Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"

de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia

Maracaibo, Venezuela

Esta publicación cientíca en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa

ISSN-Versión Impresa 0798-1406 / ISSN-Versión on line 2542-3185Depósito legal pp

197402ZU34

ppi 201502ZU4645

Vol.41 N° 79

Octubre

Diciembre

2023

Recibido el 07/04/23 Aceptado el 05/07/23

ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132

Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas

La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to

de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-

cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.

En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias

Hu ma nas y So cia les, a tra vés de la di vul ga ción de los re sul ta dos lo gra dos por sus in ves-

ti ga do res; es ti mu lar la in ves ti ga ción en es tas áreas del sa ber; y pro pi ciar la pre sen ta-

ción, dis cu sión y con fron ta ción de las ideas y avan ces cien tí fi cos con com pro mi so so cial.

Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con

avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-

co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.

ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN

Re vicyhLUZ, In ter na tio nal Po li ti cal Scien ce Abs tracts, Re vis ta In ter ame ri ca na de

Bi blio gra fía, en el Cen tro La ti no ame ri ca no para el De sa rrol lo (CLAD), en Bi blio-

gra fía So cio Eco nó mi ca de Ve ne zue la de RE DIN SE, In ter na tio nal Bi blio graphy of

Po li ti cal Scien ce, Re vencyt, His pa nic Ame ri can Pe rio di cals In dex/HAPI), Ul ri ch’s

Pe rio di cals Di rec tory, EBS CO. Se en cuen tra acre di ta da al Re gis tro de Pu bli ca cio-

nes Cien tí fi cas y Tec no ló gi cas Ve ne zo la nas del FO NA CIT, La tin dex.

Di rec to ra

OIRALITH

M. C

HIRINOS

ORTILLO

Co mi té Edi tor

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Co mi té Ase sor

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Ri car do Com bel las

An gel Lom bar di

Die ter Nohlen

Al fre do Ra mos Ji mé nez

Go ran Ther born

Frie drich Welsch

Asis ten tes Ad mi nis tra ti vos

Joan López Urdaneta y Nil da Ma rín

Re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas. Av. Gua ji ra. Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Nú cleo Hu ma nís ti co. Fa-

cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas. Ins ti tu to de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co

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Vol. 41, Nº 79 (2023), 290-300

IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ

Legislative perspectives of ensuring

public control over the observance of the

rights of convicts in Ukraine

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4179.19

Pavlo Harasym *

Oleksii Humin **

Roman Shai ***

Svitlana Soroka ****

Anna Bondarchuk *****

Abstract

The study conducted an analysis of the concept of public control

over the observance of the rights of convicted persons in the eld

of enforcement of sentences and parole. On the basis of the use

of general methods and reective points of view, the denition

of public control over the observance of the rights of convicted

persons was formulated. In addition, the use of separate special scientic

methods provides arguments for the expediency of making changes in the

Criminal Executive Code of Ukraine, by enshrining in it a separate chapter

that would regulate legal relations in the sphere of public control and on

the sphere of observance of the rights and interests of convicted persons

in places of punishment; as well as a separate article that would dene the

content, forms and types of public control over the functioning of bodies and

institutions of execution of punishment and probation. It was concluded

on the necessity of observance of the rights and legitimate interests of a

* Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Head of the Lviv District Police Department of the Main

Directorate of the National Police of Ukraine in the Lviv Region Colonel of police Doctoral Student of

Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0336-

4710. Email: pavlogarasym@gmail.com

** Doctor in Law, Professor, Head of the Department of Criminal Law and Procedure of the Educational

and Scientic Institute of Law, Psychology and Innovative Education, Lviv Polytechnic National

University, Lviv, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8016-945X. Email: gumin@ukr.

net

*** Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of Criminal Law and Procedure Lviv

Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine. ORСID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2788-6035.

Email: romanshai@gmail.com

**** Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Associate Professor at the Department of Criminal Law and

Procedure of the Educational and Scientic Institute of Law, Psychology and Innovative Education,

Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine. ORСID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9351-

4531. Email: soroka.sv66@gmail.com

***** PhD., in Law, Senior Teacher of the Department of Criminal Law, National Academy of Internal

Aairs, Кyiv, Ukraine. ORСID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0799-5218. Email: volk28021192@

gmail.com

291

CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS

Vol. 41 Nº 79 (2023): 290-300

person in the sphere of execution of punishment and probation, since, by

their nature, they do not belong to public associations.

Keywords: public control; criminal enforcement activity; legislative

activity; penal institutions; probation bodies.

