Actitudes de los atletas con discapacidad auditiva hacia los derechos humanos en el deporte İbrahim Dalbudak Assistant Professor, Uşak University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Uşak, Türkiye. E-mail: dalbudakibo@hotmail.com; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2380-803X Resumen. El objetivo de este estudio es examinar las actitudes de los atletas con discapacidad auditiva hacia los derechos humanos en el deporte. En el estudio partici- paron voluntariamente 119 atletas con discapacidad auditiva seleccionados mediante un método de muestreo aleatorio simple en diferentes provincias de Turquía. Para la recopilación de datos, se utilizó la “Escala de Actitudes hacia los Derechos Humanos en el Deporte” (HRASS) desarrollada por Sadık (2014), que consta de 3 subdimensiones y 29 ítems. Las diferencias entre los grupos se analizaron con las pruebas “Mann-Whitney U” y “Análisis de Varianza Unidireccional de Kruskal-Wallis (K-W ANOVA)”, y se de- terminó de qué grupos provenían las diferencias mediante la prueba “Dunn Bonferroni”. Los puntajes totales de HRASS y sus subdimensiones no muestran diferencias estadís- ticamente significativas según el género y el grado de discapacidad auditiva. Según la variable de edad, se encontraron diferencias en las subdimensiones de “derechos perso- nales”, “derechos sociales” y en los puntajes totales de HRASS; según el nivel de ingresos, se encontraron diferencias en las subdimensiones de “derechos personales”, “derechos de solidaridad” y en los puntajes totales de HRASS; según el nivel educativo, se encontraron diferencias en las subdimensiones de “derechos personales”, “derechos sociales” y “dere- chos de solidaridad” en función del estado de discapacidad. En la revisión de la literatura, no se encontró ningún estudio sobre las actitudes de los atletas con discapacidad auditiva y otras discapacidades hacia los derechos humanos en el deporte. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del estudio es examinar dichas actitudes. Dentro de este marco, el principal propósito de la investigación es determinar las actitudes de los atletas con discapacidad auditiva hacia los derechos humanos en el deporte. Se considera que los resultados de la investigación servirán de base para futuras actividades e investigaciones destinadas a llenar esta laguna. En consecuencia, se puede realizar una evaluación de la relación entre el deporte y los de- rechos humanos de los atletas con discapacidad auditiva. Nuestro estudio puede orientar los trabajos que se realicen en el futuro. Palabras clave: discapacidad auditiva, atleta, derechos humanos en el deporte, actitud. Recibido: 13/01/2025 ~ Aceptado: 20/02/2025 INTERACCIÓN Y PERSPECTIVA Revista de Trabajo Social ISSN 2244-808X ~ Dep. Legal pp 201002Z43506 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15107062 Vol. 15 (2): 583 - 595 pp, 2025

584 Dalbudak Interacción y Perspectiva. Revista de Trabajo Social Vol. 15(2): 2025 Attitudes of hearing-impaired athletes towards human rights in sports Abstract. e aim of this study is to examine the attitudes of hearing-impaired ath- letes towards human rights in sports. 119 hearing-impaired athletes selected by simple random method in different provinces in Turkey participated in the study voluntarily. In order to collect the data, the ‘Human Rights Attitude Scale in Sports‘ developed by Sadık (2014), which consists of 3 sub-dimensions and 29 items, was used. e differenc- es between the groups were tested with the “Mann-Whitney U test” and “Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (K-W ANOVA)” tests, and which groups the differences occured from were tested with the “Dunn Bonferroni” test. e total scores of HRASS and its sub-dimensions do not show a statistically significant difference according to their gender and degree of hearing. According to the age variable, differences were found in the sub-dimensions of “personal rights”, “social rights” and HRASS total scores; ac- cording to the income level variable, differences were found in the sub-dimensions of “personal rights”, “solidarity rights” and HRASS total scores; according to the education level variable, differences were found in the sub-dimensions of “personal rights”, “social rights” and “solidarity rights” according to disability status. In the literature review, no study was found on the attitudes of hearing-impaired and other disabled athletes to- wards human rights in sports. erefore, the aim of the study is to examine the attitudes of hearing-impaired athletes towards human rights in sports. Within the framework of these explanations, the main objective of the study was to determine the attitudes of hearing-impaired athletes towards human rights in sports. It is thought that the results of the research will shed light on the activities and researches to be carried out to fill this gap. erefore, an evaluation of the relationship between sports and human rights of hearing-impaired athletes can be made. Our study can guide the work to be done later. Keywords: hearing impaired, athlete, human rights in sports, attitude. INTRODUCTION It is accepted that the concept of human rights is part of natural law (Turan et al.). Human rights are rights that a person cannot give up or transfer without seeking any other quality as he is only human (Aslan, 2023). One consequence of distinguishing human rights from other rights