Revista
de la
Universidad
del Zulia
Fundada en 1947
por el Dr. Jesús Enrique Lossada
DEPÓSITO LEGAL ZU2020000153
ISSN 0041-8811
E-ISSN 2665-0428
Ciencias del
Agro,
Ingeniería
y Tecnología
Año 13 N° 36
Enero - Abril 2022
Tercera Época
Maracaibo-Venezuela
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Results of the Russian State policy in the field of increasing food
availability
Golovin Artem Alekseevich *
Kalinicheva Elena Yurievna **
Reprintseva Elena Vasilievna ***
Nozdracheva Elena Nikolaevna ****
Zyukin Danil Alekseevich *****
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of the Russian state policy on agricultural
production and food availability in the context of food security. Using methodological tools,
statistical data about production, consumption and prices of food products were processed. In the
course of the work, it was determined that the agriculture of Russia shows a fairly high rate of
development. The positive aspect is that this growth is provided mainly by intensive factors. The sale
prices of agricultural producers show high growth rates, which negatively affects the availability of
food for the country's population. In general, Russia's agriculture, under the conditions of the food
embargo and economic sanctions, shows good results. It is proposed that the State changes the
emphasis from state support from grain and pig farming to growing vegetables, growing fruits, and
raising livestock, including milk products. Increasing support to these areas will increase the volume
of agricultural production of high value-added goods, which will have a positive impact on the
development of rural areas and the diversification of exports. At the same time, state support should
be left in the direction of the production of class 1 and 2 cereals and the processing of pork.
KEY WORDS: production; supply-side economics; public administration; macroeconomics;
agricultural industries; economic policy, Russia.
*Candidate of sciences of economic, Associate professor of the department «Customs and world economy»,
Southwestern state university. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6688-3561. E-mail:
cool.golovin2011@yandex.ru
**Doctor of sciences of economic, Associate professor in economics, Professor of the department «Accounting
and statistics» Oryol state agrarian university named after N.V. Parakhin. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-
0002-9310-3281, E-mail: len-kalinichev@mail.ru
***Candidate of sciences of pharmaceuticals, Associate professor in economics, Associate professor of
department «Economics and management» Kursk state medical university. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-
0003-0655-6360. E-mail: elena.reprin@yandex.ru
****Candidate of sciences of economic, Associate professor in economics, Associate professor of the
department «Economics and accounting» Kursk state university. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0783-
9453. E-mail: nen.kgu@mail.ru
*****Candidate of sciences of economic, Senior researcher at the research center, Kursk state agricultural
academy named after I.I. Ivanov. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8118-2907. E-mail:
nightingale46@rambler.ru
Recibido: 31/08/2021 Aceptado: 07/10/2021
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Resultados de la política del Estado ruso en el ámbito del aumento
de la disponibilidad de alimentos
RESUMEN
El propósito del estudio consistió en evaluar el impacto de la política del Estado ruso sobre
la producción agrícola y la disponibilidad de alimentos en el contexto de la seguridad
alimentaria. Utilizando herramientas metodológicas, se procesaron datos estadísticos sobre
producción, consumo y precios de productos alimenticios. En el curso del trabajo, se
determinó que la agricultura de Rusia muestra una tasa de desarrollo bastante alta. El aspecto
positivo es que este crecimiento es proporcionado principalmente por factores intensivos.
Los precios de venta de los productores agrícolas muestran altas tasas de crecimiento, lo que
afecta negativamente la disponibilidad de alimentos para la población del país. En general, la
agricultura de Rusia, bajo las condiciones del embargo alimentario y las sanciones
económicas, muestra buenos resultados. Se propone que el Estado cambie el énfasis del apoyo
estatal de la cría de cereales y la cría de cerdos hacia el cultivo de hortalizas, el cultivo de
frutas y la cría de ganado, incluidos los productos lácteos. Aumentar el apoyo a estas áreas
incrementará el volumen de producción agrícola de bienes de alto valor agregado, lo que
tendrá un impacto positivo en el desarrollo de las áreas rurales y la diversificación de las
exportaciones. Al mismo tiempo, el apoyo estatal debe dejarse en la dirección de la
producción de cereales de clase 1 y 2 y el procesamiento de carne de cerdo.
PALABRAS CLAVE: producción; economía del lado de la oferta; administración pública;
macroeconomía; industrias agrícolas; política económica; Rusia.
Introduction
The struggle to keep Ukraine in Russia's sphere of influence led to the adoption of
economic sanctions by the United States, Canada, Australia, and the European Union
countries, which had a strong impact on the economic situation in the country. Since the
adoption of the sanctions, the World Bank has not approved a single decision on investment
in projects within Russia. The supply of high-tech goods was restricted, and the supply of
dual-use goods, goods that can be used in both civil and military projects, was completely
prohibited. The economic chains between the enterprises of Ukraine and Russia were
completely destroyed. Trade turnover between Russia and the countries that have adopted
sanctions has dropped significantly. All these factors, as well as the fall in oil prices, have led
to significant damage to the country's economy, as well as to the population.