Perspectivas legislativas para garantizar el control

público sobre la observancia de los derechos de los

condenados en Ucrania

Resumen

El estudio llevó a cabo un análisis del concepto del control público sobre

la observancia de los derechos de los condenados, en el campo de la ejecución

de las penas y la libertad condicional. Sobre la base del uso de métodos

generales y puntos de vista reexivos, se formuló la denición de control

público sobre la observancia de los derechos de los condenados. Ademas, el

uso de métodos cientícos especiales separados brinda argumentos para la

conveniencia de realizar cambios en el Código Ejecutivo Penal de Ucrania,

al consagrar en él un capítulo separado que regularía las relaciones legales

en la esfera del control público y sobre la esfera de la observación de los

derechos e intereses de condenados en los lugares de pena; así como un

artículo separado que deniría el contenido, las formas y los tipos de control

público sobre el funcionamiento de los órganos e instituciones de ejecución

de penas y de libertad vigilada. Se llego a la conclusión sobre la necesidad

de la observancia de los derechos e intereses legítimos de una persona en el

ámbito de la ejecución de las penas y la libertad condicional, ya que, por su

naturaleza, no pertenecen a asociaciones públicas.

Palabras clave: control público; actividad de ejecución penal; actividad

legislativa; instituciones penales; órganos de libertad

condicional.

Introduction

Public control over the activity of a person’s rights and legitimate interests

in any sphere of public life is a prerequisite and an indispensable element

of building interaction between the public and other state institutions,

law enforcement agencies, justice agencies, etc., as a result of which the

eectiveness of their activities increases.

292

Pavlo Harasym, Oleksii Humin, Roman Shai, Svitlana Soroka y Anna Bondarchuk

Legislative perspectives of ensuring public control over the observance of the rights of convicts

in Ukraine

However, like any other control over the activities of state authorities,

public control in the eld of rights enforcement by justice bodies has

certain problems in its organization and functioning, which should be paid

attention to. In particular, as statistics show, in the process of criminal

enforcement activities, there are cases of suicides among convicts, their

self-mutilation, injuries, etc., annually, one of the conditions of which is

formal, and in some cases, no public control over the sphere of execution of

punishments in Ukraine (Batyrgareeva & Babenko, 2020, p. 164 183).

The activities of subjects of public control in the eld of execution of

punishments and probation of Ukraine were constantly subjected to

justied criticism by scientists, practitioners and the public. One of the

main topics of discussion in this regard is the state of eectiveness of

observation commissions, which is quite low and such that it does not

ensure proper social monitoring (constant control over the observance of

the rights of convicts while serving a criminal sentence (Part 2 of Article

25 of the Criminal Executive Code (hereinafter – CEC of Ukraine) for this

branch of public relations (Criminal and executive code of ukraine. Law of

ukraine, 2004; Eroshenko, 2012, p. 383).

Taking into account the situation that has developed around the activities

of the specied participants in criminal and executive legal relations,

including issues of public control, the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine in

2022 adopted Resolution No. 1314 «On amendments to the regulations

on supervisory commissions» (On amendments to the regulations on

supervisory commissions. resolution of the cabinet of ministers of ukraine,

2022), which causes a lot of comments among scientists and practitioners.

Of scientic and practical interest are questions related to the content

of the concept of «public control in the eld of execution of punishments»,

which has not been nally formulated at the legal and scientic level, and

clear legal principles of public control over the observance of the rights and

legitimate interests of convicts in the eld of execution of punishments have

not been developed , which, along with insucient preventive activities and

the level of public participation in the mentioned process, actualized the

choice of the topic of the scientic article.

1. Methodology of the study

The research used works on the problems of criminology, penitentiary,

administrative law and process. The methodological basis of the article is

the provisions and conclusions of the general theory of cognition. Taking

into account the complex approach to conducting research, the following

general philosophical and special methods were used. In particular, the

dialectical method was used in the study of the essence and content of such

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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS

Vol. 41 Nº 79 (2023): 290-300

concepts as «state control» and «public control» over the observance of the

rights of convicts in the sphere of execution of punishments and probation.

With the help of the historical method, the formation of scientic

opinion regarding the essence of public control over the activities of the

bodies of execution of punishments has been claried. The formal-logical

method was used during the scientic elaboration of normative legal acts,

as well as for the interpretation of the control function of the public on

the legality of the rights of convicts. The use of statistical methods made

it possible to form a general and objective view of the state of legislative

regulation of ensuring public control over the observance of the rights of

convicts in Ukraine. Such methods as systemic, sociological, comparative-

legal, statistical, system-structural analysis are also applied.

2. Analysis of recent research

The analysis of the scientic literature proved that many criminologists

are engaged in the development of problems of increasing the level of public

control over the process of execution of punishments (Garashchuk, 2002,

p. 253; Zakharov, 2009; Tereschuk, 2018; Kolb et al., 2020; Batyrgareeva

& Babenko, 2020, pp. 164183) and others.

However, at the doctrinal and legislative level, the issues of state

and public control over the observance of the rights of convicts remain

undistinguished, and some areas of activity of subjects of public control

in the eld of execution of punishments require substantial renement.

The specied circumstances determine the expediency of a scientic

analysis of the specied activity, the development of scientically based

proposals aimed at eliminating certain shortcomings and developing ways

to overcome them.

