DEPÓSITO LEGAL ZU2020000153  
Esta publicación científica en formato digital  
es continuidad de la revista impresa  
ISSN 0041-8811  
E-ISSN 2665-0428  
Revista  
de la  
Universidad  
del Zulia  
Fundada en 1947  
por el Dr. Jesús Enrique Lossada  
Ciencias  
Sociales  
y Arte  
Año 12 N° 34  
Septiembre - Diciembre 2021  
Tercera Época  
Maracaibo-Venezuela  
REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 12 N° 34, 2021  
Marzhan U. Suleibanova et al// Heterogeneity of signs and classification criteria for compound… 558-571  
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.34.30  
Heterogeneity of signs and classification criteria for compound  
words  
Marzhan U. Suleibanova *  
Lyudmila M. Dudarova **  
Marziyat M. Bidanok **  
ABSTRACT  
The purpose of the article is to draw attention to the fact of the development of  
compositology in languages of different grammatical structures and in the Iberian-Caucasian  
in particular. We used classification, descriptive methods, linguistic analysis techniques,  
which are widely used by all researchers who work with the material of specific languages or  
linguistic groups. The method of typological comparison used in this study should be  
especially highlighted, which confirms the sufficient efficiency when comparing languages of  
different genetic and structural affiliation. The main and easily established difference when  
comparing the word-formation systems of the Chechen and Russian, for example, languages,  
is that in the Chechen language, of the two main ways of forming words (word production  
and base formation), the second clearly predominates. The reliance of the Chechen word-  
formation on the basis is not a new phenomenon and not a specificity of the Chechen  
language. It is known that in many languages, word-formation affixes historically go back to  
the components of additions. Consequently, compounding precedes affixation. Composites  
in Nakh languages go back to syntactic combinations of words and the most acceptable for  
the Chechen language is the classification according to the method of their formation.  
KEY WORDS: classification and typologization of complex words; heterogeneity of features  
of composites; derivational systems of the Chechen and Russian languages.  
*Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Russian Language Department, Chechen State  
University. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3956-0227. E-mail: sulejbanova.ru@mail.ru  
**Candidate of Philological Sciences, Professor, Head of the Russian language department  
Ingush State University. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6429-2669. E-mail:  
lyuda.dudarova@mail.ru  
*
**Doctor of Philology, Deputy Director for Science, Adyghe Republican Institute for  
Humanitarian Research named after T.M. Kerashev. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-  
401-0736. E-mail: marziyatbidanok@mail.ru  
7
Recibido: 02/06/2021  
Aceptado: 30/07/2021  
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Marzhan U. Suleibanova et al// Heterogeneity of signs and classification criteria for compound… 558-571  
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.34.30  
Heterogeneidad de signos y criterios de clasificación para palabras  
compuestas  
RESUMEN  
El objetivo del artículo es llamar la atención sobre el hecho del desarrollo de la  
compositología en lenguas de diferentes estructuras gramaticales y en el ibérico-  
caucásico en particular. Se utilizaron técnicas de clasificación, métodos descriptivos,  
análisis lingüístico, que son ampliamente utilizadas por todos los investigadores que  
trabajan con el material de lenguas o grupos lingüísticos específicos. Cabe destacar  
especialmente el método de comparación tipológica utilizado en este estudio, que  
confirma la eficacia suficiente a la hora de comparar lenguas de diferente filiación  
genética y estructural. La principal y fácilmente establecida diferencia al comparar los  
sistemas de formación de palabras de los idiomas checheno y ruso, por ejemplo, es que  
en el idioma checheno, de las dos formas principales de formar palabras (producción  
de palabras y formación de bases), predomina claramente la segunda. La dependencia  
de la formación de la palabra chechena en la base no es un fenómeno nuevo ni una  
especificidad de la lengua chechena. Se sabe que, en muchos idiomas, los afijos de  
formación de palabras históricamente se remontan a los componentes de las adiciones.  
En consecuencia, la composición precede a la colocación. Los compuestos en lenguas  
nakh se remontan a combinaciones sintácticas de palabras y la más aceptable para la  
lengua chechena es la clasificación según el método de su formación.  
PALABRAS CLAVE: clasificación y tipificación de palabras complejas; heterogeneidad  
de las características de los compuestos; sistemas derivacionales de las lenguas  
chechena y rusa.  
