Julio-Diciembre 2015

Vol. 5 No. 2

Julio-septiembre 2024

Vol. 14 No. 2

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Interacción y Perspectiva Dep. Legal pp 201002Z43506

Revista de Trabajo Social ISSN 2244-808X

Vol. 14 N

Julio-septiembre

ARTÍCULO DE INVESTIGACIÓN

La influencia de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en el

desarrollo de las estructuras sociales y políticas de la sociedad red

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10909782

Iryna Verkhovod*, Vira Haponenko**, Oleg Kravtsov ***, Тetiana Kravtsova**** y

Svitlana Bulbeniuk*****

Resumen

El objetivo del estudio es analizar la transformación de las estructuras sociopolíticas de

la sociedad red, teniendo en cuenta la influencia de los procesos de globalización y el

desarrollo de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. Dado que vivimos en

una sociedad interconectada donde las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación

desempeñan un papel clave, es importante examinar cómo estos factores configuran el

panorama sociopolítico. Para lograr este objetivo, es necesario estudiar la relación entre

las estructuras sociales y políticas, los procesos de globalización y el desarrollo de las

tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. Se utilizaron los siguientes métodos:

abstracción, deducción, sistematización y generalización. Se ha determinado que el

surgimiento de una sociedad en red provoca una reestructuración de las instituciones

sociopolíticas, lo que conduce al surgimiento de nuevas estructuras y determina las

características específicas del funcionamiento de las redes sociopolíticas en el contexto

de la globalización. Se analiza la influencia de las instituciones sociales en la

digitalización. En 2022 se llevó a cabo en Ucrania un estudio sobre la representación de

los intereses sociales a nivel de red. Se investiga la transformación de la influencia de

las redes de información y comunicación en el desarrollo de las estructuras sociopolíticas

de la sociedad red y la formación de enfoques para la interacción del aparato político con

los ciudadanos.

Palabras clave: grupos sociales, sociedad red, estructuras sociopolíticas, información,

comunicación, organización

Abstract

The influence of information and communication technologies on the

development of social and political structures of the network society

The purpose of the study is to analyze the transformation of the socio-political structures

of the network society, taking into account the influence of globalization processes and

the development of information and communication technologies. Since we live in a

networked society where information and communication technologies play a key role,

it is important to examine how these factors shape the socio-political landscape. To

achieve this goal, it is necessary to study the relationship between social and political

structures, globalization processes and the development of information and

communication technologies. We used the following methods: abstraction, deduction,

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systematization and generalization. It has been determined that the emergence of a

network society causes a restructuring of socio-political institutions, which leads to the

emergence of new structures and determines the specifics of the functioning of socio-

political networks in the context of globalization. The influence of social institutions on

digitalization is analyzed. The study of the representation of social interests at the

network level was conducted in Ukraine in 2022. The transformation of the influence of

information and communication networks on the development of socio-political

structures of the network society and the formation of approaches to the interaction of

the political apparatus with citizens is investigated.

Keywords: social groups, network society, socio-political structures, information,

communication, organization.

Recibido: 26/12/2023 Aceptado: 12/02/2024

* Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman, Ukraine Borys Grinchehko Kyiv Unversity,

Kyiv, Ukraine. Сandidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-

9176-2574 E-mail: verkhovod.iryna@kneu.edu.ua

** Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman, Ukraine. Doctor of Political Sciences,

Associate Professor ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1004-3165 e-mail: haponenko.vira@kneu.edu.ua

*** Dnipro University of Technology, Dnipro, Ukraine. PhD in Chemical Sciences, Аssociate

Professor. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8027-1796 E-mail:

olkravtsov2020@gmail.com

**** Dnipro University of Technology, Dnipro, Ukraine. PhD in Technical Science, Аssociate

Professor ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5138-3799 E-mail:

t.kravtsova2019@gmail.com

***** Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman, Ukraine. Candidate of

Political Sciences, Associate Professor ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9760-7850 . E-

mail: bulbeniuk.svitlana@kneu.edu.ua

1. Introduction

The concept of a networked society based on the network methodology has

various implementation options that can lead to both proper functioning and collapse of

socio-economic systems. In this regard, the issue of joining global development

networks and adopting the established rules of interaction is becoming relevant for most

countries.