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In response, Russia introduced a food embargo in 2014 that was a ban on the supply
of food products to the country, the country of origin of which are the countries participating
in the sanctions pressure. As a result of the food embargo, a significant market share turned
out to be free, the diversification of import supplies in 2014 and even in 2015 was not
completely possible to implement, and, therefore, Russian food producers had the
opportunity to increase their share in the domestic market. Together with the import ban,
the liberation of the market part from competitors, there was an increase in food prices,
profitability increased by 5-10 points for some food products. However, an increase of food
prices, devaluation of the national currency, and reduction of budget spending on social
projects endangered the country's food and economic security.
Food security is determined by the totality of food production and availability. On the
one hand, rising prices and embargo stimulated food production, on the other hand, there
was a decrease in the availability of food. The components of economic security are reflected
in the aspect of the development of labor resources and the sustainability of the functioning
of agricultural entities. Without affordable and high-quality food, it is impossible to develop
labor resources, as well as to ensure population growth. The low stability of agricultural
production entities is manifested in the instability of the conditions of the internal and
external environment. The lifting of restrictions on the food embargo may lead to the fact
that the investment projects in the agro-industrial complex will lose profitability or become
unprofitable. In addition, the devaluation of the national currency and high inflation have
determined costs’ increase. Prices for seeds, fertilizers, fuels and lubricants, machinery,
equipment have increased significantly under the influence of the factors presented above.
Thus, the relevance of the study is determined by the need to assess the impact of the
country's state policy on ensuring food and economic security.
The purpose of the study is the need to assess the impact of government policy on
agricultural production and food availability in the context of ensuring food security.
Achieving the study purpose required solving the following tasks:
- to analyze changes in the volume of production of food products and raw materials
for its production;
- to assess the impact of the extensive factor on the production of food products and
raw materials for its production;
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- to assess the impact of the intensive factor on the production of food products and
raw materials for its production;
- to analyze the prices of agricultural producers;
- to analyze the consumption of basic food products by the population of the country.
Public-private relations regarding the production, processing and consumption of
food products are identified as the object of the study. The subject of the study is the
country's food security.
The hypothesis of the study is the scientific assumption that the Russian food
embargo did not sufficiently ensure the development of agriculture, which led to an increase
in food prices and negatively affected the volume of its consumption by the population.
1. Theoretical basis
The theoretical basis of the study is formed on the basis of scientific works of Russian
and foreign scientists, published in leading peer-reviewed scientific journals, presented in
monographs, educational publications, dissertations, collections of conference proceedings
for the issues under study.
The issues of state regulation of agricultural production in order to ensure food
security are widely considered in the works of such scientists as C.G. Brown, S.R. Johnson,
J. Vik, X.D. Guo, P. Lung, J.L. Sui, R.P. Zhang, C. Wang, R. Beluhova-Uzunova, K. Hristov,
M. Shishkova, D.J. Pannell, R. Claassen, O. Ecker, P.L. Hatzenbuehler, E. Calegari, E. Fabrizi,
G. Guastella, F. Timpano.
S.R. Johnson in the study “How nutrition policy affects food and agricultural policy”
identifies the importance of food production and availability for labor resources
development, which corresponds to one of the areas of economic security (Johnson, 1994). In
his work, he does not distinguish between agriculture and food consumption, he considers
these areas as a complex. He also pays great attention to the quality of food products. S.R.
Johnson believes that modern food and agricultural policy should ensure the quality of the
produced food.
In the work "The agricultural policy trilemma: On the wicked nature of agricultural
policy making. Land use policy" J. Vik considered agricultural policy as a complex,
multidimensional activity based on mutually exclusive goals (Vik, 2020). Using the example
of agriculture in Norway, he conducted a study of the trilemma of agricultural policy. In the
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course of his work, he identified three tasks of agricultural policy, shifting the focus to solving
only one of them can lead to disastrous consequences.
X.D. Guo, P. Lung, J.L. Sui, R.P. Zhang, and C. Wang in the work “Agricultural
Support Policies and China's Cyclical Evolutionary Path of Agricultural Economic Growth”
analyzed the development of agricultural production in China, which allowed them to
distinguish three production cycles (Guo et al., 2021). An important achievement was the
assessment of the probability of changing production cycles in the country's agricultural
sector. The work carried out made it possible to determine that active government support
has ensured sustainable growth dynamics. However, China's agriculture development will
lead to the decrease of growth rates that is natural and determined by the established scale
of the industry.
R. Beluhova-Uzunova, K. Hristov and M. Shishkova in the published study "The
common agricultural policy post 2020 - farmers' perception and policy implication" analyze
the state of agriculture, and also determine the place of the state in its development
(Beluhova-Uzunova et al., 2020). The basis of their study was the analysis of 74 agricultural
producers, according to the results of which it became clear that state support is more
effectively provided for large farms, and small enterprises are in less advantageous conditions.
The authors give data that government support is mainly directed to support animal
husbandry and cultivation of crops with high added value. In conclusion of the study, it was
determined that support should be implemented in a targeted way, and not in a general one.