and attributing their source to human nature is their universality (Bouchet-Saulnier, 2002). e concept of human rights is only in the form of rights arising from being Human (Crowd, 2017). All people have all fundamental rights, regardless of religion, language, race and gender. Human rights are the fundamental rights and freedoms that people have just because they are human (Çavuşoğlu et al., 2020). e freedom of man in society should be neither under the sovereignty of any will nor under the restriction of any law under any legisla- tive power other than that established by consent in the state (Locke, 1823). Authenticity is considered as having an in-depth awareness of the thoughts and behaviors of the individual (Avolio and Gardner, 2005). According to Kernis and Goldman (2006), authenticity is the ability of the individual to continue his/her daily life according to his/her reality or self without any hindrance. Today, the recognition of human rights and fundamental freedoms has not only been a focus of universal attention, but many international organizations have been established and various conventions

Actitudes de los atletas con discapacidad auditiva hacia los derechos humanos en el deporte 585 Vol. 15(2) abril-junio 2025/ 583 - 595 have been made through these organizations in order to protect them from contradictory trends and to realize them at a more advanced level. One of these organizations is the United Nations organization, which covers almost all countries of the world (Turan et al. 2018; Sadık, 2014). e United Nations Dec- laration includes fundamental rights and freedoms such as social security, work, health, education. ese rights should be fulfilled within the framework of the understanding of the social state. us, in the social state, everyone has the right to live in a healthy and balanced environment, everyone has the right to live their lives in mental and physical health, the right to live in houses suitable for health conditions, and the right to get rid of fears of future and poverty (Turan et al. 2018; Sadık, 2014; Göze, 2005). Although it is not directly included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, another right is the right to sports. Due to the place it has acquired in society, its effects on the mental, physical and spiritual competence of individuals, and its contributions to world peace and brotherhood, sport can also be considered as basic human rights (Sadık, 2014). Sport is defined as an effective tool that determines the lifestyles of individuals and enables societies to interact with each other (Yiğit and Dalbudak, 2022). It is stated that sports is becoming more widespread in today’s world every passing day and has be- come the focus and focus of individuals working across many disciplines, that it has come to the forefront economically, that it is important on the international platform, that the media attaches importance to it in many ways and that it is a social phenomenon that is an indispensable part of individuals’ daily lives. (Pepe and Arısoy, 2023; Koçyiğit, 2022; Abis, 2022; Aytaç et al. 2022; Koçyiğit et al. 2022; Dalbudak and Balyan, 2021; Akıncı et al. 2020; Dalbudak and Yiğit, 2019). Sport is extremely important for individuals with disabilities. Disability describes a person who has difficulties in adapting to social life and meeting daily needs due to the loss of physical, mental, spiritual, sensory and social abilities to varying degrees, either from birth or for any reason later in life, and who needs protection, care, rehabilitation, counsel- ling and support services. Disabled people are examined in 4 groups: visually impaired, hearing impaired, physically impaired and mentally impaired (Dalbudak, 2022; Dalbudak, 2019). Hearing impairment is the situation in which the educational performance and social adaptation of the individual are adversely affected due to the difficulty in acquiring speech, using language and communication due to the partial or complete inadequacy of hearing sensitivity. In order for hearing to occur, it is necessary to have a sound, to have this sound within the limits of frequency and intensity to be perceived by the human ear, to have a receptive organ that can perceive the sound, that is, the ear, to reach the hearing center in the brain by passing through the structures in the ear without obstruction, and to be perceived and interpreted correctly in this center (Belgin, 1995). However, in the literature review, no study was found on the attitudes of hearing-impaired and other disabled athletes towards human rights in sports. erefore, the aim of the study is to examine the attitudes of hearing-impaired athletes towards human rights in sports. Within the framework of these explanations, the main objective of the study was to determine the attitudes of hearing- impaired athletes towards human rights in sports. It is thought that the results of the research will shed light on the activities and researches to be carried out to fill this gap. us, an evaluation of the relationship between sports and human rights of hearing-impaired athletes can be made. Our study can guide the studies on what will be done later. METHODOLOGY Study Group 119 hearing-impaired athletes selected by simple random method in different provinces in Turkey participated in the study voluntarily. An online questionnaire was applied through the Google form.