It is worth noting that the network organization of society has existed for a long

time, but the growth of the internal interconnectedness of the world system, which has

become an effective catalyst for the transformational development of the modern world,

has provided more opportunities for the formation of network relations. This approach

adequately responds to internal and external challenges, which in turn leads to

optimization of the processes of establishing links between participants in global

structures.

An important challenge of today is to study the impact of communication relations

and information flows on the transformation of political structures, taking into account

the dynamic development of the modern environment. However, the problem of defining

the essence and specifics of the functioning of the network society for the methodology

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of modern science is not new. Some aspects of this problem are not sufficiently covered

in modern research approaches. For example, the genesis of political structures as a

component of the network society in the context of the development of information and

communication technologies is not sufficiently disclosed. Therefore, the problem of

analyzing the impact of information and communication technologies on the structures

of the network society is of great practical importance.

Objectives is the process of transformation of the political structures of the

network society, taking into account the impact of globalization processes and the

development of information and communication technologies.

2. Literature review

In the context of globalization, the networked society represents a new form of

world organization that can self-organize, restructure, and self-regulate. It is a system

that is constantly expanding, as it penetrates all societies with different intensities and

ways. Thus, the network society is understood as a structured objective reality.

Within the framework of the study of the network society, the analysis of political

processes has become an integral component, although not all researchers working in

this area use structural analysis tools to study such phenomena as relations between

states and social groups within states or global dependencies in political structures at

the level of the world system. Particular attention should be paid to M. Castells, who

studied the peculiarities of the formation of a network society in the context of

globalization. Also worth noting are the works of D. Nook, M. Mizruchi, A. Mager and

other researchers. M. Mizruchi emphasizes that one of the promising areas in network

analysis is the study of the power structure and the study of relations between

corporations and the state. This creates a natural connection between political economy

and network analysis, which echoes the ideas of M. Castells and other network analysts.

3. Results and discussion

The formation of a network society is a necessary response to the challenges of

globalization, characterized by the growing influence of information technologies and

cultural movements, which, in turn, is a key factor in the formation of the structure of

interchangeable global networks that are gradually changing the established social

reality. M. Castells noted that the network society is "the social structure of our century,

the age of information, just as industrial society was the social structure of the industrial

age. It is a global social structure, and therefore it applies to all societies. Despite

institutional and cultural diversity, the global network society is characterized by a

fundamental common core. Not every society or every segment of every society is

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included in this core. However, the logic of networks means that they include and exclude

at the same time" (Castells, 2023).

It is important to analyze and characterize the processes of formation of the

network society as a component of the socio-economic system in the context of

globalization. According to M. Castells (Castells, 2000), since the early 70s, three

important and independent processes have been taking place in parallel: the information

technology revolution, the development of cultural and social movements of the 60s and

70s, and the crisis that led to the restructuring of two socio-economic systems -

capitalism and ethnism. These processes resulted in the emergence of a network society.

Nowadays, ethatism and capitalism cannot adapt to the requirements of globalization,

which leads to economic conflicts and loss of political control in various spheres of

society.

M. Castells postulated that the formation of a network society is inherent in

countries with capitalist economies (Castells, 2000). However, this economy is

characterized by a new paradigm - knowledge and information are the driving force of

competitiveness in the global space (Fuchs, 2009, Smart, 2000).

To meet the demands of the modern world, both people and countries must adopt

a network approach to interaction. A network, in turn, is an organizational structure that

describes the interaction between objects that are united by various forms of connections

based on human interaction. This interaction is based on the realization of common

interests, regardless of geopolitical factors. This leads to relevant socio-political, cultural

and historical changes in the modern world.