Targeted support for agricultural producers was also supported by C.G. Brown. In his
work “Removing redundant regulation in the reform of agricultural policies - the case of the
common agricultural policy of the EC”, he revealed that, despite the development of
government support mechanisms, administrative and bureaucratic barriers to its receipt and
use increase (Brown, 1994). C.G. Brown believes that removing administrative and
bureaucratic barriers, as well as unnecessary control, will give a new impetus to the
development of agriculture in Europe.
D.J. Pannell and R. Claassen in their work "The Roles of Adoption and Behavior
Change in Agricultural Policy" focused on the interaction of agriculture and the environment
(Pannell, Claassen, 2020). The authors consider state support of agriculture as a stimulating
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tool for the modernization of production, the use of new ways of conducting and organizing
the economy that meets the modern environmental agenda.
O. Ecker and P.L. Hatzenbuehler in the article "Food consumption-production
response to agricultural policy and macroeconomic change in Nigeria" assess the impact of
state agricultural and macroeconomic policies on food production and consumption (Ecker,
Hatzenbuehler, 2021). Nigeria, like Russia, is a developing resource-oriented country. As in
Russia, the country has an unstable national currency. Nigeria is heavily dependent on export
foreign exchange earnings and imported labor. The negative macroeconomic phenomena in
Nigeria have led to the fact that households increased food production for their own
consumption, and large companies for export. However, rational state policy has made it
possible to reduce the negative impact of crisis phenomena in the national economy.
E. Calegari, E. Fabrizi, G. Guastella and F. Timpano contributed to the theory and
practice of state regulation of food production. In the work "EU regional convergence in the
agricultural sector: Are there synergies between agricultural and regional policies?" the
authors analyze the common agricultural policy of the EU countries (Calegari et al., 2021).
The authors argue that agricultural policy has recently acquired significant regionalism,
which contradicts the unity of Europe. In the course of the study, the authors concluded that
in the EU countries with a low level of agricultural development, a unified agricultural policy
leads to negative consequences, and in agrarian developed countries, on the contrary.
Among Russian agricultural scientists, such scientists as E.B. Razuvaeva, B.A.
Voronin, I.P. Chupina, Ya.V. Voronina, V.V. Drokin, A.S. Unravel, N.V. Rodnina and others
made a significant contribution to the development of food economics, but the prominent
agricultural economist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.I. Altukhov
deserves special attention.
The fundamental work of A.I. Altukhov "The food security paradigm of Russia"
(Altukhov, 2019) can be considered an anthology of food security and regulation of
agricultural production. This work covers the methodology of assessment, risks, threats,
challenges, government regulation, as well as territorial aspects of food security.
The sphere of scientific interests of E.B. Razuvaeva is economic security and the
impact of food security on it. In his work "Food security as an important component of
ensuring the economic security of the country" the author substantiates the need to provide
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food for the population from the perspective of the policy of economic security formation
(Razuvaeva, 2020).
The issues of agroecology, agricultural land management, food security are reflected
in the works of B.A. Voronin. So, in the work "Conditions for the development of the market
for organic products in Russia as a factor of compliance with food security", the importance
of organic production for ensuring food security is determined, and the Russian food market
is analyzed (Voronin et al., 2020).
A significant contribution to the study of agri-food systems was made by V.V. Drokin.
In his works, the scientist examines the territorial features of agricultural production, its
competitiveness, government regulation, as well as food security itself. In the work "On the
food security of the rural population of the regions of Russia" the authors examine the level
of food security of the rural population of Russia, the population, which itself is a source of
food. At the end of the study, V.V. Drokin and A.S. Zhuravlev came to the disappointing
conclusion that the quality of nutrition of the rural population is inferior to the urban one,
both in quantitative terms and in terms of the balance of nutrients (Drokin, Zhuravlev, 2020).
Another agricultural scientist who made a significant contribution to the
development of scientific provisions of food security is N.V. Rodnina. It is worth noting her
work "Food Security Doctrine: Regional Aspect", in which the author examines the regional
features of ensuring food security (Rodnina, 2021). N.V. Rodnina in her works tries to cover
all the factors that form food security, from natural conditions to human resources and fixed
assets.
Despite significant developments in the field of regulation of agricultural production,
a fairly large number of issues remain debatable, namely, a rational state policy for ensuring
food security, the impact of state policy on the food availability and agricultural production
volumes, and others.
2. Methodology
The study materials were formed on the basis of statistical data from the Federal State
Statistics Service, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, electronic library
systems: "Scientific Electronic Library" and "National Electronic Library", as well as modern
professional databases: "Electronic library of dissertations of the Russian State Library ","
Web of Science "and" Scopus ".
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The methodological study tools included such general scientific methods as analysis,
synthesis, horizontal analysis, the method of graphic interpretation of statistical information,
the empirical method and other scientific methods that solved the study objectives.
