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Julio-Diciembre 2015

Vol. 5 No. 2

Octubre-diciembre 2024

Vol. 14 No. 3

Interacción y Perspectiva. Revista de Trabajo Social Vol. 14 N

3 / octubre-diciembre, 2024

855

Interacción y Perspectiva Dep. Legal pp 201002Z43506

Revista de Trabajo Social ISSN 2244-808X

Vol. 14 N

Octubre-diciembre

ARTÍCULO DE INVESTIGACIÓN

Análisis de los Fundamentos de la Política de Seguridad de la Información de

Ucrania: Imperativos Modernos del Desarrollo Sostenible del Estado

(Prácticas Internacionales)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205784

Oleksandr Nazarchuk*, Tetiana Nikolaieva**, Oksana Zaporozhets***,

Nataliia Bielousova**** y Olha Andrieieva*****

Resumen

El objetivo del artículo es analizar los fundamentos de la política de seguridad de la

información de Ucrania a partir del estudio de los imperativos modernos pertinentes del

desarrollo sostenible del Estado y de las prácticas internacionales existentes. Para lograr

su objetivo se utilizan métodos teóricos de investigación científica. Autores también

examinan las prácticas existentes en materia de seguridad de la información en los

principales países europeos que determinan la política europea actual, incluso en relación

con Ucrania en tiempos de guerra (la República de Polonia, la República Federal de

Alemania y la República Francesa). Para formar un sistema de seguridad de la

información ucraniano de alta calidad, también se propone introducir un equilibrio

razonable entre los derechos constitucionales existentes y las libertades de los

ciudadanos a la hora de utilizar los recursos de información, apoyar el marco legislativo

pertinente, hacer hincapié en el producto cultural e informativo centrado en Ucrania y

desarrollar mecanismos para una interacción eficaz con las organizaciones e instituciones

públicas. Las conclusiones también destacan la necesidad de mejorar la cultura

informativa y digital entre los ucranianos, lo que será clave para superar algunos de los

retos asociados a la difusión de propaganda, la ciberdelincuencia.

Palabras clave: seguridad de la información; política; guerra ruso-ucraniana; Ucrania;

práctica europea, poder blando.

Abstract

Analysis of the Fundamentals of Ukraine's Information Security Policy:

Modern Imperatives of Sustainable State Development

The aim of the article is to research the foundations of Ukraine's information security

policy based on a study of the relevant modern imperatives of sustainable development

of the state and existing international practices. To achieve this goal, theoretical methods

of scientific research are used. Results: the authors examine the existing practices of

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information security in the leading European countries that determine the current

European policy, including in relation to Ukraine in times of war (the Republic of Poland,

the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Republic). The main focus is on the

introduction of a clear regulatory framework and the establishment of cooperation with

civil society institutions. In order to form a high-quality system of Ukrainian information

security, it is also proposed to introduce a reasonable balance between the existing

constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens when using information resources, support

the relevant legislative framework, emphasize the Ukrainian-centered cultural and

information product, and develop mechanisms for effective interaction with civil

organizations and institutions. The conclusions also highlight the need to improve

information and digital culture among Ukrainians, which will be the key to overcoming

some of the challenges associated with the spread of propaganda or cybercrime.

Keywords: information security; policy; Russian-Ukrainian war; Ukraine; European

practice, soft power

Recibido: 12/02/2024 Aceptado: 29/04/2024

*Ph.D., in Historical Sciences, Doctoral Student of the Department of Political Science, Faculty of Philosophy,

Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Kyiv, Ukraine. Email: anazarchuk@ukr.net. ORCID:

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2616-6020

** Ph.D., in Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Political Technologies, Institute of Law, Kyiv

National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman, Kyiv, Ukraine. Email: n_t_m@ukr.net. ORCID:

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6772-5928

***Ph.D., in Political Sciences, Associate Professor of the Chair of International Information, Educational and

Scientific Institute of International Relations, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine.