586 Dalbudak Interacción y Perspectiva. Revista de Trabajo Social Vol. 15(2): 2025 Data collection Data collection tools used in the research; personal information form and human rights at- titude scale in sports (HRASS) were applied. Personal information form e personal information form consisted of 6 questions including the age, gender, income level, education level, disability status and hearing degree of the participants. TABLE 1. Distribution of Demographic Characteristics of Participants. Variable Frequency (n) Percentage (%) Age 15 - 20 56 47.1 21 - 25 36 30,2 26 and over 27 22.7 Total 119 100.0 Gender Female 41 34.5 Male 78 65.5 Total 119 100.0 Income Level Average level 107 89.9 High Level 12 10.1 Total 119 100.0 Education level Primary Education 9 7.6 High school 58 48.7 Associate degree 48 40.3 Bachelor’s degree 4 3.4 Total 119 100.0 Disability Situation Congenital 83 69.7 Postnatal 36 30.3 Total 119 100.0 Degree of hearing Mildly hearing impaired 24 20.2 Moderately hearing impaired 74 62.2 Severely hearing impaired 21 17.6 Total 119 100.0

Actitudes de los atletas con discapacidad auditiva hacia los derechos humanos en el deporte 587 Vol. 15(2) abril-junio 2025/ 583 - 595 Out of 119 people in the sample group • 56 (47.1%) were in the 15-20 age group, 36 (30.2%) were in the 21-25 age group, and 27 (22.7%) were in the 26 years and over group. • 41 (34.5%) were women and 78 (65.5%) were men. • 107 (89.9%) have middle income and 12 (10.1%) have high income. • 9 (7.6%) have primary degree, 58 (48.7%) have high school degree, 48 (40.3%) have asso- ciate degree and 4 (3.4%) have bachelor’s degree. • 83 (69.7%) have congenital disability and 36 (30.3%) have postnatal disability. • 24 (20.2%) are mildly hearing impaired, 74 (62.2%) are moderately hearing impaired, and 21 (17.6%) are severely hearing impaired. Human Rights Attitude Scale in Sports (HRASS) e ‘Human Rights Attitude Scale in Sports’ developed by Sadık (2014) was used. ere are 29 questions that can be scored between 1 and 5 from each question in the scale. 1: Strongly Disagree, 2: Disagree, 3: Neutral, 4: Agree and 5: Strongly Agree were scored. A total score of 29 to 145 can be obtained from the scale. e scale does not include any reverse-scored item. HRASS consists of 3 sub-dimensions: 1) Sub-dimension of personal rights (Item 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12). A score between 12 and 60 can be obtained from the sub-dimension. 2) Sub-dimension of social rights (Item 13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21). A score between 9 and 45 can be obtained from the sub-dimension. 3) Sub-dimension of solidarity rights (Item 22-23-24-25-26-27-28-29). A score between 8 and 40 can be obtained from the sub-dimension (Sadık, 2014). RELIABILITY OF HRASS AND ITS SUB-DIMENSIONS e answers given to the scale by the sample group of 119 people who applied the “ HRASS” have a direct effect on the scale reliability. Superficial or inconsistent answers reduce the reliability of the questionnaire. Cronbach’s Alpha (α) internal consistency coefficient value is used to measure scale reliability. As the Cronbach’s Alpha (α) value increases, the reliability of the questionnaire in- creases. e fact that the reliability coefficient in a scale is close to 1 may indicate that the scale is a very reliable measurement tool (Tavşancıl, 2002). e reliability of the measurement tools prepared for use in intergroup comparisons can be between 0.60 and 0.80. e reliability of the measurement tools in making decisions about individuals is expected to be above 0.80 and 0.90 if the decision can lead to very serious consequences (Özçelik, 1989). According to the table, Cronbach’s Alpha value for HRASS applied to sample group is α=0.952, Cronbach’s Alpha value for the sub-dimension of personality rights is α= 0.914, Cronbach’s Alpha value for the sub-dimension of social rights is α= 0.924, and Cronbach’s Alpha value for the sub- dimension of solidarity rights is α=0.829. HRASS and all sub-dimensions are in the category of very reliable.