Within the framework of the study, the purpose, objectives, and hypothesis of the
study were determined. To achieve the stated purposes, it is necessary to determine the
volume of agricultural production in Russia and its change under the influence of extensive
and intensive factors. Extensive factors in the framework of this study should be understood
as a change in the area of crops and perennial plantings for the crop industry and change in
the number of farm animals and number of bee colonies for animal husbandry. The intensive
factor is determined by the efforts of agricultural producers to obtain better results. In crop
production, these efforts are related to investments in seeds, assortments, mineral fertilizers,
plant protection products, equipment, new forms of production organization, etc. In animal
husbandry, these efforts are manifested in the acquisition of more productive breeds of
animals, construction and re-equipment of farms, development and improvement of feed
base, acquisition of veterinary drugs and feed additives, etc. The simplest indicators of the
impact of intensive factor on food production are yield of agricultural crops and productivity
of farm animals.
The availability of food is influenced by its price and income of the population. To
assess food availability, data on the average annual food consumption can be used. This study
uses producer prices, i.e., prices at which agricultural enterprises sold food products and raw
materials for their production. This choice is justified by the purpose of the study, namely
the activities of commodity producers and consumers of food. Margins, logistics costs and
other selling costs are not related to food production. The exception was the prices for
granulated sugar and honey, as there were no data on the sale prices of sugar beets for
processing plants in open sources. For honey, the situation is different. Most of the product
is produced by the population, therefore, sales prices are not recorded.
The interval of 2013-2018 was defined as the study period. The comparison of 2018 was
carried out since 2014. The choice of interval is determined by the need to investigate
economic processes before the outbreak of the pandemic, which had a negative impact on
both the economy and population. Comparison of 2018 with 2014 is carried out in order to
see the changes taking place in the conditions of economic sanctions and food embargo.
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3. Results
Wheat is the main agricultural crop of the country. Its high importance is determined
by food and feed value, as well as significant export potential. According to table 1, it can be
seen that wheat production in Russia for 2013-2018. showed an increase of 20.8%. Since the
embargo, the volume of production has increased by 12.4 million tons. Wheat exports take
central place in the export of food products.
The situation is multidirectional for the rest of the grain and leguminous crops. Corn
production for grain showed a weak 0.9% growth. Buckwheat production increased 1.4
times, and leguminous production increased 1.5 times. Buckwheat production showed high
volatility, so in 2014 the volume of production amounted to only 662 thousand tons, and
reached 1.5 million tons by 2017, then in 2018 it decreased to 932 thousand tons. The
production of rye, triticale, barley, oats, millet, and rice showed a decrease from 10 to 56%.
The smallest decrease in production volumes is observed for rice – 1% (Table 1).
Industrial crops show an increase in production volumes. During the study period, the
production of sugar beets increased by 8.6 million tons, soybeans by 1.7 times, and sunflower
seeds by 1.5 times. In 2014, compared to 2013, the production of all industrial crops, except
for soybeans, decreased.
The production of vegetable and melon crops shows weak growth dynamics, except
for potatoes, the volume of production of which decreased by 7.8%. The production of
vegetables increased by 7%, or only by 0.9 million tons, and food melons by 33.3%, which
corresponds to an increase of 500 thousand tons.
The production of fruit and berry products shows a positive growth trend. For 2013-
2018 the gross harvest of fruits and berries increased by 557 thousand tons, which
corresponds to an increase of 20%, and grapes by 58 thousand tons, or 10.2%. In general, the
production of fruit and berry products develop at a fairly high rate, however, they are
insufficient to cover the volumes of products prohibited for import from Europe.
Livestock production shows an increase in pigs, sheep, goats, poultry and milk, and a
decrease in cattle and honey. The highest growth rates were shown by the production of pig
meat (26.3%), and the smallest was milk production (2%). In general, it can be noted that
the growth rate of milk production is insufficient to cover the country's needs, and the same
can be noted for cattle meat and honey.
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As noted earlier, the cultivated area and livestock population were chosen as
indicators of the extensive factor. Therefore, based on the data in Table 2, it is necessary to
analyze the change in cultivated area / livestock, which will determine what caused the
increase or decrease in production.
Table 1 - Production volumes of food products and raw materials for its production
in Russia for 2013-2018
Culture
2013
2014
2016
2017
2018
Change (+, -) from
2018 to 2014
Trend
Growth rate (%)
from 2018 to 2014
Crop production, million tons
Wheat
52.1
59.7
73.3
86
72.1
12.4
120.8
Rye (winter)
3.4
3.3
2.5
2.5
1.9
-1.4
57.6
Corn for grain
11.6
11.3
15.3
13.2
11.4
0.1
100.9
Triticale
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
-0.3
57.1
Barley
15.4
20.4
18
20.6
17
-3.4
83.3
Oats
4.9
5.3
4.8
5.5
4.7
-0.6
88.7
Millet, thousand tons
419
493
629
316
217
-276
44.0
Buckwheat, thousand tons
834
662
1187
1525
932
270
140.8
Rice, thousand tons
935
1049
1081
987
1038
-11
99.0
Legumes
2
2.2
2.9
4.3
3.4
1.2
154.5
Sugar beet
39.3
33.5
51.3
51.9
42.1
8.6
125.7
Sunflower seeds
10.6
8.5
11
10.5
12.8
4.3
150.6
Soybeans, thousand tons
1636
2371
3143
3622
4027
1656
169.8
Potato
30.2
24.3
22.5
21.7
22.4
-1.9
92.2
Vegetables
14.7
12.8
13.2
13.6
13.7
0.9
107.0
Food melons
1.4
1.5
1.9
1.8
2
0.5
133.3
Fruits and berries, thousand
tons
2942
2780
3056
2683
3337
557
120.0
Grapes, thousand tons
439
570
601
580
628
58
110.2
Livestock products, million tons
Livestock and poultry for
slaughter in slaughter
weight, thousand tons:
cattle
1633
1621
1589
1569
1608
-13
99.2
Pigs
2816
2964
3355
3516
3744
780
126.3
Sheep and goats
190
203
213
219
224
21
110.3
Poultry
3831
4164
4622
4941
4980
816
119.6
Milk
30.5
30
29.8
30.2
30.6
0,6
102.0
Eggs, billion pcs.