Email: xanza@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0784-9253

**** Ph.D.; in Political Sciences, Docent, Associate Professor Department of International Information,

Educational and scientific institute of international relations, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv,

Kyiv, Ukraine. Email: bnnb@ukr.net. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9656-2942

*****Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Professor Educational and Scientific Institute of International

Relations, Chair of International Information Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine.

Email: AndreevaOlga@knu.ua. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4587-1267

1. Introduction

The current challenges of the globalized environment pose a considerable danger to

society. Possibilities of global terrorism, hybrid threats from authoritarian regimes,

transition to open military aggression and establishment of international instability (in

the case of the Kremlin regime and its invasion of Ukraine), use and abuse of economic

leverage, resort to information warfare, spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and other

dangerous diseases are just a small list of potential threats that humanity has faced in

the 21st century and which may continue to develop in an unpredictable way. For this

reason, models of countering such crises are being updated, and new opportunities for

security policy formation are being developed.

In the information society, digital information threats are particularly prominent,

which can simultaneously exist as independent vectors of influence and be part of

broader threats (Yarmoliuk, 2022). Ensuring information security includes technical,

organizational, and social measures that help prevent information security threats and

reduce the possibility of harm from their impact. At the same time, Russia's aggression

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against Ukraine has demonstrated the destructive potential of information warfare

capabilities, the dissemination of manipulative and outright false information about

Ukrainian realities, which were brutally used to justify open aggression.

Research Problem

Information security is becoming increasingly important in the modern world, where

information technology is used in all aspects of life. It includes measures to ensure the

confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information, as well as protection against

viruses, hacker attacks, and other threats. Information security is important to protect

businesses, government agencies, personal data, and financial information. At the same

time, Russia's aggression against Ukraine has also demonstrated other dimensions of

information security in society. The article focuses on the problem of countering the

challenges of Russian propaganda and information warfare, which has been waged

against Ukraine and Ukrainian society since at least 2014 and has become especially

intense since 2022. Responding to such challenges has led to the formation of certain

established algorithms of action that will require additional reflection. Importantly,

Russian aggression has also become a serious challenge for all other European countries

and the United States, for which Ukraine's experience in countering propaganda

campaigns may be useful for further generalization and use.

Research Focus

The main issues of the study are related to the functioning of the information

protection mechanism and its use in the Ukrainian context, taking into account the best

practices of leading countries. The analysis of digital tools to counter the spread of

information aggression, supported by hacker attacks and attempts to seize data, makes

it possible to identify the main manifestations of information security policies.

Research Aim and Research Questions

The purpose of the article is to analyze the foundations of Ukraine's information

security policy.

Research Questions:

1. Analysis the theoretical substantiation of information security.

2. Study of the relevant modern imperatives of sustainable development of the

State.

3. Analysis the existing international practices of the information security policy.

Theoretical Framework

Many contemporary American and European scholars are interested in the study of

the multidimensional phenomenon of information security. Nevertheless, the study of

the concept of information security has intensified as a result of the Russian-Ukrainian

hybrid confrontation, which has covered many areas (information, security, economic,

and others) in the international context.

2. Theoretical substantiation of information security

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Although there is no unanimous definition of the concept (due to its multidisciplinary

nature), modern researchers agree on its main factors and criteria. In particular, Paleri

(2022) believes that information security is the ninth element of the national security

system. Andersson & Hedström (2022) understand this concept as the state of security

of certain information processing and storage systems. The main criteria of this process

are the availability, integrity, and confidentiality of data, their use for the benefit of the

state and its citizens (Paleri, 2022).

In their experimental study, Tejay & Mohammed (2022) emphasize the importance of

the category of “information security culture”. In their paper “Cultivating security culture

for information security success”, it is argued that the development and further

transformation of information security culture will contribute to the secure organization

of information in general (Tejay & Mohammed, 2022). On the other hand, Van Daalen

(2022) understands this concept as the state of security of particularly important

information data of society and the state, in which it is important to prevent information

damage due to its inaccuracy, incompleteness, and untimeliness. Lam & Lyons (2020)

characterized the general aspects of modern data protection.