Introduction  
Among the numerous languages of the peoples of the Caucasus, there are languages  
that have been studied relatively poorly. These include Chechen and other Nakh languages.  
There are still many questions, linguistic units and categories in Nakh linguistics that  
have not been fully studied. The sphere of word formation and especially composite word  
formation stands out in this group of questions.  
Thus, the relevance of this study is explained by: first, the need for a comprehensive  
study of the poorly studied word-formation system of the Chechen and other Nakh languages  
in general; secondly, in the opinion of most researchers, insufficient knowledge of the  
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Marzhan U. Suleibanova et al// Heterogeneity of signs and classification criteria for compound… 558-571  
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.34.30  
fundamental structure, which is the main way of forming words in Chechen and other Nakh  
(
and in general Caucasian) languages; thirdly, the need to solve a number of problems of  
practical grammar, especially those associated with the differentiation of complex words,  
phrases and spelling of complex words.  
The classifiability of language units varies, and according to many researchers,  
compound words are particularly distinguished in this regard: “We will always try to build  
classifications, but it should be borne in mind that compound words are not a category that  
meets the classification requirements well and are unlikely to be classified at all” (Marchand,  
1
960).  
The problem of classification and typology of compound words is associated with  
certain difficulties of both structural and semantic order. The diversity and heterogeneity of  
features and criteria for classifying compound words in General linguistic terms sometimes  
face a similar variety of linguistic reality, which imposes additional difficulties that prevent  
the creation of a unified classification scheme for compound words that would fit all  
languages and meet the requirements for the classification of language units.  
The task of the researcher is to correctly reveal the commonality and difference of  
elements, based on the common principles of a particular classification.  
In our opinion, it is advisable to choose such of the existing classification principles  
that can somehowhelp to reveal the material nature, semantic essence and degree of cohesion  
of components.  
To consider the classification of compound words, it is also necessary to clarify the  
term for the concept of “compound word”.  
The main purpose of this study is to provide scientific coverage of systemic semantic  
phenomena in the field of the selected word-formation subsystem of the Chechen language,  
to identify the internal laws of the composite word-formation system and the related  
regularities of semantic changes in derived units and the factors that determine them. This is  
done on the basis of the material provided directly by the language (mainly in its written  
manifestation), taking into account the information accumulated in the scientific literature  
on the issue of compound words in the Caucasian and other languages, which made it  
possible to characterize the Nakh word composition system in its current state and in its  
development.  
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.34.30  
In accordance with the set goal, the following specific tasks have been set and solved  
in the work:  
) to conduct a critical review of the main provisions in the interpretation of complex  
1
formations in Russian and Caucasian linguistics and establish the state of knowledge of this  
problem;  
2) to reveal the national-linguistic peculiarity of the identification of a complex word  
in the Nakh languages;  
3) to analyze the classification of complex formations proposed in linguistics and  
determine the optimal classification option for Nakh composites.  
1
. Research Methods  
The article used the classification method, the descriptive method, and the techniques  
of linguistic analysis, which are widely used by all researchers working with the material of  
specific languages or linguistic groups.  
The method of typological comparison used in this study should be especially  
highlighted, which confirms the sufficient efficiency when comparing languages of different  
genetic and structural affiliation. The specified research method has been successfully used  
in research devoted to one language or a group of languages; the consideration of which  
against the background of as many other languages as possible often makes it possible to  
identify and explain such facts and features of the studied language that could not be found  
without such a background.  
2
. Results and discussion  
2.1. Classification of compound words according to the dominance components  
According to the tradition dating back to ancient times, Indian grammars establish  
four types of compound words, depending on the dominance of the components: the main  
thing in some composites is the meaning of the first element, the meaning of the second  
element in others, the main thing is the meaning controlled by an extraneous word in some,  
and the meaning of both components in the rest.  
Indian grammarians have appropriately given them the following names:  
авьяйибхава, татпурша, бахуврихи, двандва.  
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.34.30  
T.A. Chavchavadze, the author of the monograph “Nominal Composition in the New  
Persian Language,” notes: “The types of compound words highlighted by the Indians can be  
stated in different languages and even languages of completely different origins, different  
systems. The Indian classification system of composites is universal due to its optimality”  
(
Chavchavadze, 1981).  
Thus, the characterization of compound words on this basis has a positive meaning  
from the point of viewof the dominant role of the components of compound words. However,  
it is clearly insufficient to clarify the essential nature of compound words and the relationship  
of their components.  
