Revista
de la
Universidad
del Zulia
Fundada en 1947
por el Dr. Jesús Enrique Lossada
DEPÓSITO LEGAL ZU2020000153
ISSN 0041-8811
E-ISSN 2665-0428
Ciencias del
Agro
Ingeniería
y Tecnología
Año 12 N° 32
Enero - Abril 2021
Tercera Época
Maracaibo-Venezuela
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.32.08
102
Possibility of using technogenically polluted floodplain landscapes
A.L. Silaev *
E.V. Smolsky **
G.V. Chekin ***
V. Yu. Simonov ****
A. Novikov *****
ABSTRACT
The article provides a modern assessment of technogenically polluted floodplain landscapes of
various rivers of the Polesian Lowland. The carried out ecological monitoring of productivity,
radioactivity of perennial grasses and fertility of floodplain soils revealed the following results,
tendencies and regularities: the most favorable set of conditions for obtaining an air-dry mass of
grasses with the highest productivity up to 5 t / ha was found on the floodplain of the Iput River,
possibly used as hayfields floodplain lands at present, with a
137
Cs pollution density below 555 kBq
/ m
2
obtained after the Chernobyl accident, the use of floodplains as hayfields with a
137
Cs pollution
density above 555 kBq / m
2
is impossible, coarse fodder from the floodplains of the Iput and Besed
rivers is 6.4 and 6.6 times higher than the permissible level of
137
Cs content in products, the content
of organic matter, calcium and magnesium grew in the landscape of the floodplain by subsystems:
near-river → central → near-terrace landscape, a high content of mobile phosphorus and
exchangeable potassium, respectively, from 227 to 362 and 122 to 266 mg / kg were found in the near-
terrace subsystem of the studied floodplains, the effect of fertility on an increase in productivity is
positive, with the exception of the effect of acidity and negative on an increase in specific activity
137
Cs, established an average role (0.30 ˂ r ˂ 0.70) of fertility indicators in increasing productivity,
the correlation coefficient (r) ranged from 0.41 to 0.64 and -0.38, revealed a strong role (r ˃ 0.70) of
the content of phosphorus available for a plant in a decrease in the specific activity of
137
Cs in the air-
dry mass of grasses, the correlation coefficient (r) was –0.70.
KEY WORDS: radioactive contamination, floodplain meadow, alluvial soil, indicators of soil fertility,
specific activity of
137
Cs, correlation, soil pollution, feed, productivity, radioactivity, soil fertility,
correlation.
*Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Agrochemistry, Soil
Science and Ecology, Bryansk State Agrarian University, 2A, Sovetskaya street. E-mail:
kafeap@bgsha.com
**Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Agrochemistry, Soil
Science and Ecology, Bryansk State Agrarian University, 2A, Sovetskaya street. E-mail: sev_84@mail.ru
***Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science
and Ecology, Bryansk State Agrarian University, 2A, Sovetskaya street. E-mail: gb-swamp@yandex.ru
**** Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Agronomy, Breeding
and Seed Production, Bryansk State Agrarian University, 2A, Sovetskaya street. E-mail:
simonov_84@mail.ru
*****Student Bryansk State Agrarian University, 2A, Sovetskaya street, village of Kokkino, Vygonichsky
district, Bryansk region, Russia,243365
Recibido: 27/10/2020 Aceptado: 08/12/2020
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103
Posibilidad de utilizar llanuras aluviales contaminadas
tecnogénicamente
El artículo ofrece una evaluación de los paisajes de llanuras aluviales contaminadas
tecnológicamente, de varios ríos de las tierras bajas de Polesian. El monitoreo ecológico
realizado de productividad, radiactividad de gramíneas perennes y fertilidad de suelos de
llanura aluvial reveló los siguientes resultados, tendencias y regularidades: el conjunto de
condiciones más favorables para obtener una masa de gramíneas secas al aire con la mayor
productividad hasta 5 t / ha se encontró en la llanura aluvial del río Iput, posiblemente
utilizada como tierras de llanura aluvial de campos de heno en la actualidad, con una densidad
de contaminación de 137Cs inferior a 555 kBq / m2 obtenida después del accidente de
Chernobyl, el uso de llanuras de inundación como campos de heno con una densidad de
contaminación de 137Cs superior a 555 kBq / m2 es imposible, el forraje grueso de las llanuras
aluviales de los ríos Iput y Besed es 6.4 y 6.6 veces mayor que el nivel permisible de contenido
de 137Cs en los productos, el contenido de materia orgánica, calcio y magnesio creció en el
paisaje de la llanura aluvial por subsistemas : paisaje cercano al río → central → cercano a la
terraza, un alto contenido de fósforo móvil y potasio intercambiable, respectivamente, de 227
a 362 a nd se encontraron 122 a 266 mg / kg en el subsistema de terrazas cercanas de las
llanuras de inundación estudiadas, el efecto de la fertilidad sobre el aumento de la
productividad es positivo, con excepción del efecto de la acidez y negativo sobre el aumento
de la actividad específica 137Cs, establecido un papel promedio (0,30 ˂ r ˂ 0,70) de los
indicadores de fecundidad en el aumento de la productividad, el coeficiente de correlación (r)
osciló entre 0,41 y 0,64 y -0,38, reveló un papel fuerte (r ˃ 0,70) del contenido de fósforo
disponible para un planta en una disminución en la actividad específica de 137Cs en la masa
seca al aire de gramíneas, el coeficiente de correlación (r) fue de –0,70.