Various research approaches to the emergence of the network society trace a

technological paradigm that determines that its emergence is associated with the

development of microelectronics, genetic engineering, and information and

communication technologies, as well as with industrial and post-industrial types of social

development. However, this is not the only factor. A conceptual difference in the

formation of the network society is the emergence of information technology networks

that have emerged as a result of industrial and technological development.

Modern information technologies are a key factor in the formation of interaction

structures that form global networks. These networks, including media, mobile

communications, and the Internet, have become horizontal and vertical forms of global

communication in the early twenty-first century. Networked forms of social organization

provide flexibility in the activities of people, structures, and countries. However, these

forms require constant adaptation to new conditions of social development and needs.

Each country determines its own criteria for the formation of relevant networks in a

world where there are no rules for organizing global life.

The development of information and communication technologies involves the

creation of information structures that help develop educational, scientific and cultural

infrastructure through appropriate forms of interaction between global actors. This

requires standardization of service quality and modernization of the telecommunications

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infrastructure, which helps to reduce the gap in information and economic development

between countries.

Today, networked forms of information interaction are transforming social reality,

which leads to changes in the functioning of the main spheres of life and forms of

relations between people. The information basis of social development, according to M.

Castells, is based on the ideology of informationism, which determines the ways and

directions of social evolution.

Internet technologies play an important role in the formation of information

structures. These technologies allow establishing many direct contacts, such as

international, personal, business, and cultural networks, removing space and time

constraints. Thanks to Internet technologies, new information structures are being

formed, which are the basis for network interaction, providing quick solutions to social

problems.

In the context of the network society, as O. Zernetska notes, communication is

becoming a new importance for society and the individual, which leads to a civilizational

revolution at this stage of human development (Zernetska, 2019).

In a world where all spheres of life depend on the information space and global

networks, the feasibility of joining them and fully establishing network connections are

becoming extremely important issues for countries around the world. Information and

communication technologies need to be modernized in order to become part of the global

information network. The formation of clearly defined information centers-networks that

set standards for information technologies and develop strategies for their development

is a fundamental feature of the impact of modern globalization processes. These

information centers-networks ensure the transfer of information and technologies to the

backward periphery, forming appropriate information structures. The network society,

which emerges as a result of the establishment of information and communication

interaction, creates infrastructures that are entirely dependent on the factor of

information and technological development of a particular network.

Networks unite various information structures that are forms of social

organization. The development of information technologies allows to strengthen the

essence and functionality of these structures. The current role of information structures

in the respective networks determines their strategic and tactical importance, as they

effectively form network relations.

To fully understand the relationship between the digitalization process and

governance, it is necessary to conduct a systematic and historical analysis of the

concepts, narratives, and belief systems that influence this context. Critical conceptual

analysis, typically associated with political theory, history, or sociology, plays an

important role in such a study. Its inclusion in digitalization studies promises significant

progress in two ways.

“On the one hand, analyzing concepts, narratives, and belief systems will provide

an overview of the competing representations of the networked society” (August, 2022:

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314) that we face in policy terms. By historicizing these representations, we will be able

to remove the naturalness of the rationalities underlying the proposed governance

models. On the other hand, a critical analysis of metaphors and narratives in discussions

about digitalization will also contribute to the methodological accuracy of the study of

the digitalization of the political structures of the network society.

The study of the impact of communication methods on political and social

development, especially in the context of the rapid development of information and

communication technologies, is of great importance. In the twentieth century, television

has already proved its effectiveness as a channel for broadcasting mass socio-political

influence (McLuhan, 1967). The modern world is characterized by the expansion of

electronic technologies as a means of supporting social communications. Network

structures emerging in connection with the globalization of society create a new social

morphology. Network relations are penetrating the political system to the extent that

they are seen as a key tool for identifying citizens, organizing and coordinating political

participation of different segments of the population.