2.2. Classification of compound words by the presence or absence of a  
connecting element between components  
This tradition is very strong in Russian linguistics.  
In Russian, with the help of the vowels “о” and “е”, components can be connected both  
in subordinate (снегопад, нефтеперерабатывающий) and in compositional (лесостепь,  
научно-технический) communication. Other elements can also act as a connecting  
morpheme (interfix):  
a) after the bases of quantitative numerals, a connecting morpheme appears,  
homonymous with the ending of the genitive case of the numeral (пятилетка, двухтомник,  
трехрублевый, сорокалетний);  
b) after the components дв(а) and пол - in a number of formations the interfix --у-  
(
двуногий, полугодие) is distinguished;  
c) before the -метр component there is -и- (дозиметр, сантиметр);  
d) after the stems of verbs, in some additions, a connecting morpheme is distinguished,  
homonymous with the ending of the imperative mood (перекати-поле, вертихвостка).  
This classification is convenient for establishing the formal types of compound words,  
but according to this principle, it is impossible to reveal either the relationship or the lexical  
and grammatical nature of the components, and it is impossible to establish all varieties of  
compound words.  
2.3. Classification of compound words by the lexical and grammatical nature of  
their components  
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.34.30  
It helps to establish the structural features of compound words and to find out to  
which part of speech this or that component belongs, thereby to reveal the lexical and  
grammatical nature of compound words. It is this principle that, as a rule, is observed in the  
basis of the description of compound words in many scientific grammars. It can also be used  
to classify compound words in modern Nakh languages. According to the peculiarities of  
form, meaning and functions, Nakh compound words can be divided into three main  
morphological categories:  
1
) compound names (nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numbers);  
) compound verbs;  
) compound unchangeable parts of speech (including incomplete words).  
2
3
Our research focuses on compound names (nouns and adjectives) and compound  
verbs; composites related to other parts of speech are considered in connection with other  
issues.  
It should be borne in mind that there is no degree of cohesion of the components in  
this classification, i.e. the qualitative side of the most difficult word. We also believe that this  
principle is more suitable not for specific, but for subspecies classification.  
2.4. Classification of compound words by the syntactic relationship of  
components  
Researchers distinguish between two main types of compound words for this  
characteristic:  
1
) compositional - a combination of equal components;  
2) subordinate - a combination of components, among which the main and dependent  
are distinguished (such a relation of components can be in the nature of a relationship  
between a definition and a defined or addition and a manager).  
Determining the nature of the relationship between components, of course, helps to  
establish the essence of compound words, the degree of cohesion of components. Therefore,  
this principle is quite acceptable when studying word composition. However, when studying  
compound words, one should not directly transfer the syntactic relationships of words that  
exist in free phrases to the relationships of components, as is observed in some works.  
2.5. Classifications based on semantic characteristics  
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.34.30  
In the research literature, there are also a number of classifications based on semantic  
characteristics. So, for example, T.B. Kuzminskaya finds it possible and convenient to divide  
compound words in modern Czech literary language into two groups based on the different  
ratio of the general meaning of the composite to the set of component meanings: non-  
idiomatic and idiomatic (Kuzminskaya, 1955). T.B. Kuzminskaya includes in the first group  
composites that are semantically equivalent to the corresponding phrases, and in the second  
-
composites, the meanings of which, although usually based to a greater or lesser extent on  
the general meaning of the components, do not coincide with it and therefore cannot be  
derived from it.  
In the study by M.D. Stepanova, based on the material of the German language, these  
linguistic units were respectively named “separately directed” and “whole-directed”  
compound words (Stepanova, 1953). Based on the degree of obscuration of their semantic  
motivation, she subdivides “whole-directed” compound words into three subtypes:  
a) compound words, the semantic motivation of which can be considered completely  
obscured. The author believes that such words can be considered borderline in relation to  
the root, due to the complete semantic break of their components with the supporting words;  
b) compound words, the semantic motivation of which is a conditional figurative  
characteristic of the designated object or phenomenon, in other words, a rethinking of one of  
the components or compounds, which, in general, are more or less clearly felt;  
c) compound words, the components of which can be easily correlated, from a  
semantic point of view, with reference words.  
According to the author, such a classification is, to a large extent, conditional, because  
it “does not cover all possible types of rethinking of components and compounds, in general,  
within this large and extremely productive class of words in the modern German language”  
(
Stepanova, 1953).  