PALABRAS CLAVES: contaminación radiactiva, pradera de llanura aluvial, suelo aluvial,
indicadores de fertilidad del suelo, actividad específica de 137Cs, correlación, contaminación
del suelo, alimentación, productividad, radiactividad, fertilidad del suelo, correlación.
Introduction
A special place among the various soils belongs to floodplain soils, which have a
strong difference from the soils of watershed areas both in their origin and characteristics, as
well as in their use in the process of management. Floodplain soils, occupying a relatively
small area, are still of significant value for agricultural production. (Balabko, Sneg, Lokalina,
et-al 2016; Dobrovol’ski, Balabko, Stasjuk et-al 2011; Oreshkin, Kuzmenkova., Ulyanochkina,
et-al 2000).
Floodplain soils in the central regions of the European part of Russia, which are in dire
need of the production of dairy products to supply cities and industrial centers
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(Dobrovol’ski,2005) are especially valuable, which is largely complicated by radioactive
contamination of a vast territory ( Aleksakhin, Sanzharova, Fesenko, 2006; Belous,
Prudnikov, Shcheglov,2019; Prosyannikov, Silaev, Koshelev 2000).
The non-chernozem zone of Russia has all the possibilities for the accelerated
development of dairy farming: vast land resources, fodder base (Chirkov, Drobyshevskaya, 2016;
Prosyannikov, Balabko, Prosyannikov, 2012; Trofimov, Trofimova, Yakovleva, 2010) fodder
production acquires particular importance in conditions of radioactive contamination of the
territory with artificial long-lived radionuclides, when the development of the region is
associated with the return to circulation of agricultural territories removed from agricultural
turnover as a result of the Chernobyl precipitation on them ( Aleksakhin, 2009; Belous, 2016;
Panov, Prudnikov, Titov, et-al 2019; Tsybulko, Panov, Titov, et-al 2020).
The aim of this work is to assess the current state of the use of technologically polluted
floodplains as hayfields and to assess the role of fertility in changing the productivity and
radioactivity of natural grass stand.
1. Material and research methods
The methodological basis for the study was the concept of environmental monitoring,
a systematic approach and the scientific provisions of agricultural radiology.
Soil and plant samples were taken within the floodplain landscapes of the Iput,
Unecha, Besed rivers located in the Polesian Lowland, technogenically contaminated as a
result of the Chernobyl accident, in 2019 after 33 years after the accident, to determine the
current state of soil fertility and the suitability of floodplain landscapes in meadow growing.
The territory of the floodplain, depending on its distance from the riverbed, is divided
into 3 subsystems: near-river, central and near-terrace. They differ in the composition of
alluvial deposits, relief, hydrology and, as a consequence, in vegetation and soil cover (Fig. 1).
Organic matter, exchangeable acidity, the content of mobile phosphorus and
exchangeable potassium, calcium and magnesium in soil samples were determined at the
center for collective use of scientific equipment at the Bryansk State Agrarian University
according to generally accepted methods.
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Alluvial Atmospheric TWS Slope TWS
TWS. Floodplain
near river central пear – terrace
пойма
Ground pressure TWS
a River
b
c
Waterproofing
Legend:
Floodplain ecological subsystems: TWS - type of water supply. River water level or flood: a - flood; b -
dry season on average for precipitation in a year; c - dry season in a dry year.