3. Information security versus cybersecurity

Cybersecurity and information security are both related to data security and its

protection from various threats, so in modern scholarship, information security and

cybersecurity are often equated. Nonetheless, recent research conducted by Taherdoost

(2022) reveals distinct differences within these concepts, emphasizing that they should

not be employed interchangeably. Information security, as elucidated in the study,

encompasses safeguarding information against a multitude of potential threats. This

protective framework is also oriented towards mitigating risks associated with any

operational activities.

The foundational criteria for evaluating information security encompass its integrity,

confidentiality, and the concurrent availability of essential information resources, as

outlined by Paleri (2022). In contrast, cybersecurity possesses a narrower scope,

primarily focusing on the safeguarding of data and information and communication

technology (ICT). Its core objective is to maintain the confidentiality and availability of

data within the realm of cyberspace, a perspective corroborated by Taherdoost (2022).

Information security, as articulated by Taherdoost (2022), is a comprehensive approach

dedicated to safeguarding not only the information itself but also its critical components,

including “the systems and equipment involved in the storage, transmission, and

utilization of this information” (Taherdoost, 2022, p. 485).

In contrast, cybersecurity, as perceived by contemporary scholars, encompasses an

array of “tools, methodologies, and technologies designed to preserve cyber assets”,

particularly in the realm of information (Taherdoost, 2022, p. 485). The difference

between the two terms is also mentioned in Gushchyn et al. (2022). These conclusions

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are confirmed by Devanny et al. (2021). They also do not equate these two concepts,

because cybersecurity regulates a range of social relations that goes beyond information

security, as it covers not only the protection of information but also its carriers, as well

as the rights of individuals, society, and the state in this area (Devanny et al., 2021).

Therefore, the content of information security is somewhat different from cybersecurity.

The issues related to the formation of information security policy in Ukraine remain

poorly researched. The Russian aggression has demonstrated a considerable arsenal of

hybrid threats, the answers to which still require additional reflection.

4. Methodology

The study was conducted in stages through the prism of a combination of content

analysis of theoretical material. The first stage involved a search for theoretical material,

scientific sources, and literature. The second stage involved analyzing the data obtained

through the prism of comparison, identifying controversial and unexplored points. The

third stage was the authors’ own interpretation of the importance of information security

in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian hybrid war and the identification of the

peculiarities of information security as a factor of stable development of the state

through the prism of international experience.

The last stage summarizes the results obtained and formulates the authors’ own

recommendations and conclusions. Through the prism of the analytical method, the role

of modern directions of national security policy development in Ukraine is revealed. On

the basis of comparative analysis, the authors managed to compare the peculiarities of

the implementation of Ukraine's information security policy with European practices.

5. Results

The experience of European countries in shaping information security policy is quite

solid. This is due to the long and systematic development and implementation,

participation in political associations, including the European Union and NATO, which

impose additional requirements on this sensitive area.

The French information security system is an important component of national

security. The basic principles of this system are laid down in the White Papers on Defense

and National Security. The first White Paper on National Defense was published in 1972

and contained the principles of French defense policy and the foundations of the nuclear

deterrence strategy. The second White Paper was published in 1994 and was dedicated

to the end of the Cold War and the redirection of the armed forces to military operations

outside the country, which led to the professionalization of the armed forces (Manolea,

2021).

Taking into account globalization and the fight against terrorism, a new concept of

national security strategy was developed, which combines defense, internal security,

foreign policy, and economic policy. This concept was enshrined in the third White Paper

on Defense and National Security, which was published in 2008. The latest version of

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the White Paper (2017) pays special attention to information threats and measures to

counter them (Manolea, 2021). It is noted that due to the scale and severity, some

cyber-attacks can be classified as armed aggression. Difficulties with the distribution of

actions and the combination of direct actions with methods of influence and propaganda

make possible many scenarios of instrumentalization to destabilize or support simpler

operations.