41.3
41.7
43.5
44.8
44.9
3.2
107.7
Honey, thousand tons
68
74
69
65
65
-9
87.8
* Compiled by the author on the basis of the Agriculture in Russia, (2019)
http://gks.ru/bgd/regl/b19_38/
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Table 2 - Assessment of the impact of the extensive factor on the production of food
products and raw materials for its production in Russia for 2013-2018.
Culture
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Change (+, -) from
2018 to 2014
Trend
Growth rate (%)
from 2018 to 2014
Cultivated area / area of perennial plantations, thousand hectares
Winter wheat
12334
12155
13364
14041
14954
15296
3141
125.8
Spring wheat
12729
13103
13463
13668
12969
11968
-1135
91.3
Rye (winter)
1831
1876
1291
1262
1180
978
-898
52.1
Corn for grain
2450
2677
2762
2887
3019
2452
-225
91.6
Triticale
240
237
235
212
160
138
-99
58.2
Winter barley
392
584
521
560
522
480
-104
82.2
Spring barley
8628
8771
8344
7762
7488
7845
-926
89.4
Oats
3324
3258
3047
2860
2887
2853
-405
87.6
Millet
470
506
595
435
265
260
-246
51.4
Buckwheat
1096
1008
957
1205
1692
1045
37
103.7
Rice
190
197
202
208
187
182
-15
92.4
Legumes
1979
1595
1587
1752
2221
2754
1159
172.7
Sugar beet
904
917
1021
1107
1198
1127
210
122.9
Sunflower
7271
6911
7013
7607
7994
8160
1249
118.1
Soy
1532
2012
2131
2237
2636
2949
937
146.6
Potato
2138
1599
1562
1441
1350
1325
-274
82.9
Vegetables
671
563
563
551
535
526
-37
93.4
Food melons
154
157
181
170
152
140
-17
89.2
Fruit and berry
plantations
502
472
467
460
462
466
-6
98.7
Vine plantations
62
90
89
91
91
94
4
104.4
Livestock inventory, thousand heads of cattle
Cattle (without
cows)
10903
10657
10506
10380
10343
10209
-448
95.8
Cows
8661
8263
8115
7966
7951
7943
-320
96.1
Sheep and goats
24337
24445
24606
24717
24389
23129
-1316
94.6
Bird, million heads
495
524
544
550
556
541
17
103.2
Bee colonies
3341
3446
3425
3317
3182
3094
-352
89.8
* Compiled by the author on the basis of the Agriculture in Russia, (2019)
http://gks.ru/bgd/regl/b19_38/
The data in Table 2 confirm that one of the growth factors in the production of wheat,
buckwheat and legumes was the increase in the cultivated area, i.e., the extensive factor, and
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for corn, it is safe to say that the growth in production was provided by the intensive factor.
The production of industrial crops increased primarily due to an increase in the cultivated
area. With regard to potatoes, vegetables, and food melons, we can say that the impact of the
extensive factor on the production volume is quite strong. Perennial plantations showed a
decrease in area, with the exception of an increase of 4 thousand hectares of vineyards.
The production of livestock products showed dependence on the extensive factor only
for poultry, the number of which has increased, for cattle and honey, the reduction in
production of which was accompanied by a reduction in the number of livestock and number
of bee colonies.
Thus, the impact of the extensive factor is most fully traced in cereals and leguminous
crops, with the exception of corn and industrial crops. For livestock products, the impact of
the extensive factor is most strongly traced in cattle and poultry meat, as well as in honey.
The result of efforts to increase the efficiency of agricultural producers is the yield of
agricultural crops and the productivity of animals. These indicators show the final impact of
intensive factors (Figure 3).
The values presented in Table 3 indicate that Russian agricultural producers actively
invest in improving production efficiency.
There is a tendency of yield growth in almost all agricultural crops. The largest
increase in yield was shown by sunflower (22.1%), and the smallest by winter wheat (0.3%).
This situation is a consequence of the achieved maximum possible level of yield under
existing conditions. At the same time, the relatively high rate of sunflower yield growth is
caused by the relative novelty of the crop, in contrast to the rest, which are traditional.