Fig. 1- Profile of a typical floodplain landscape
The soils of the study areas and data on technogenic pollution with
137
Cs are presented
in Table 1.
Table-1: Objects of research and their technogenic pollution
Floodplain
The soil
Unecha
River
Alluvial soddy acidic layered primitive shortened
sandy loam
Alluvial meadow acidic shallow shortened light
loamy
Alluvial humus-boggy medium loamy
Iput River
Alluvial soddy acidic layered primitive shortened
sandy loam
Alluvial meadow acidic shallow shortened light
loamy
Alluvial humus-boggy medium loamy
Besed
River
Alluvial soddy acidic layered primitive shortened
sandy loam
Alluvial meadow acidic shallow shortened light
loamy
Alluvial humus-boggy medium loamy
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Geobotanical survey of herbage of floodplain ecosystems was carried out according to
the generally accepted method (Table 2). To determine the productivity, a 0.25 m
2
frame was
used, placed on four counting sites, the plant mass from each counting site was dried to
standard moisture content (17%), and the yield of the air-dry grass mass was calculated.
Plants were sorted out according to economic characteristics: dominants used in meadow
growing, codominants - forbs, are not of economic value.
The specific activity of
137
Cs in the air-dry mass of grasses was determined at USK
"Gamma Plus" (Russia); the measurement error did not exceed 10%.
Correlation analysis of productivity and specific activity of
137
Cs of air-dry matter of
grasses and indicators of soil fertility was carried out; the number of pairs in the analysis was
9.
Table-2: Agrobotanical composition of herbage of floodplain landscapes
Floodplain
subsystem
Dominant
Sodominant
near-river
Alopecurus pratensis
Bromopsis inermis
Rumex thyrsiflorus
Achillea millefolium
Plantago media
Ranunculus acris
central
Digraphis arundinacea
Glyceria aquatica
Eqvisetum arvense
Filipendula ulmaria
near-terrace
Carex vulpina
Carex vesicaria
Carex acuta
Eqvisetum arvense
Lythrum salicaria
2. Research results and their discussion
The climatic conditions of the Polesian Lowland and the natural fertility of the soils
of the floodplain, to varying degrees, ensure the productivity of the floodplain landscape. The
most favorable set of conditions developed on the Iput River floodplain, where the total
productivity of the floodplain landscape was 5.07 t / ha of air-dry grass biomass, which is 1.8
times more than in the floodplains of the Unecha and Besed rivers (Table 3).
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Table-3: Productivity and specific activity of
137
Cs of air-dry mass of grasses in
floodplain meadows
Group of plants
Floodplain landscape
near-river
subsystem
central
subsystem
near-terrace
subsystem
P
SA
P
SA
P
SA
floodplain of the Unecha River
dominants
0,26
33,2
0,34
55,1
0,78
258,0
codominants
0,43
50,4
0,44
71,9
0,60
135,4
sum / average
0,69
41,8
0,78
63,5
1,38
196,7
floodplain of the Iput River
dominants
0,46
2045,0
1,63
2054,0
1,38
878,0
codominants
0,17
1278,0
0,41
1145,0
1,02
228,2
sum / average
0,63
1661,5
2,04
1599,5
2,40
553,1
floodplain of the Besed River
dominants
0,44
290,9
0,39
1180,0
1,12
54,1
codominants
0,31
290,9
0,24
2099,0
0,31
56,6
sum / average
0,75
290,9
0,63
1639,5
1,43
55,4
Note: P - productivity, t / ha, SA - specific activity of
137
C, Bq / kg
The predominance of an economically valuable group of plants in the central subsystem
of the floodplain of the Iput River, the place of the main meadow forage production, was
established. The productivity of dominants is 3.9 times higher than that of forbs. Forbs
prevailed in the central subsystem of the Unecha River floodplain, and the productivity of
economically valuable grasses in the Besed River floodplain was 1.6 times higher than the
biomass of forbs. Probably, such productivity of economically valuable grasses in the central
part of the floodplain of the Iput River is associated with the peculiarities of this floodplain
and human economic activity leading to its cultivation.
The productivity of the floodplain of the Iput River was at the levels of productivity of
the floodplain of the Desna River in its middle course located in the Dnieper lowland
(Prosyannikov, Balabko, Prosyannikov, 2011)
The central floodplains of the Unecha and Besed rivers, apparently, are little used in the
production of forage; therefore, forbs either predominates over economically valuable plants,
or were at the same level.