588 Dalbudak Interacción y Perspectiva. Revista de Trabajo Social Vol. 15(2): 2025 DATA ANALYSIS TABLE 3. Summary Statistics on HRASS and Sub-Dimension Total Scores HRASS and its sub-dimensions Minimum Maximum Mean Standard Deviation HRASS 37 145 69.06 27.34 Personal rights 12 60 26.82 12.65 Social rights 9 45 22.81 10.20 Solidarity rights 10 40 19.42 7.66 • e total mean score of the HRASS is 69.06 and its standard deviation is 27.34. e lowest total score is 37 and the highest total score is 145. • e total mean score of the personality rights sub-dimension is 26.82 and the standard deviation is 12.65. e lowest score that can be obtained from the scale is 12, and the highest score is 60. • e total mean score of the social rights sub-dimension is 22.81 and the standard deviation is 10.20. e lowest total score is 9 and the highest total score is 45. • e total mean score of the solidarity rights sub-dimension is 19.42 and the standard devia- tion is 7.66. e lowest total score is 10 and the highest total score is 40. Interpretation of the relationship between “HRASS” and sub-dimension total scores with pearson correlation coefficient the relationship between the mean scores of the scale and the sub-dimensions was measured with the help of Spearman’s ranking correlation coefficient, since the “HRASS” and sub-dimen- sion total scores did not meet the normal distribution assumption. e correlation coefficient takes values ranging from -1 to +1. A positive value indicates a same-directional relationship between two variables, and a negative value indicates an inverse relationship between two vari- ables. As the correlation value approaches -1 and +1, the severity of the relationship between them increases. A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates that there is no relationship between the two variables. As it gets closer to 0, the severity of the relationship decreases. Spearman’s ranking correlation coefficient values between all sub-dimensions and the overall scale are given in the table below. e value in the cell indicates Spearman’s correlation coefficient, and the value in parentheses indicates the p-value of whether the relationship is significant. If the p-value is less TABLE 2. Cronbach’s Alpha Values of “HRASS” and “Its Sub-Dimensions”. Scale and Subscales Cronbach’s Alpha HRASS 0.952 Personal rights 0.914 Social rights 0.924 Solidarity rights 0.829

Actitudes de los atletas con discapacidad auditiva hacia los derechos humanos en el deporte 589 Vol. 15(2) abril-junio 2025/ 583 - 595 than 0.05, there is a statistically significant relationship at the 95% confidence level and if it is less than 0.01, there is a statistically significant relationship at the 99% confidence level. e fact that the correlation coefficient between the two variables is not statistically significant indicates that the two variables are independent of each other. TABLE 4. Interpretation of the relationship between “HRASS” and sub-dimension total scores with pearson correlation coefficient HRASS Personal rights Social rights Solidarity rights HRASS 1.000 0.922** (0.000) 0.681** (0.000) 0.768** (0.000) Personal rights 1.000 0.473** (0.000) 0.569** (0.000) Social rights 1.000 0.470** (0.000) Solidarity rights 1.000 ** Correlation is significant at the level of 0.01. • When the table is examined, there is a statistically significant positive and strong relations- hip at the 99% confidence level between the “HRASS” total scores and all sub-dimension total scores. • In addition, there is a statistically significant positive and strong relationship between the HRASS sub-dimension total scores at the 99% confidence level. RESULTS In the tables below, summary statistics of the scale score means depending on demographic characteristics are given. In addition, since the scale and subscale mean scores did not meet the normal distribution assumption, the differences between the groups were tested with the “Mann- Whitney U test” and “Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (K-W ANOVA)” tests, and which groups the differences occured from were tested with the “Dunn Bonferroni” test. Analyses were conducted at 95% confidence level. • Individuals’ “personality rights”, “social rights” sub-dimensions and “HRASS” total scores increase as the age group increases (p<0.05). In addition, the “solidarity rights” sub-dimension total scores of individuals do not show a statistically significant difference according to age groups (p>0.05). • e total scores of the individuals regarding the “HRASS” and its sub-dimensions do not show a statistically significant difference according to their gender (p>0.05). • e “personality rights”, “solidarity rights” sub-dimensions and “HRASS” total scores of high-income individuals are higher than the total scores of middle-income individuals (p<0.05). In addition, the “social rights” sub-dimension total scores of the individuals do not show a statistically significant difference according to their income level (p>0.05).