Organizations have not yet fully worked out the cultivation technology, they continue to
experiment with varieties, select the most suitable for specific conditions. The yield’s
decrease in 2018 compared to 2014 was shown by spring barley, millet, and leguminous crops.
This decrease, as well as the change in the yield of other agricultural crops, should be
attributed to volatility under the influence of natural and climatic conditions. As noted
above, the existing yield is a probable maximum under the current climatic conditions, forms,
and conditions of production organization. Volatility at the level of 10, possibly more, will
take place under the influence of weather conditions and beyond.
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Table 3 - Assessment of the impact of intensive factors on the production of food
products and raw materials for its production in Russia for 2013-2018.
Culture
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Change (+, -)
from 2018 to
2014
Trend
Growth
rate (%)
from 2018
to 2014
Productivity, c / ha
Winter wheat
29.9
35.1
32
37.6
41.7
0.1
100.3
Spring wheat
14.2
14.7
15.5
15.7
18.9
2.1
114.3
Rye (winter)
18.9
17.7
16.7
20.3
21.7
2.4
113.6
Corn for grain
50.1
43.6
49.3
55.1
49
4.5
110.3
Triticale
24.1
26.4
23.1
27.8
29.1
0.6
102.3
Winter barley
40.3
35.9
40
39.5
41.9
2.9
108.1
Spring barley
18.1
21.8
20
20.8
25.2
-1.3
94.0
Oats
16.4
17.1
16
17.3
19.6
0.2
101.2
Millet
11.8
12.3
12.9
15.4
13.4
-0.7
94.3
Buckwheat
9.2
9.3
9.5
10.6
10.2
0.2
102.2
Rice
49.5
53.6
55.8
53
53.1
4
107.5
Legumes
12.1
14.6
15.9
17.5
20.1
-1.6
89.0
Sugar beet
442
370
388
470
442
11
103.0
Sunflower
15.5
13.1
14.2
15.1
14.5
2.9
122.1
Soy
13.6
12.3
13
14.8
14.1
2.4
119.5
Potato
145
153
164
158
163
17
111.1
Vegetables
214
219
226
229
241
24
111.0
Food melons
105
104
109
119
127
43
141.3
Fruits and berries
77.1
77.3
77.3
88.4
77.9
18.7
124.2
Grapes
93.6
78.1
77.8
86.6
84.9
13.8
117.7
Productivity, kg
Production of livestock per
head (yield, growth, weight
gain):
Cattle
146
149
152
150
154
6
104.0
Pigs
191
200
209
203
208
8
104.0
Milk per cow
389
3
402
1
413
4
421
8
436
8
471
111.7
Average annual egg
production of laying hens,
pcs.
305
308
310
308
311
-3
99.0
Honey
20
21
20
21
20
0
97.8
* Compiled by the author on the basis of the Agriculture in Russia, (2019)
http://gks.ru/bgd/regl/b19_38/
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106
On the positive side, it is necessary to assess the level of development of animal
husbandry, the productivity of which grows both in meat and milk. The dynamics of
productivity decline was shown by poultry farming focused on egg production, as well as
beekeeping. The decrease in egg production is insignificant and, in general, may correspond
to the level of 2013. The situation with beekeeping is ambiguous, since the statistics
considered all bee colonies, even those who suffered and did not recover from poisoning with
plant protection products. In addition, beekeeping in Russia is the production of the
population, i.e., it is difficult to talk about the results of investments in breeding work,
modernization of production forms and production technologies.
Thus, we can conclude that agriculture in Russia develops predominantly in an
intensive way, which is a positive factor. However, agricultural producers, together with the
state, need to determine development directions that take into account the minimization of
the impact of weather conditions. In animal husbandry, it is advisable for the state to direct
additional resources to the development of the industry since the existing growth rates are
insufficient to achieve full self-sufficiency of the country in animal products in the near
future.
Having determined the nature of the development of agricultural production, let us
consider the average producer prices, as an element that forms the level of food availability
for the country's population (Table 4).
Analysis of changes in food sales prices showed an increase in all products of plant and
animal origin, with the exception of buckwheat, potatoes, food melons. Buckwheat is
characterized as a highly volatile crop. High variability is shown by the yield, and,
consequently, volume of production and selling price. The decrease of prices for potatoes and
food melons does not exceed 3%, which is insignificant considering the study period. Among
other agricultural crops, millet, sunflower seeds, fruits, and berries, as well as grapes showed
the highest sales price increases (Golovin, 2020c).
Considering the prices for livestock products, the largest price increase is for cattle
meat, for 2014-2018 and amounted to 33.8%, as well as to sheep and goats (26.5%). Prices for
poultry meat, milk, chicken eggs and honey showed increase of 10%. The lowest growth rates
were shown by pork in 2014-2018 as it increased in price by only 5.8%.
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In general, the increase in prices for food products and raw materials for their
production does not contribute to the increase in the food availability, however, it provides
a payback for agricultural producers, which means it ensures the economic security of the
country and the industry.