Perhaps there is no language in which, to one degree or another, word composition is  
not used to express new concepts and grammatical categories. Some types predominate in  
some languages, and others in others; in some the word composition is more developed, in  
others less. E. Sapir correctly remarked about compound words and their types: “The variety  
of types of addition is amazing. These types vary according to the function, the nature of the  
elements and their order” (Sapir, 1934).  
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There is an opinion among Caucasian scholars that compound words can be classified  
according to their structure, composition, semantics, origin of the members, communication  
methods, laws of education. However, the above features do not cover all types of compound  
words. For example, when classifying by structure, as well as by the ways of linking  
components or by syntactic criterion, such types of compound words as repetitions and  
compound words remain outside the classification.  
Some features, such as, for example, semantics, composition and origin of components,  
can serve as the basis for intraspecific classification, in particular for the classification of  
compound words themselves. The basis for the classification of compound words is  
undoubtedly their difference in part of speech: we distinguish between compound nouns,  
adjectives, verbs, adverbs, pronouns, numerals, onomatopoeic words, etc. The study of each  
of the types distinguished by this feature is of certain interest. Using the material of the Nakh  
languages and the Caucasian languages in general, for example, it is interesting to trace how  
onomatopoeia are formed in general and in particular paired onomatopoeia. I.A. Mazanaev  
notes that sound-visual words are “widespread in the Caucasian languages” (Mazanaev,  
1
988), words formed by adding sound-visual words are rather wide.  
The classifications of compound words can, as you know, come from various features;  
it is not easy to combine them in one work. One, representing the most important, giving the  
most complete picture of the object of research, should apparently be chosen for  
completeness of the analysis of the material. In this regard, it seems to us the most significant  
classification of compound words by the method of their formation. On this basis, five types  
of compound words can be distinguished in modern Nakh languages:  
1
) repetitions formed by repeating the same word or part of a word: Chechen к1айн-  
к1айн Ingush к1ей-к1ей, “white-white”, 1аьржа-1аьржа “black-black”, хаза-хаза “the  
most beautiful”, дика-дика "the best"; Ingush хоза-хазаг1 “the most beautiful”, дика-  
дикаг1 “the best”, etc. Similar paired formations - adjectives are used in both Vainakh  
languages and in another sense – “possessing this feature to the greatest extent than others,  
also having this quality”for example, к1айн-к1ай “the whitest of the other whites”. If one  
draws a conclusion, relying on the well-known dictionary of N. and D. Kadagidze, such  
paired formations, as well as paired composites in general in the Batsbi language, have not  
become widespread, while borrowings from the Georgian language are often used when  
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naming the corresponding objects and concepts.  
Obviously, in other cases related to the formation of words by means of constitution,  
there are clear similarities between Chechen and Ingush, on the one hand, and the Batsbi  
language, on the other, there are significant differences between these two conventional  
groups of Nakh languages.  
The fact that the word-formation system of the Batsbi language is related to the  
Chechen and Ingush languages is, of course, the place that the method of foundation takes in  
it: this method is used and, according to all indications, was actively used in the past to  
replenish the vocabulary of the language in the Batsbi language. In this sense, one cannot  
agree with the point of view of G.A. Klimov, who asserted, referring to the Nakh languages,  
that “word composition plays a very modest role in nominal and especially in verbal word  
formation, which sharply opposes these languages to the Abkhaz-Adyg languages” (Klimov,  
1
986). This clearly contradicts the position postulated in Nakh linguistics that in the word  
formation of the Nakh languages the leading role belongs to compositing. But it's not only  
that. A similar opinion could also be formed due to the fact that, on the one hand, the word  
formation of the Nakh languages has been studied insufficiently, on the other hand, a line has  
not been drawn between phrases and compound words, therefore many facts of the  
formation of compound words in the Nakh languages could remain outside the field of view  
of researchers. In fact, as our material shows, there is little reason to talk about the "modest  
role" of word composition in the Batsbi and Vainakh languages, while the Batsbi language,  
apparently, even "leads" in the formation of compound words of individual lexico-  
derivational groups.  
The grounds for such a conclusion are provided, for example, by the facts of the  
formation of compound words in the Batsbi language to designate such concepts that the  
Chechen and Ingush languages can only express by phrases or descriptive constructions:  
н
пстIунли “married” (cf. Chechen зуда ялийна), пстIуйно “married woman” (Chechen  
доьзал, Ingush диезал “family” here is not equivalent to Batsbi пстIубадри,, since it means  
a family with her husband), нандад “parents; mother and father” (Chechen дай, наний),  
лам-бар “ mountains and valleys; the whole world ”(cf. Chechen дерриг дуьне; дуьне).  