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As a result of the Chernobyl accident, the sections of the study area, according to the
density of radioactive contamination with
137
Cs, were arranged in the following order: the
floodplain of the Unecha River - 185-555 kBq / m
2
, the floodplain of the Iput River - 555-1480
kBq / m
2
, the floodplain of the Besed River - over 1480 kBq / m
2
(Sychev, Lunev, Orlov, et-al
2016).
According to the technical regulations of the Customs Union “On the safety of feed
and feed additives” (TR 201_ / 00_ / TC), at present the content of radionuclides in the air-
dry mass of grasses (hay) should not exceed 250 Bq / kg. After 33 years since the fallout of
radioactive fallout, the main dose-forming component of which was
137
Cs, the climatic
conditions of the Polesian Lowland and the natural fertility of the floodplain soils of the Iput
and Besedi rivers do not allow obtaining roughage with an acceptable content of
137
Cs in
products, without the use of protective measures, the excess in the central subsystem of the
floodplain by 6.4 and 6.6 times, respectively (Table 3). It was established that after 33 years
after the accident, it is possible to use floodplain lands with a
137
Cs contamination density of
185-555 kBq / m
2
as hayfields without the use of any rehabilitation measures. The use of the
central floodplains of the Iput and Besed rivers, even after 33 years after the Chernobyl
accident, is unacceptable without the use of protective measures to prevent the transfer of
radionuclide from soil to plants.
In the Polesian Lowland, the use of river floodplains with a
137
Cs contamination
density of the territory over 555 kBq / m
2
after the Chernobyl accident in fodder production
is unacceptable without special measures for the rehabilitation of these lands (Belous,
Smolsky, Chesalin, et-al 2016; Pakshina, Shapovalov, Chesalin, et-al 2019; Panov, Aleksakhin,
Muzalevskaya, et-al 2009)
Climatic conditions of the Polesian Lowland, vegetation, hydrology, geomorphology,
lithology of the territory form indicators of the fertility of floodplain soils (Table 4).
The following regularities of fertility indicators were established: the organic matter
of the soils of the floodplains of the Unecha, Iput, and Besed rivers increased from the
riverbed to the near-terrace subsystem, respectively, by 7.0, 2.7, and 13.4 times, which is
associated with the distribution of alluvium and the hydrological and geomorphological
conditions of the site; similar trends as with a change in organic matter were observed with
a change in the content of calcium and magnesium.
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Table-4: Indicators of soil fertility of floodplains
The soil
Organic
matter
рН
КС
l
Р
2
О
5
К
2
О
Са
Mg
%
units
mg / kg
mmol / 100 g
floodplain of the Unecha River
Alluvial soddy acidic layered primitive
shortened sandy loam
1,98
5,26
310
54
5,47
1,16
Alluvial meadow acidic shallow shortened
light loamy
3,15
4,52
241
73
9,72
1,66
Alluvial humus-boggy medium loamy
13,83
4,50
362
156
22,4
7
2,22
floodplain of the Iput River
Alluvial soddy acidic layered primitive
shortened sandy loam
3,93
4,12
57
102
5,82
1,10
Alluvial meadow acidic shallow
shortened medium loamy
7,15
4,13
116
140
12,32
1,35
Alluvial humus-boggy heavy loamy
10,67
4,36
339
122
19,12
2,06
floodplain of the Besed River
Alluvial soddy acidic layered primitive
shortened sandy loam
1,23
4,67
83
75
3,53
1,03
Alluvial soddy acidic low-power
shortened heavy loamy
1,89
4,39
77
39
12,03
1,26
Alluvial humus-boggy heavy loamy
16,48
4,45
227
266
22,7
6
2,97
The conditions of the Polissya lowland determine the acidic reaction of the soil
solution, which varies depending on the location of floodplains and soils in the range from
4.12 to 5.26 units.
A high content of mobile phosphorus was revealed, regardless of river floodplains, in
the near-terrace part, which varied from 227 to 362 mg / kg. A high content in the floodplain
of the Unecha River was also found in other parts of the floodplain, which is apparently due
to the presence of sedimentary rocks with a high concentration of phosphorus. Lower values
of 57 to 116 mg / kg were observed for the near-channel and central subsystems of the
floodplains of the Iput and Besed rivers.