Table 4 - Average prices of agricultural producers in Russia for 2013-2018.
Culture
2013
2015
2016
2017
2018
Change (+, -)
from 2018 to
2014
Trend
Growth rate
(%) from
2018 to 2014
Crop production, thousand rubles / t
Wheat
6.7
8.8
8.8
7.3
8.5
1.7
124.6
Rye (winter)
4.9
5.2
6.1
5.6
5.6
2.1
136.4
Corn for grain
6.6
7.9
8.3
7.0
7.9
2.1
120.2
Barley
6.4
7.3
7.7
6.8
8.1
2.6
147.1
Oats
5.8
5.5
6.4
6.5
6.0
1.0
120.2
Millet
5.2
7.4
6.4
5.1
11.8
6.2
210.1
Buckwheat
7.2
20.1
25.9
15.7
7.5
-0.9
89.8
Legumes
8.4
13.1
16.7
12.3
9.5
1.1
112.9
Sugar beet
32.3
52.1
48.8
36.8
46.2
1.3
102.8
Sunflower seeds
12.0
20.3
21.9
17.0
17.8
6.2
154.1
Soy beans
15.0
19.0
23.5
21.1
22.6
5.6
133.1
Potato
9.4
13.2
10.2
11.6
12.5
-0.3
97.3
Vegetables
31.5
45.5
45.2
47.0
45.1
8.8
124.1
Food melons
2.9
5.8
5.3
6.4
8.4
-0.1
98.8
Fruits and berries
26.5
44.2
47.3
45.6
39.5
12.4
145.5
Grapes
16.5
22.0
24.7
29.9
29.9
13.1
178.0
Livestock products, thousand rubles / t
Livestock and poultry
(live weight): cattle
72.1
93.3
96.6
97.6
99.5
25.1
133.8
Pigs
71.7
103.0
94.0
96.5
99.6
5.5
105.8
Sheep and goats
74.3
79.7
85.8
89.4
89.8
18.8
126.5
Live poultry
54.4
71.3
72.3
68.1
70.8
7.2
111.3
Raw milk
15.9
20.6
21.8
24.5
22.9
3.2
116.5
Fresh chicken eggs in
shell, 1000 pcs.
3.2
4.2
4.2
3.6
3.9
0.5
114.4
Honey
404.7
442.2
462.3
468.2
454.7
38.7
109.3
* Compiled by the author on the basis of the Agriculture in Russia, (2019)
http://gks.ru/bgd/regl/b19_38/
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In conclusion of the study, let us assess the consumption of basic food products by the
population of Russia (Table 5).
Table 5 - Assessment of consumption of basic food products by the population of
Russia for 2013-2018.
Culture
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Change (+, -) from
2018 to 2014
Trend
Growth rate (%) from
2018 to 2014
Food products of plant origin, kg / person / year
Consumption of bread products
118
118
118
117
117
116
-2
98.3
Potato consumption
94
93
91
90
90
89
-4
95.7
Consumption of vegetables and
food crops
102
102
102
102
104
107
5
104.9
Consumption of fruits and berries
63
63
60
60
59
61
-2
96.8
Sugar consumption
40
40
39
39
39
39
-1
97.5
Vegetable oil consumption
13.7
13.8
13.6
13.7
13.9
14.0
0
101.4
Food products of animal origin, kg / person / year
Consumption of meat and meat
products
75
74
73
74
75
75
1
101.4
Consumption of milk and dairy
products
245
239
233
231
230
229
-10
95.8
Consumption of eggs and egg
products, pcs.
271
271
273
277
282
284
13
104.8
Consumption of fish and fish
products in live weight (raw
weight)
27.3
25.7
22.3
22.3
22.9
20.2
-6
78.6
* Compiled by the author on the basis of the Agriculture in Russia, (2019) http://gks.ru/bgd/regl/b19_38/ and
Consumption of basic food products by the population – 2020,
https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/vqBMi2zc/Potr20.rar
Table 5 shows that the consumption of bread products, potatoes, sugar, fruits, and
berries decrease. According to nutritionists, the decrease in the consumption of potatoes,
bread products and sugar can be attributed to a positive trend, while the decrease in the
consumption of fruits and berries can be assessed from the negative side. The consumption
of vegetable oil, vegetables and food crops shows a similar ambiguous dynamic. Nutritionists
agree that the consumption of vegetable oil should be reduced, but in our case, it increases.
The increase in consumption of vegetables and food melons and gourds can be
unambiguously assessed on the positive side (Golovin et al., 2020d).
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The consumption of animal products increases for meat, meat products, eggs and egg
products and decreases for milk, dairy products, fish, and fish products. These dynamic
changes are ambiguous. Thus, a decrease in the consumption of dairy and fish products is a
negative trend. At the same time, nutritionists talk about the need to limit the consumption
of eggs and egg products, but in our case, their consumption only increases. The relative
availability and cheapness of eggs are likely to determine the growth in their consumption.
At the same time, the increase in meat consumption is not due to cattle meat, but due to the
meat of pigs. There is a significant imbalance in consumption, with pig meat forming the
basis of the population's diet, which is negatively assessed by nutritionists (Golovin, 2020b).