590 Dalbudak Interacción y Perspectiva. Revista de Trabajo Social Vol. 15(2): 2025 TABLE 5. Analysıs of “HRASS” and sub-dımensıon total scores accordıng to demographıc characterıstıcs of ındıvıduals. Personal rights Social rights Solidarity rights HRASS Age 15 - 20 Mean 22.71 19.85 17.37 59.94 St. Deviation 9.07 8.67 5.06 18.06 21 - 25 Mean 28.55 22.94 20.52 72.02 St. Deviation 11.09 8.52 6.88 24.68 26 and Over Mean 33.03 28.77 22.22 84.03 St. Deviation 17.48 12.63 11.38 38.20 p-value 0.008* 0.006* 0.099 0.006* Gender Female Mean 28.80 24.46 20.09 73.36 St. Deviation 15.74 12.30 9.89 35.04 Male Mean 25.78 21.94 19.07 66.80 St. Deviation 10.64 8.86 6.22 22.20 p-value 0.740 0.592 0.432 0.861 Income Level Moderate level Mean 26.01 23.13 19.14 68.28 St. Deviation 13.10 10.71 8.03 28.74 High Level Mean 34.00 20.00 22.00 76.00 St. Deviation 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 p-value 0.000* 0.220 0.000* 0.000* Education level Primary Education Mean 18.11 16.22 15.44 49.77 St. Deviation 7.70 9.64 2.87 14.71 High school Mean 26.74 23.75 19.87 70.37 St. Deviation 12.05 9.48 7.29 25.69 Associate degree Mean 28.77 22.66 19.77 71.20 St. Deviation 13.93 11.06 8.74 30.99 Bachelor’s degree Mean 24.25 25.75 17.75 67.75 St. Deviation 6.39 7.67 4.64 3.59 p-value 0.081 0.062 0.156 0.046* Disability Stuation Congenital Mean 26.45 24.46 20.91 71.84 St. Deviation 15.07 11.46 8.15 31.63 Postnatal Mean 27.66 19.00 16.00 62.66 St. Deviation 2.52 4.61 4.96 10.80

Actitudes de los atletas con discapacidad auditiva hacia los derechos humanos en el deporte 591 Vol. 15(2) abril-junio 2025/ 583 - 595 • e total scores of the “personality rights”, “social rights” and “solidarity rights” sub-di- mensions of the individuals do not show a statistically significant difference according to their education levels (p>0.05). In addition, the overall scale total scores of primary school graduates are lower than the total scores of high school, associate degree and bachelor’s degree graduates (p<0.05). • e “personality rights” sub-dimension total scores of individuals with postnatal disabili- ties are higher than the total scores of individuals with congenital disabilities (p<0.05). e total scores of the “social rights” and “solidarity rights” sub-dimensions of individuals with congenital disabilities are higher than the total scores of individuals with postnatal disabilities (p<0.05). In addition, the overall scale total scores of the individuals did not show a statistically significant difference according to their disability stuations (p>0.05). • e total scores of the individuals regarding the “HRASS” and its sub-dimensions do not show a statistically significant difference according to their hearing degrees (p>0.05). DISCUSSION In this section, the findings obtained as a result of the analysis of the data in the research are discussed and interpreted. Individuals’ “personality rights”, “social rights” sub-dimensions and “HRASS” total scores increase as the age group increases (p<0.05). is can be explained by the experience gained in life as the age group of hearing-impaired athletes increases. As individuals get older, they look at the society they live in from a different perspective thanks to the experiences they have gained in their lives. Individuals approach events from a different perspective as a result of their age. We can mention that as individuals get older, the mind comes to the fore, not emotions. In addition, the “solidarity rights” sub-dimension total scores of individuals do not show a statistically signifi- cant difference according to age groups (p>0.05). In the study conducted by Turan et al. (2018), when the human rights attitudes of football players were examined according to the age variable, they reported that there were significant differences in terms of social rights depending on the Personal rights Social rights Solidarity rights HRASS p-value 0.028* 0.016* 0.004* 0.916 Degree of hearing Mildly hearing impaired Mean 32.04 25.54 23.45 81.04 St. Deviation 17.66 13.01 10.38 39.73 Moderately hearing impaired Mean 25.32 21.62 18.28 65.22 St. Deviation 10.15 8.89 6.06 20.87 Severely hearing impaired Mean 26.14 23.90 18.85 68.90 St. Deviation 12.95 10.72 7.97 27.93 p-value 0.633 0.448 0.100 0.490 TABLE 5. CONTINUATION