Accounting for cyber threats and their evolution is complex, as it cannot be limited

to the perimeter of defense due to the complexity of issues and the involvement of public

and private actors. Therefore, it is emphasized that armed forces should fully plan and

conduct operations in digital environment, including the tactical level in the chain of

planning and conducting kinetic operations. Operations in digital environment expand

the range of traditional effects available to political power and exploit the growing

digitization of France's opponents. This capability requires enhanced and sufficiently

flexible hum a resource, as well as the continuous development of specific technical

solutions.

The main law on information security in Germany is the Law on Strengthening the

Security of Information Technology Systems. According to this law, the Federal Office

for Information Technology Security (BSI) plays a central role in protecting Germany's

critical infrastructures. Critical infrastructures include facilities, installations, or parts

thereof that belong to the energy, information technology and telecommunications,

transportation, road traffic, healthcare, water supply, food, finance, and insurance

sectors (Cherniaieva, Orlenko & Ashcheulova, 2023).

Stopping or disrupting the operation of such facilities can lead to significant problems

for the functioning of society, as these facilities ensure security and stability in the

economy and public safety. At the same time, in 2019, the Federal Ministry of the Interior

proposed an updated version of the law on guaranteeing the security of information

technology. This initiative was designed to develop and implement a new holistic concept

for the security of this industry, concept of using soft power in security system.

This project proposed the use of easy-to-consume IT security labels for commercial

use, strengthening of relevant regulatory authorities, an increase in the list of

cybersecurity-related offenses, and the introduction of new rules for investigating

alleged offenders (Andersson et al., 2022). This practice has had some negative

consequences, in particular, in terms of increasing the number of recipients of reports

and obligations. However, despite such discomfort and the creation of additional

administrative and economic difficulties, the updated system of information security

assurance has received wide international recognition.

In the Republic of Poland, information policy standards are aimed at building an open

society with free access to information for all interested and law-abiding citizens, the

formation of pluralistic media, free exchange of opinions, etc. The basics of such a policy

are regulated by the Law on Television and Radio Broadcasting, the Law on State

Relations with the Roman Catholic Church in the Republic of Poland, etc. These and other

acts establish the rules for attracting non-state funding to invest in information projects,

licensing regulations, and the possibility of clerical representatives influencing

information (which is extremely relevant for Polish society).

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At the same time, the leading role in ensuring information security is played by the

Internal Security Agency, whose functions also include close cooperation with the

Ministry of Defense. The Agency is responsible for conducting offensive digital operations

and developing appropriate cryptological initiatives to protect national data. ABW has

become the main developer of the doctrine of countering threats and challenges to

Poland's critical infrastructure.

This doctrine also lists escalation in the international sphere, soft power sphere,

spreading propaganda and information damage to Poland's image at the European and

global levels as the main threats. In order to implement this program, it is proposed to

identify friendly, neutral and hostile parties, which is the responsibility of the highest

state authorities. To improve the work of the ABW and other special structures, civil

society is also actively involved.

Taherdoost (2022) Central and Eastern European countries (Poland, the Czech

Republic, and Slovakia) also have special laws related to the secrecy of NATO

information. Thanks to this framework, information related to the internal affairs of this

military and political alliance is under special control. The adoption of such initiatives

became a condition for joining the North Atlantic Alliance (Van Daalen, 2022). The

involvement of this additional independent controlling factor reduces the risk of danger

to the information field.

6. Discussion

In the following years Ukrainian government organized several information

campaigns to present Ukraine to the world and to counter Russian disinformation about

the country. In 2021 the Center for Countering Disinformation was established under

the auspices of National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine. The aim of the Center

is to monitor threats to Ukraine's information security, respond promptly to them, and

deliver truthful information to the public.

The Center’s reports and articles are available on its website as well as in social

media. The Center for Strategic Communications and Information Security was created

within the Ministry of Information Policy and Culture. The Center is responsible for

development of strategic communication, countering disinformation and increasing

public awareness about hybrid threats. In this context the Ministry of Information Policy

and Culture of Ukraine launched media literacy project “Filter”. It is online platform with

a collection of the best educational projects of state authorities, non-governmental

organizations, and international partners in the field of media literacy.

