
364
298
218
66
0.41–
0.50
Loamy
30
414
331
248
83
Krasnodar
Region
0.45–
0.50
Loamy
30
423
338
254
84
0.50–
0.60
Heavy loamy
27
367
294
220
74
Primorsky
Krai
0.8–1.0
Loamy
29
406
325
244
81
Moisture should remain in the soil at the level of productive reserves of at least 60%,
while the share of residual moisture in the total volume of moisture reserves after rice for
accompanying crops ranges from 60 to 84 mm or 32–33%.
3. Discussions
For 40 years, the Southern Scientific Research Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and
Melioration (Russian Research Institute of Land Reclamation Problems), together with
other institutes (All-Russian Scientific Research Institute "Raduga", Central Scientific
Research Institute for the Integrated Use of Water Resources), have been studying irrigation
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regimes for agricultural crops by sprinkling in field crop rotations, creating mathematical
models for calculating productive moisture reserves for various types soil and in various
agroclimatic conditions of Russia, which made it possible not only to develop standards for
the water demand of field crops, but also to promptly adjust irrigation regimes according to
meteorological parameters, taking into account the agro-climatic conditions of a particular
irrigated area (Water demand norms ..., 2000; Ilyinskaya, 2001; Methodological guidelines ...,
1984; Calculation of irrigation regimes ..., 2012; Balakay, 2017).
Based on the data of long-term field studies, the norms of water demand for crops were
calculated and regulated depending on the heat and moisture supply of the year according to
the integrated indicator Cm - the coefficient of natural moisture in a particular area and
provision the year according to the indicator of the water balance deficit (Enlarged norms ...,
2013). Heat and moisture supply of the year was characterized by meteorological parameters:
average daily precipitation, temperature, relative air humidity and wind speed. When using
office, mathematical and statistical processing of field studies, patterns, dependencies,
relationships were established, which made it possible to obtain bioclimatic and
microclimatic coefficients, calculate the water demand of plants and develop a regulatory
document for the main field crops GOST R 58331.3–2019 - Water demand for irrigation of
agricultural crops. However, such studies of the total evaporation of these field crops as
accompanying crops under the conditions of rice crop rotations have not been carried out.
The concept of this calculation is based on the fact that moisture evaporation from
permanently flooded rice paddies occurs more intensively than from crops of field irrigated
crop rotations, where sprinkler irrigation is carried out two to eight times per season and
high soil and plant moisture and, accordingly, more evaporation is observed only in the first
two or three days after watering. It should be noted that with different irrigation methods
on rice systems and in field crop rotations, the main indicators of the microclimate
(temperature and relative humidity) change in different ways, which have a significant effect
on the evapotranspiration / evaporation rates of plants, this must be considered and
appropriate corrections must be made by introducing correction coefficients into the
calculation methodology.
It should also be noted that water resources are saved in rice crop rotations due to the
use of residual moisture reserves in the soil by accompanying crops that go in the crop
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rotation fields after rice. Residual (after rice) moisture reserves of productive moisture in the
soil are highly stable and vary for a layer of 1 m from 155 to 189 mm (Kravchenko, 2007). For
example, in the first year of life of alfalfa in the total water consumption, residual moisture
reserves after rice amounted to 41% (Smykov, 2005). In Kalmykia, resource-saving
technologies, for cultivating dry crops capable of generating high yields without watering
due to the use of moisture reserves remaining after rice, are being introduced on rice systems
(Melikhov, 2016, Dubenok, 2014; Rakitina, 2017).
Conclusion
Evaporation of moisture from constantly flooded rice paddies occurs more intensively
than in crops of field crop rotations irrigated by sprinkler irrigation, where the number of
irrigations per season is from two to eight, and high moisture content of soil and plant tissues
and, accordingly, greater evaporation is observed only in the first two to three days after
watering. In rice crop rotations with flooded paddies, evaporation increases and, accordingly,
the microclimate changes, including temperature decrease and relative humidity increase,
which have the major effect on plant evapotranspiration.
On the basis of experimental and theoretical studies, correction factors were obtained
for calculating evapotranspiration / evaporation of accompanying crops in rice crop
rotations, varying in the regions of Russia from Ccr= 0.75 to Ccr = 0.94, respectively, at Cm from
0.2-0.3 to Cm 0, 8-1.0.
The natural relationship has been established between the correction factors obtained
between the experimental data and the theoretical ones, calculated from the meteorological
parameters of meteorological stations in the regions, expressed by an equation of the form y
= 0.6352 x + 0.3013 with an approximation coefficient R2 = 0.91.
When calculating the norms of water demand for accompanying crops, it is necessary
to consider the residual additional productive moisture reserves in the meter layer of soil
from 60 mm in regions with Cm= 0.2–0.3 to 84 mm – with Cm 0.8–0.1.
References
Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., Smith, M. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration ‐ Guidelines
for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and drainage. 56 р., Rome (Italy): FAO.
https://appgeodb.nancy.inra.fr/biljou/pdf/Allen_FAO1998.pdf.
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