This necessitates further research into the impact of network relations on political

processes and the development of society. Sociologists, political scientists, and other

researchers are actively studying these processes to understand what changes new

communication technologies and network structures bring and how they affect politics

and human behavior in the modern world.

The emergence of a network society causes the restructuring of political

institutions, which leads to the emergence of new political structures and determines the

specifics of the functioning of political networks in the context of globalization. Political

structures that are united in political networks form relations between political actors

that ensure political decision-making. At the same time, D. Clarke once postulated the

principles of renouncing political jurisdiction over the Internet, appealing to the fact that

the Internet is a decentralized and deterritorialized set of peer-to-peer networks.

Consequently, the Internet is inherent in self-regulation and should be free from

centralized governance, which includes representative democratic institutions (Pohle J.,

& Thorsten T., 2019).

А. Toffler (Toffler, 1980) emphasizes the importance of media interactivity, which

is increasing due to the introduction of new network technologies. He predicts that

information and knowledge will become the main resources of power by the end of the

21st century. This suggests that changes in communication methods have a major

impact on the distribution of power in society.

Changes in communication methods not only transmit information, but also affect

people's values and consciousness. The individual and political consciousness of citizens

is changing under the influence of new communication methods, which can lead to a

revision of social values.

In Deutsch's theory (Deutsch, 1963), the political system is viewed as a complex

network of information flows and communication relations, where feedback plays an

important role. The effectiveness of a political system depends on the quality and

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quantity of incoming information, as well as the way it is processed, transmitted and

stored.

These guidelines emphasize the interrelationship between communication

networks, the distribution of power, and the functioning of the political system. The

development of new communication methods affects these processes and can have

significant consequences for society as a whole.

Information exchange forms the basic prerequisites for the sustainable formation

of the political system, which is characterized by three main types of communication:

personal, informal communication; communication through organizations; and

communication through the media. The overall goal of political communication is

interaction between political actors through the exchange of information in the process

of struggle for power, exercise of power or retention of power. This goal is realized

through the targeted transmission and selective perception of information.

Today, the global infrastructure of electronic means of collecting, storing,

processing and transmitting information is striking in its scope of influence is striking in

the scale of its impact on the system of social and political relations. The first wave of

information (from the late nineteenth century to the 1950s) had no direct impact on the

political life of society. The second wave actually created a new social reality that required

completely new types of organization, behavior, motivation, and ethics.

Receiving information is perceived by the mass consciousness as the only reliable

way to development, as a mechanism of social regulation.

The information and communication network of a political system, according to

Deutsch, includes: services for receiving information, evaluating and selecting

information, making decisions, implementing decisions, and feedback (Deutsch, 1963).

At the first stage, external and internal information is collected through information

services and public opinion centers; this information does not have a strict correlation

with further public policy goals. At this stage, the incoming data is selected,

systematized, initially analyzed and coded. After evaluation and processing, the selected

information is further transformed in accordance with the dominant values, norms,

stereotypes, and preferences of the ruling elite.

The state as a subject of public administration mobilizes the political system

through information flows of regulation and communication interactions between the

system and the social environment, as well as between individual blocks within the

system. Government decisions are made after receiving a general assessment of the

current political situation's compliance with the main goals and objectives of the political

situation for compliance with the main goals and objectives of state policy. Feedback in

the information and communication network plays a stabilizing role. The "executors" not

only implement the decisions made, but also inform about the results of the

implementation of decisions and the state of the system as a whole. Thus, new

information through the feedback mechanism reaches the "input" and brings the entire

system to a new round of functioning.

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The communication network of the political system transmits three main types of

messages: technological data related to establishing and maintaining contacts between

the elements of the political system; informative data that convey the main semantic

content of the transmitted message; and motivational appeals that cause a desire or

understanding of the need for certain actions in accordance with the content of the

received information (Deutsch, 1969, p. 13).