592 Dalbudak Interacción y Perspectiva. Revista de Trabajo Social Vol. 15(2): 2025 increase in age, while no significant difference was found in the personality and solidarity rights sub-dimensions. We can say that every person in society, regardless of age, is in solidarity. With- out solidarity, individuals cannot act and produce alone. We can say that societies are societies as a result of unity and solidarity. When the literature is reviewed, there is no study on the subject. In this case, no findings were found to support our study. e total scores of the individuals regarding the “HRASS” and its sub-dimensions do not show a statistically significant difference according to their gender (p>0.05). As a result of our study, it is seen that there is no difference in the human rights attitudes of individuals whether disabled athletes are female or male. It is noticed that human rights attitudes are important for female and male athletes. e fact that there is no difference between the genders is the result of the gains in the human rights attitudes of individuals. In other words, it is seen that human rights are important for all people. When the literature is reviewed, there is no study on the subject. In this case, no findings were found to support our study. e “personality rights”, “solidarity rights” sub-dimensions and “HRASS” total scores of high-income individuals are higher than the total scores of moderate-income individuals (p<0.05). It is seen that economic income has an impact on human rights. As the economic income level of individuals increases, they can devote time to other areas. Outside of this time, individuals can research laws related to human rights. ey have information on this subject. As the income level increases, the angle of view towards the human world changes. ey know their rights and laws with the individual. Individuals with low economic levels turn to this area to improve their economies. ey do not turn to other jobs. Societies with backward economic levels do not know their rights and laws. As the income level of individuals increases, it is normal for their economic levels to be good and for individuals’ human rights attitudes to increase. In addition, the “social rights” sub-dimension total scores of the individuals do not show a statistically significant differ- ence according to their income level (p>0.05). Regardless of the income level of individuals, they know their social rights in society. If individuals know their social rights, they benefit so much from the environment they live in. When the literature is reviewed, there is no study on the sub- ject. In this case, no findings were found to support our study. e total scores of the “personality rights”, “social rights” and “solidarity rights” sub-di- mensions of the individuals do not show a statistically significant difference according to their education levels (p>0.05). Although their education levels are different, we can mention that the reason why there is no significant difference between them is that individuals are in constant communication with each other because they are disabled individuals and they inform each other about every issue. In addition, the overall scale total scores of primary school graduates are lower than the total scores of high school, associate degree and bachelor’s degree graduates (p<0.05). As the education level of individuals increases, there is an increase in the human rights attitudes of individuals with disabilities as a result of awareness or gains. As the level of education increases, people change a different perspective on life. ey know how to get the information they want. As a result of the research on human rights, they are informed. Turan et al. (2018) found that the human rights attitude and originality levels of football players in sports differ according to their educational status. is study supports our study. e “personality rights” sub-dimension total scores of individuals with postnatal disabilities are higher than the total scores of individuals with congenital disabilities (p<0.05). We can men- tion that the postnatal hearing-impaired individual has more knowledge about personal rights