On the other hand, in the Batsbi language, composite formations are noted to denote  
concepts expressed in the Vainakh languages in one word: dokImossin “evil, with an evil  
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н
н
heart” (Chechen вуо , Ingush вуо ; цимхара), докIдаккхо “arrogant, proud” (cf. Chechen  
and Ingush кура, сонта), etc. (Suleibanova, 2008).  
On the other hand, as shown in the work on a fairly extensive material, word-  
formation types and structural models of individual composites, characteristic of the other  
two Nakh languages in the Batsbi language, are practically absent or represented by a smaller  
number of formations. Last but not least, this can be attributed to the significant influence of  
the Georgian language, from which the Batsbi language borrowed, as you know, about half  
of all words included in its vocabulary, including many semantic correspondences to the  
composite formations of the Chechen and Ingush languages.  
2) paired words formed by pairing (combining) two different (but related in meaning)  
words: Chechen daar-malar “food, treat”, literally “даар-малар”, могуш-парг1ат “health,  
well-being”, literally “healthy-free”, Ingush даар-малар, могуш-парг1ат; Chechen да-  
нана “parents” (literally "father-mother"), Ingush as well; шича-маьхча, ing. шуча-мохча  
(
cousin-second cousin (brother; sister), кад-Iайг, Ingush кад-Iаг " kitchen utensils  
"
(literally “bowl-spoon”, муотт-гIайба “bed” (literally “bed-pillow”) and others. In Batsbi,  
this type of paired formations also did not become widespread, although there are separate  
formations: нан-дад “parents”, literally “father-mother” (but in a different order - дад-нан  
–
“grandmother”); usually such formations in the Batsbi language are a combination of two  
components, the first of which is a truncated form of the genitive case of the name, which  
coincides with the main (nominative), therefore, they are not pure additions and correspond  
to Chechen and Ingush composites such as денваша, денана: cf. Batsbi дадвашо “uncle  
(
father's brother)”, дадйешо “aunt (father's sister)”; one cannot but pay attention to the fact  
that in the Batsbi language some formations of this type fixed by the dictionary are noted,  
which are absent in Chechen and Ingush: йохь-вохь “girl and boy; daughter and son”, мар-  
пстIу “spouses: husband and wife” (this concept in Chechen is conveyed by the  
compositional phrase зудий, майрий), for example (Kadagidze, 1984), lexicographed as  
compoundwords are not distinguished in Chechen and Ingush, although the combination  
itself is used when it comes, say, about the presence of someone, respectively two children -  
girls and a boy (йоI, кIант “girl and boy”, йоI, кIант “boy and girl”);  
3) determinative compoundwords formed by combining two or more stems (they  
differ in a wide variety of particular models): латтаохкург “digger”, дойлелориг “horse  
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breeder”, чилхьесан “silk”; Batsbi дабцIмакар “to be able to recognize; the possibility of  
recognition”, докIпшелин “cold (man), from докI “heart” and пшелин “cold”; the  
widespread prevalence of determinative compoundwords in the Batsbi language is  
evidenced, for example, by the fact that with only the first component дакI-/дайкI-, used, as  
the authors of the corresponding dictionary note, as “a constituent part of compoundwords  
or phrases” (Kadagidze, 1984), the corresponding dictionary records more than 20 compound  
words.  
4
) compound-suffix words formed by addition and simultaneous affixation;  
5) compound abbreviated words formed by reducing two or more bases:  
райисполком “regional executive committee”, педсовет “pedagogical council”, etc .; being  
borrowed from the Russian language, such compound words in the Chechen and Ingush  
languages do not have their own word-formation motivation, based on the corresponding  
components; the same applies to some correspondences of such words in the Batsbi language,  
which differ from the Chechen and Ingush words in a partially altered phonetic structure.  
The third and fourth types of compound words not only received development in the  
Batsbi language, they are represented here even more widely than in Chechen and Ingush,  
taking into account the peculiarities of their formation and the fact that in the corresponding  
composites of the Batsbi language, as one of the components, stems borrowed from Georgian  
language words.  