4. Discussions
The results obtained make it necessary to determine the state's activity in supporting
agriculture as quite effective, but there are several problematic points. So, despite the growth
in production volumes, there is a lag in vegetable growing, fruit growing, cattle breeding, as
well as milk production. These areas of agriculture form a healthy diet of the population, but
at present they are not able to cover the scientifically substantiated needs of the population
in these products. Instead, highly profitable, including export-oriented, areas actively
develop - grain farming and pig breeding (Golovin et al., 2020a). These areas are important,
and not only for obtaining export earnings, but shift of focus towards maximizing income
can cause irreparable harm to both food security and land resources.
Any state industry support is aimed at developing industry or specific direction of
production to the level where it can maintain its work at the level sufficient for the ongoing
development. Such industries were the cultivation of wheat, sugar beets, sunflowers, as well
as pig breeding. The feasibility of reducing state support for these areas will free up
significant financial resources, which it is advisable to direct into livestock breeding,
including dairy, vegetable growing, fruit growing, viticulture. An increase in state support
for these areas will increase production, and employment in rural areas, reduce imports and
open up new opportunities for the export of goods with high added value. Strengthening
government support will help curb the rise in prices for healthy foods included in the set of
"proper" nutrition.
The redistribution of state support will create the risk of an increase in prices for bread
and pork, but there is some advantage in this. Nutritionists recommend reducing the
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consumption of these foods, which will happen when their prices rise, and they will be
replaced by other, healthier foods. However, it is unreasonable to completely deprive grain
industry of state support, it is necessary to preserve it in relation to the high-quality grain
produced, the development of breeding and seed production, as well as during the
implementation of projects to improve the production and logistics infrastructure (Zyukin
et al., 2020a). In Russia, the production of wheat of 3 and 4 grades prevails with 5 existing
ones, where 1 is the highest. It is necessary to switch to subsidizing the production of grain
only 1 and 2 grades and leave the rest of the production without subsidies. The growth in the
grain production of 1 and 2 grades will significantly increase the size of export earnings, since
the price of wheat of the 1 grade is twice more than 5 of the fifth grade (Zyukin et al., 2020b).
Thus, the need to shift the focus towards supporting the production of vegetables and
fruit and berry crops, as well as dairy and beef cattle breeding will help increase the
production of food with high added value, curb the rise in prices for these products, form
healthier diet of the population, and ensure the availability food. At the same time, shift of
focus for supporting the production of grades 1 and 2 will increase export earnings, and the
quality of grain products in the country will increase. In pig breeding, the shift of state
support from growing to processing will also increase the export of products with high
added value.
Conclusions
In the course of the study, the following conclusions were made:
1. The total volume of food production in Russia increases. During the study period,
the production of cereals and legumes increased, with the exception of crops such as rye,
triticale, barley, oats, millet, and rice. The production volumes of industrial and fruit crops
show rather high growth rates. Among vegetable and food melons, only potatoes showed
dynamics of production decrease. Production of cattle meat and honey decreased. The rest of
the categories of meat, as well as milk and eggs showed an increase in production.
2. Assessment of the impact of the extensive factor on the volume of food production
showed that the strongest impact is traced in relation to all cereals, with the exception of
corn. The growth in the production of industrial crops also maintains, including due to the
extensive factor. Vegetables and melons showed an increase in production volumes with a
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decreasing area under crops. The decrease in the production of cattle meat and honey due to
the extensive factor.
3. The analysis of crop yields makes it possible to evaluate the efforts of agricultural
producers as effective. This estimate is determined by the growing yield of almost all crops,
with the exception of spring barley, millet, and legumes. Intensification of livestock
production provides an increase in productivity for meat products and milk, and on the
contrary, a decrease in eggs and honey. However, even the existing growth rates are
insufficient to ensure high profitability of production, and, consequently, for sustainable
incoming development.
4. Analysis of the average selling prices of agricultural products by commodity
producers indicates a widespread growth, which leads to a decrease in the availability of
food. Among the products of plant origin, only buckwheat, potatoes and food melons showed
a decrease. There is a decrease in the price of buckwheat and greater return to the current
price after a shortage of the product and corresponding increase in prices in 2015-2017. The
decrease in prices for potatoes and food melons is more of temporary market changes.
5. Assessment of food consumption has revealed a number of ambiguous trends. Thus,
the reduction in the consumption of bread products, potatoes, sugar can be attributed to the
positive trend. The increase in consumption of vegetable oil, eggs, and egg products, as well
as a decrease in the consumption of dairy and fish products, fruits, and berries, according to
doctors, is a negative trend. The situation with an increase in the consumption of vegetables
and food melons is undoubtedly positive. The increase in meat consumption is generally
positive, but the shift of focus to pork and low consumption of beef and poultry also have a
negative impact on public health.
Acknowledgments and Funding
The study was carried out within the framework of the project for the
implementation of an intra-university grant under the Southwestern State University
Development Program (PRIORITY-2030) No. PR2030 / 2021-58.
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