Deutsch's information and communication model allows us to assess the

effectiveness of political systems. However, within this approach, the problem of the

effectiveness of interaction between the This approach, the problem of the effectiveness

of interaction between the communicator and the recipient is reduced to only studying

various channels, ways and methods of information transmission, leaving out the

processes of perception and mutual behavior of individuals.

The information network implies not only the depersonalization of subjects, but

also the ability of citizens to choose the information they need. The energy of a massive,

active, and politically functioning public sphere should not be ignored both in the

information and communication space of virtual reality and in real historical space and

time.

The public should not be seen as a passive object of political influence. It is

selective about all types of external influence, accepting and assimilating some and

rejecting others. Objectively good information materials may turn out to be much less

effective in practice than communicators and owners of mass media systems expect. As

a result, instead of forming beliefs, the material will serve to overly reinforce existing

views, attitudes, and moods that encourage action.

M. Kaufmann and J. Jeandesboz (Kaufmann M., & Jeandesboz J., 2017) and S.

Berg (Berg, S, Niklas R, & Thorsten T., 2020) note that the issue of digitalization of

society should be considered taking into account accessibility for political decisions.

A study of the impact of democratic institutions on digitalization (Mager, A., and

Katzenbach C., 2021) showed that the development and social functioning of digital

technologies depends on the legal framework established by politics.

The study of E. Laumann and D. Noke (Laumann EO, and Knoke D., 1987) on the

inter-organizational network of national politics in Washington is an illustrative example

of empirical research. They argued that much of the government in the United States

was under the influence of narrow and largely autonomous elites. These elites do not

directly lead the country because their actions are inconsistent with each other on

various issues (Mizruchi, 1992).

However, E. Laumann and D. Knoke emphasize the role of latent social ties in

policy-making between leaders of different network organizations interested in solving

specific issues (Fischer, 2013). D. Knoke (1994) considers network analysis at the macro-

theoretical level, exploring the relations of influence (exchange of information) and

domination (exchange of material sanctions) and demonstrating how ties between

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businessmen contribute to the communication of corporate class interests to the public

domain (Marsh, D. and Smith, M., 2000).

E. Voinova noted in her work (Voinova, 2021) that new forms of communication,

especially in the context of the Internet and web networks, cause changes in social

interaction, including the political sphere. This is supported by the indication that new

models of social interaction, including political interaction, are emerging as a result of

the development of the Internet. Differentiation and variability of information flows are

becoming special characteristics of new forms of communication. A variety of information

sources and wide access to it contribute to demassification, i.e., less control over

information flows. This allows more people to express their opinions and engage in

political communication. In addition, the processes of individualization of political

communication are becoming more prominent, as people can choose the information

that meets their interests and views.

These changes in political communication reflect the impact of new technologies

and can have a significant impact on the political sphere. With the help of new forms of

communication, citizens can communicate more, exchange information and express their

views, leading to changes in political debate and the formation of new political models

of interaction.

The rapidly growing development and popularity of blogs, video blogs, podcasts,

streaming, and other forms of interactive communication on the Internet is creating a

new system of global, horizontal communication networks that, for the first time in

history, allow people to communicate with each other without going through the channels

created by the institutions of society for socialized communication (Castells, 2006, p.

13). Communication on the Internet is mass communication because it is distributed

globally and potentially covers the entire planet. But it is also self-directed, as it is often

initiated by individuals and groups. However, this does not mean instant emancipation

for everyone on the Internet. The Internet consists of both an oligopolistic business-

multimedia system that controls an increasingly inclusive hypertext and an explosion of

horizontal networks of autonomous local and global communication. autonomous local

and global communication. Socialized communication is a world of diversified messages

that recombine themselves in electronic hypertext and are processed by the mind

through increasingly autonomous information sources.

The modern concept of smart government is based on a new platform of Smart

Networks. The Smart Networks platform involves the use of communication networks to

manage various types of systems (Voronkova, et al., 2022).