The division of compound words into certain types and the identification of specific  
properties and features that distinguish them from each other is of great theoretical and  
practical importance. This makes it possible to specifically judge each of their types, to  
comprehensively study the specific properties and characteristics that distinguish one or  
another species from other compound formations.  
Conclusion  
Compound words are one of the most important objects of study in word formation.  
Particularly important is increased attention to them when it comes to languages in which  
affixation is limited and the expansion of the vocabulary occurs mainly by merging two or  
more words into one.  
It should be expected that the formation of words in this way obeys some general laws,  
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occurs according to models and "principles of form formation" similar for different languages,  
and along with this, each language shows its own specific features in the implementation of  
these general principles and models. The study of word formation in the Nakh and foreign-  
structural languages (of which the Russian language is most actively compared with the  
Chechen and Nakh languages in general), allows us to conclude that they use common  
methods of forming new lexical units (words): a) word production, 6) compounding.  
In each of these methods, one can find signs common to all these languages, including  
the Russian language, which form that stable set of interrelated and interdependent  
characteristics, which it seems possible to call the “type of word formation”.  
The most important and easily identifiable difference when comparing the word-  
formation systems of the Chechen and Russian, for example, languages, is that of the two  
named main ways of forming words (word production and fundamental formation), the  
second clearly prevails in the Chechen language. The reliance of the Chechen word formation  
on the basis is not a new phenomenon and not a specificity of the Chechen language. It is  
known that in many languages, word-formation affixes historically go back to the  
components of additions. Consequently, compounding precedes affixation. This  
phenomenon does not speak in favor of the position that the archaic nature of the language  
is the reason for the spread of word composition, and, conversely, if we proceed from this  
position, then the archaism of the language should serve as the reason for the spread of  
affixation as a secondary stage in the development of language, a stage of higher abstraction  
and technization of linguistic elements ... With regard to the Nakh languages, it can be  
argued that these languages have, since ancient times, a method of constitution, rooted in the  
period of the amorphous structure of these languages. This is evidenced by the compound  
toponyms of the mountainous strip of Chechnya and Ingushetia, in which there are no traces  
of material indicators of grammatical forms (Пхьамта, пхьакочи, etc.). New nouns in the  
past most often arose by adding the stems of two or more nouns (белш-корта – “the head  
of the humerus”, церг-ков – “nick”, etc.).  
On the other hand, the activation of composite word formation in many languages,  
including the Nakh languages we are studying, as well as in the Slavic number of Romano-  
Germanic languages, a significant expansion of the proportion of vocabulary formed in this  
way in them, suggests that, apparently, to raise the question in the plane of precedence of  
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compound words to lexical units formed by the suffix method is not entirely correct. It must  
be assumed that each language or group of languages at the time of their formation had their  
own peculiarities of the formation and development of signs of the grammatical structure, in  
particular, the choice of the leading methods and means of forming words, but, nevertheless,  
the addition or fusion of two or more words in any the case took a certain place in them.  
Structurally and genetically, composites in the Nakh languages go back to syntactic  
combinations of words that are agglutinatively fused into one word as a result of prolonged  
and frequent use.  
We had to choose from a variety of known a certain classification principle, which is  
designed to help reveal the material nature, semantic essence and degree of cohesion of  
components for further in-depth analysis of composite formations in the Chechen language.  
The most acceptable basic classification of such units is the classification of compound  
words by the way they are formed. On this basis, as noted in the chapter, the following are  
distinguished: 1) repetitions formed by repeating the same word or part of a word (к1айн-  
к1айн “white-white”, 1аьржа-1аьржа “black-black”, хаза-хаза “the most beautiful”, дика-  
дика “the best”) ; 2) paired words formed by pairing (combining) two different (but related  
in meaning) words (даар-малар “food, treat”, literally “food-drink”, могуш-парг1ат  
“
health, well-being”); 3) determinative compoundwords formed by combining two or more  
stems (they are distinguished by a wide variety of particular models); 4) compound suffix  
words formed by addition and simultaneous affixation; 5) compoundabbreviated words  
formed by reducing two or more bases: райисполком “regional executive committee”,  
педсовет “pedagogical council”, etc .; being borrowed from the Russian language, such  
compound words in the Chechen and Ingush languages do not have their own word-  
formation motivation, based on the corresponding components; the same can be said about  
the compound-abbreviated words in the Batsbi language, into which they entered not  
directly from the Russian language, but through the Georgian language.  
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