A similar tendency was found for a high content of exchangeable potassium regardless
of river floodplains, in the near-terrace part, which varied from 122 to 266 mg / kg, a high
content in the Iput River floodplain was also found in other parts of the floodplain, which is
apparently due to the use of potassium use of radioactively contaminated forage lands. Lower
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values of 39 to 79 mg / kg were observed in the near-channel and central subsystems of the
floodplains of the Unecha and Besed rivers.
Having carried out a correlation analysis of the productivity of floodplains and the
specific activity of
137
Cs of air-dry matter of grasses and indicators of soil fertility (Table 5),
it was found that the correlation coefficients of the influence of fertility indicators on
productivity are positive, except for exchangeable acidity, and negative when correlated with
the specific activity of
137
Cs. With an increase in soil fertility, the productivity of the
floodplain ecosystem increases and the content of
137
Cs in the products obtained from
floodplain meadows decreases (Aleksakhin, Filipas, Ulyanenko, et-al 2007; Belous,
Vorobieva, Belous, et-al 2012; Podolyak, Timofeev, Grebenshchikova, et-al 2005).
Table 5 - Coefficients of correlation of productivity, specific activity of
137
Cs and air-dry
matter of grasses and indicators of soil fertility
Soil fertility indicator
Productivity, t / ha
Specific activity of
137
Cs,
Bq / kg
Organic matter, %
0,64
-0,29
рН
КС
l
, units
-0,38
-0,67
Р
2
О
5
, mg / kg
0,41
-0,70
К
2
О, mg / kg
0,52
-0,24
Са, mmol / 100 g soil
0,64
-0,22
Mg, mmol / 100 g soil
0,49
-0,47
An average role (0.30 ˂ r ˂ 0.70) of fertility indicators in increasing productivity was
revealed, the correlation coefficient (r) ranged from 0.41 to 0.64 and -0.38, which means that
with an increase in the content of organic matter and available to plants phosphorus,
potassium, calcium and magnesium, and with a decrease in exchangeable acidity, the
productivity of floodplain herbage increases. The largest coefficient (r = 0.64) of the
dependence of indicators was found for organic matter and calcium content.
We revealed a weak role (r ˂ 0.30) of organic matter, the content of potassium and
calcium available for a plant in a decrease in the specific activity of
137
Cs in the air-dry mass of
herbs. The correlation coefficient (r) ranges from –0.22 to –0.29, the average role (0.30 ˂ r ˂
0.70) of the content of magnesium available for the plant and acidity in the decrease in the
specific activity of
137
Cs in the air-dry mass of grasses, the correlation coefficient (r) ranged
from –0.47 to –0.67 and a strong role (r ˃ 0.70) of the content of phosphorus available for the
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plant in the decrease in the specific activity of
137
Cs in the air-dry mass of grasses, the
correlation coefficient (r) was is equal to –0.70.
Conclusion
The carried out ecological monitoring of the current state of technogenically polluted
floodplain lands of the Polesian Lowland revealed the following results, tendencies and
patterns:
the most favorable set of conditions for obtaining an air-dry mass of grasses of the highest
productivity up to 5 t / ha was found on the floodplain of the Iput River;
it is possible to use floodplains as hayfields, with a
137
Cs pollution density below 555 kBq
/ m
2
obtained after the Chernobyl accident, the use of floodplains as hayfields with a
137
Cs
pollution density above 555 kBq / m
2
is impossible, coarse fodder from the floodplains of the
Iput and Besed rivers, respectively 6.4 and 6.6 times the permissible level of
137
Cs content in
products;
the content of organic matter, calcium and magnesium grew in the ecosystem of the
floodplain by subsystems: near-channel → central → near-terrace;
a high content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium, respectively, from 227
to 362 and 122 to 266 mg / kg was found in the near-terrace subsystem of the studied
floodplains;
the effect of fertility on an increase in productivity is positive, with the exception of the
effect of acidity, and negative on an increase in the specific activity of
137
Cs;
established the average role (0.30 ˂ r ˂ 0.70) of fertility indicators in increasing
productivity, the correlation coefficient (r) ranged from 0.41 to 0.64 and –0.38;
revealed a strong role (r ˃ 0.70) of the content of phosphorus available for a plant in a
decrease in the specific activity of
137
Cs in the air-dry mass of grasses, the correlation coefficient
(r) was –0.70.
Conflict of Interest: absent
Source of Funding: absent
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112
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