To facilitate the establishment and development of global-local ties in the modern

network society, the state actively encourages the establishment of a comprehensive

process of networking. This process involves regional and local authorities, various non-

governmental organizations and business structures. Governance is no longer limited to

nation-states, but functions within a network of political institutions and private actors.

These actors collectively share sovereignty and adapt to the changing geopolitical

ecosystem (Castells, 2006, p. 16).

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The digital technology transformation of the industrial revolution from 4G to 5G

is characterized by the dominance of revolutionary digital-based production methods

such as the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and Big Data. Analyzing the

determinants of social development, V. Voronkova et al. identify the main driving forces

of socio-economic progress: the development of human resources based on artificial

intelligence, "intelligent production", which involves managing production and logistics

on an enterprise scale, facilitating human-computer interaction, as well as the

introduction of 3D technologies in production processes and the transition to 5G

technology, which will increase the speed of data transmission and enable the

simultaneous connection of more devices.

The development of a science and technology-oriented workforce is crucial for

countries to take advantage of digital transformation processes (Voronkova et al., 2023).

Considering the role of education in the cognitive development of society as a

factor of digital transformation, a team of scientists (Nikitenko et al., 2022) conclude

that the emergence of the digital and knowledge economy has transformed human

nature and work, leading to the emergence of a cognitive society and the emergence of

the "digital human". The technological revolution has allowed people to connect online

and has fostered a network effect that allows people to work and earn income remotely.

However, digital transformation also brings challenges, such as cybercrime and data

security issues.

It is worth noting that according to the «Е-Government Survey 2022» (The United

Nations, 2022), Ukraine has risen from 82nd place to 46th in 5 years, which indicates a

positive trend in the development of e-government in Ukraine. The growth of the

country's position from 82nd to 69th place in two years is an important indicator. This

means that Ukraine is making some efforts to implement and develop e-government.

“According to a study by Kantar, a market research company, almost 84% of

smartphone owners in Ukraine use "Diia" today.” (Rating of mobile applications: 84% of

smartphone owners in Ukraine use the "Diia" app, 2022).

According to the analytical report "Opinions and Views of the Ukrainian Population

on State Electronic Services," the level of use of state electronic services in Ukraine

continues to grow - in 2022, 63% of Ukrainians used state electronic services, compared

to 60% in 2021 and 53% in 2020 (Analytical report on the «Opinions and views of the

Ukrainian population regarding state electronic services», 2022).

Ukraine's transition from a group with a high e-government development index

to a group with a very high index, and becoming one of 60 countries with this status, is

also an important achievement. This indicates certain improvements in the use of

technology and electronic services in public administration in Ukraine.

It is worth noting that these achievements can have a positive impact on the

accessibility of services for citizens, the efficiency of government processes, and the

transparency and openness of the government. The development of e-governance

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improves communication between the government and citizens, ensures greater public

participation in decision-making processes, and promotes trust in the government.

4. Conclusions

Thus, the process of transformation of political structures under the influence of

information and communication technologies in a network society has its own

peculiarities. In the modern world, the process of transformation of political structures

is taking place due to the representation of social interests at the level of macro

networks. This change occurs through the expression of social demands, the unification

of social requirements and political decision-making. Much attention is paid to open and

free communication between different networks and within each network, which helps

to improve the feedback between the government and citizens. Political relations are

mediated by information networks, and the main emphasis is shifting from maintaining

the dominant role of public authorities to finding optimal forms of interaction aimed at

protecting the rights of citizens when formulating the political interests of social networks

and discussing political issues.

In the process of formation of political structures of the network society, new

opportunities for communication and interaction, development of the digital state,

transformation of bureaucratic political structures into effective interaction between the

state and network communities are opening up. It seems expedient to further

comprehensively analyze the trends in the development of network society structures,

which will make it possible to predict the development of social institutions in the context

of globalization.

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