Actitudes de los atletas con discapacidad auditiva hacia los derechos humanos en el deporte 593 Vol. 15(2) abril-junio 2025/ 583 - 595 than the congenital hearing impaired individuals as not being attached to any person before being disabled and having a high level of education. Individuals with disabilities may not have knowledge about every subject, such as individuals without disabilities. Being disabled is isolating oneself from society. ey cannot know their rights. However, thanks to sports, they can learn all kinds of rights because there is team unity. All disabled individuals, whether in Turkey or abroad, inform each other. e total scores of the “social rights” and “solidarity rights” sub-dimensions of individuals with congenital disabilities are higher than the total scores of individuals with postnatal disabilities (p<0.05). e reason why individuals with congenital disabilities are higher than individuals with postnatal disabilities is that they are aware of each other. ey inform each other. Sports is a place of unity and solidarity for individuals with disabilities. ey provide all kinds of communication here. ey defend the rights of one and the other. Sports clubs are a family environment for the disabled. ey hold on to life in sports clubs. All kinds of informa- tion exchange are here. In addition, the overall scale total scores of the individuals did not show a statistically significant difference according to their disability stuations (p>0.05). It is normal to observe an increase in the human rights attitudes of individuals with disabilities due to the training and achievements received in sports clubs. erefore, there is no difference according to disability. When the literature is reviewed, there is no study on the subject. In this case, no find- ings were found to support our study. e total scores of the individuals regarding the “HRASS” and its sub-dimensions do not show a statistically significant difference according to their hearing degrees (p>0.05). As a result of our study, we can say that human rights in sports are the same regardless of the degree of hearing. We can say that human rights are effective on all individuals with disabilities regardless of their hearing degree. We can mention that human rights are very important for the disabled individual. If people know about human rights, we can say that they will defend their own rights. When the literature is reviewed, there is no study on the subject. In this case, no findings were found to support our study. CONCLUSION As a result of the study, the total scores of HRASS and its sub-dimensions do not show a statistically significant difference according to their gender and degree of hearing. According to the age variable, differences were found in the sub-dimensions of “personal rights”, “social rights” and HRASS total scores; according to the income level variable, differences were found in the sub-dimensions of “personal rights”, “solidarity rights” and HRASS total scores; accord- ing to the education level variable, differences were found in the sub-dimensions of “personal rights”, “social rights” and “solidarity rights” according to disability status. In the literature review, no study was found on the attitudes of hearing-impaired and other disabled athletes towards human rights in sports. Therefore, the aim of the study is to examine the attitudes of hearing-impaired athletes towards human rights in sports. Within the framework of these ex- planations, the main objective of the study was to determine the attitudes of hearing-impaired athletes towards human rights in sports. It is thought that the results of the research will shed light on the activities and researches to be carried out to fill this gap. Therefore, an evalua- tion of the relationship between sports and human rights of hearing-impaired athletes can be made. Our study can guide the work to be done later.

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