At the end of 2021, President of Ukraine approved new Information Security

Strategy of Ukraine, that defined the term “information security of Ukraine” and outlined

the challenges and key priorities of the country in the field of information security.

According to this document the key challenge for Ukraine is the disruptive information

influence of Russian Federation on Ukrainian society and the lack of integral

disinformation countering system. The Strategy sets such policy priorities as combating

disinformation and information operations, promoting Ukrainian culture and

strengthening national identity, increasing media literacy of citizens, developing

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strategic communications, informational reintegration of Ukrainian citizens living in

temporarily occupied territories, etc.

The overview of the latest developments in information security policy of Ukraine

shows that Ukrainian government makes considerable efforts to strengthen information

security of the country. The basic conceptual documents that define policy priorities are

adopted. The legal framework is being adapted to the new information threats and

challenges.

In comparison to European countries Ukraine has its peculiarities. The notion of

information security is very broad and covers all activities aimed to protect national

information environment and ensure civil rights and freedoms in information sphere.

Many government institutions are involved in information security policy. Some

institutions have partly overlapped responsibilities. This situation sometimes creates

problems with coordination and consistency of actions.

Based on the developments of specialists operating in European countries (Piumatti

et al., 2017; Paleri, 2022; Tejay & Mohammad, 2022), the main directions of Ukrainian

state policy in the field of information security can be improved, especially in the field of

soft power. These directions include the best practices of democratic countries in

improving countering information and hybrid threats that are characteristic of the

present and are complemented by the relevant experience of confronting Russian

challenges (see Fig. 1). Taking into account the Information Security Strategy of

Ukraine, other official documents and implemented actions of Ukrainian government the

authors consider necessary to emphasize on the following aspects of information security

policy.

a. Finding a reasonable balance between the mandatory observance of the

constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens when using information resources (in

particular, these rights include freedom of speech) and the exercise of control functions

to timely identify, prevent, stop, and neutralize threats in the information sector to

Ukrainian citizens, and society, state institutions, etc. At the stage of the Russian military

invasion, partial measures to restrict information freedom are a natural response to the

military challenge and allow to limit the spread of propaganda (extremist, hateful) and

other hybrid threats (Davis, 2020; Matviienkiv&Shmalenko, 2022). However, once most

of the hybrid threats have been overcome, regulation should be abandoned.

b. Development and subsequent evolution of a legal framework to regulate the

processes in information environment development and its protection from external

threats, as well as harmonization with international law. Taking these requirements into

account will allow for the future to take into account modern requirements for national

security in the information environment and bring it to the level generally accepted

among democratic countries. At the same time, the introduction of additional sanctions

for “subversive” activities in the field of information influence may become a special

feature of the Ukrainian system, at least for some time after the end of the Russian-

Ukrainian war. After all, even a victory on the battlefield can have negative consequences

if the opportunities for Russian influence on the means of disseminating knowledge,

news, and other information remain at the same level.

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c. Developing and implementing an effective state information policy in order to

develop the national information environment and harmonize the system of

management and coordination between the entities implementing the state information

policy and the state policy in the field of information security (Gushchyn et al., 2022;

Kaplina, 2022). Currently, there is only a draft of such a program, which, although

detailed, needs to be finalized due to the military challenge, information protection in

extreme situations, agreements with governments and companies of democratic

countries on the possible temporary storage of digital information on foreign servers,

etc. Taking these possible reactions into account will strengthen Ukraine's position in the

field of national information security. These principles have already been partially

implemented in practice. For example, the digital documents and information of the

state-owned Privatbank were moved to foreign servers to protect it from Russian hackers

and digital criminals. It is imperative to take this experience into account in the further

elaboration of national development programs.

d. Establishing cooperation between the state and the civil and private sectors,

promoting international cooperation to implement the state information policy and

ensure information security, creating a high-quality national information product (Park,

2019; Davis, 2009; Kunath & Winkler, 2019), recognizing its priority, providing

comprehensive support and state support for its creation. For a long time, Russian

influence on Ukrainian society was based on the dominance of Russian and Russian-

language products in television, radio, cinema, music, and cultural life. It was only after

the occupation of Crimea by Russian troops in 2014 that the processes of gradual

prioritization of Ukrainian cultural products began. Along with official orders, public

demand for Ukrainian-language digital products has also increased (Sofilkanych, 2022).

After 2022, these trends can only be expected to intensify. This line of work would also

be useful for developing soft power.

e. Further improvement of digital competencies among the Ukrainian population,

developing media literacy skills (Devanny et al., 2022; Hrynchyshyn, 2021). In the

future, Ukraine's information security policy should include programs to improve the

digital literacy of Ukrainians. Obviously, such measures will be most effective if they are

launched at school or higher education institutions, so that young people can acquire the

skills to develop this competence on their own and prevent hybrid information threats

at the initial stage of their spread.

However, attention should also be paid to representatives of the older and middle

generations. As a result of the outbreak of hostilities, a whole campaign of fraudsters

was launched, who sent messages about the provision of humanitarian or financial aid

through popular messengers, phishing messages about access to money transfers, etc.

The threat of obtaining personal information was especially relevant for those who did

not know how to behave in such remote communication with fraudsters. Therefore, the

organization of additional courses or at least the dissemination of appropriate algorithms

for action when falling into digital traps would significantly reduce the damage caused

by fraudsters.

The proposed innovations are based on the developed theoretical material and some

experiences of the Russian-Ukrainian war of 2022 and were partly implemented by the

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President of Ukraine in 2021. Undoubtedly, the inclusion of such provisions in the future

line of information security will not provide absolute guarantees for avoiding information

threats. As practice shows, fraudsters are quite insidious and actively use human

weaknesses to make a profit (Johnson, 2022; Nikolenko, 2022). Unfortunately, there

are frequent cases of extortion of money from the families of killed, captured, or missing

Ukrainian soldiers. For this purpose, fraudsters use personal information and contacts of

mobilized soldiers obtained illegally from their social media accounts or even from

physical media (for example, from civilian jobs).

Another effective Russian information campaign was the dissemination of false

information about special markings that only recruited Ukrainian citizens placed on

buildings at the beginning of the aggression in February-April 2022. According to

widespread propaganda, these markings were intended to adjust missile and air strikes.

Although this possibility was too fantastic, the panic among the Ukrainian population

caused by the general uncertainty of the situation caused significant damage. The

development of appropriate digital competencies will help to maintain calm and

concentration even in times of high emotional stress.

7. Conclusions and Implications

Therefore, the formation of an information security policy against global challenges,

hybrid threats, propaganda, and direct military aggression by the Russian autocratic

regime is one of the urgent tasks of the Ukrainian authorities. An important aspect of

this process is the use of the latest experience of European countries, which can be

combined with the knowledge gained during the war. First of all, we are talking about

effective elements of using civil society, the adoption of proper laws and clear

mechanisms of its implementation, the use of highly qualified specialists, and secure

channels of information transmission.

At the same time, special attention will also be required to counteract hostile

propaganda, which can be considered an effective counteraction to information

campaigns to incite hatred and enmity. To create a high-quality information security

system, it is proposed to introduce a reasonable balance between the mandatory

observance of constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens when using information

resources, adopt relevant laws, develop an effective state information policy, establish

state cooperation with the civil and private sectors, and improve digital competencies

among the Ukrainian population.

Some of the proposed changes to the security policy are already being implemented.

Military operations have accelerated their implementation, which will lead to improved

ways of countering hybrid challenges in the future. At the same time, the use of NATO

capabilities and experience for Ukraine's information security is an issue that requires

further research in view of the country's Euro-Atlantic aspirations.

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