3. Results and discussion

Currently, there is no established understanding of the term «public

control» in scientic sources. In particular, V. Garashchuk refers to

control as inspection, as well as observation for the purpose of inspection

to counteract something undesirable, to detect, prevent, and stop illegal

behavior on the part of anyone (Garashchuk, 2002, p. 253). E. Zakharov,

public control is understood as public verication by civil society of the

state’s activities for compliance with its declared goals, adjustment of these

activities and the goals themselves, subordination of state policy, activities

of its bodies and ocials to the interests of society, as well as civil society’s

supervision of the activities of state bodies and authorities of local self-

294

Pavlo Harasym, Oleksii Humin, Roman Shai, Svitlana Soroka y Anna Bondarchuk

Legislative perspectives of ensuring public control over the observance of the rights of convicts

in Ukraine

government, aimed at protecting and ensuring human rights and legitimate

interests and fundamental freedoms and respect for them (Zakharov,

2009).

In our opinion, public control over the observance of the rights of

convicts in the eld of execution of punishments and probation is the

activity of public associations regulated at the legislative level, aimed at

checking the observance of the rights and legitimate interests of subjects of

criminal-enforcement legal relations in the process of execution / serving

of punishments. as well as guarantees of their implementation, and

in connection with this, taking appropriate comprehensive actions to

eliminate and counteract the determinants that cause the commission of

illegal encroachments on the specied objects of legal protection.

The subject of public control over the process of execution and serving

of punishments should be understood as a set of procedural requirements

that are put forward to the actions of the administration of institutions for

the execution of punishments and probation bodies (serving sentences in

places of deprivation of liberty; applying disciplinary sanctions to convicted

persons; providing assistance in the event of release from punishment or

serving it, etc.). In this regard, the rights of convicts are dened in Art.

8 of the CEC of Ukraine (Criminal and executive code of ukraine. Law of

Ukraine, 2004), and the personnel of penal institutions - in Art. 18 of the

Law of Ukraine «On the State Criminal-Executive Service of Ukraine» (On

the state criminal-executive service of ukraine. Law of Ukraine, 2005).

The content of the Central Committee of Ukraine certies that it does

not include proper legal mechanisms for ensuring the rights of the public

on these issues. They are not dened in special laws that regulate the

activities of public associations, in particular, in the Law of Ukraine «On

Public Associations».

Enshrined in Part 2 of Art. 25 of the CEC of Ukraine, the legal principles

of public control over the process of execution / serving of punishments

are essentially reduced to the activities of the guardianship councils

at educational colonies (Criminal and executive code of Ukraine. Law

of ukraine, 2004). This kind of control over the sphere of execution of

punishments cannot be called eective. An additional evaluative argument

in this regard is the prescriptions of Part 2 of Art. 25 of the CEC of Ukraine,

according to which, in the cases established by this Code and the laws of

Ukraine, public control over the observance of the rights of convicts during

the execution of criminal sentences can be carried out by public associations

(Criminal and executive code of Ukraine. Law of Ukraine, 2004).

In the draft of the Law of Ukraine «On the penitentiary system: the draft

Law of Ukraine, 2021», only one legal norm is devoted to this problem – Part

1 of Art. 65, which states that public control over the functioning of bodies

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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS

Vol. 41 Nº 79 (2023): 290-300

and institutions of the penitentiary system is carried out in accordance with

the CEC of Ukraine.

In the 2017 Concept of Reform (Development) of the Penitentiary System

of Ukraine, among the main tasks of the reform, which are enshrined in the

specied state program, there is also no reference to the need to change

public control over the observance of the rights and legitimate interests of

a person in the eld of execution of punishments. We can talk about this

problem only in general terms in the context of such a task, which was

reected in Chapter I «General Provisions» of the Concept, namely, one of

the main tasks of the reform is the development of legislation in the eld

of operation of pretrial detention centers and institutions for the execution

of punishments in accordance with the legislation of the European of the

Union However, given the content of the draft Law of Ukraine «On the

Penitentiary System», it is premature to talk about it.

It is worth noting that today in Ukraine there are certain legal

developments related to the content of public control. In particular, the Law

of Ukraine «On National Security» enshrined in Art. 10 «Public supervision»,

which, in particular, states that: «citizens of Ukraine participate in the

implementation of civil control through public associations of which they

are members, deputies of local councils, personally by applying to the

Commissioner of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for human rights or to

state bodies in the manner established by the Constitution of Ukraine, the

Law of Ukraine «On Public Associations» and other laws of Ukraine (On

the national security of Ukraine. Law of Ukraine, 2018).

At the same time, the sphere of public supervision in accordance with

Part 1 of Art. 10 of this Law, may be limited exclusively by the Law of

Ukraine «On State Secrets»; during the implementation of civil control,

the public has the opportunity to: receive relevant information from state

bodies in the established manner, except for that which has limited access;

conduct research; publicly present their results; to create public funds,

centers, teams of experts, etc. for this purpose; conduct public examination

of draft laws, decisions, programs, present their conclusions and proposals

for consideration by relevant state bodies; participate in public discussions

and open parliamentary hearings on relevant issues» (On the national

security of ukraine. Law of Ukraine, 2018).

We believe that taking into account the provisions of Art. 24 «Visiting

institutions for the execution of punishments» of the CEC of Ukraine,

which denes the subjects of public control in the eld of execution of

punishments, it would be logical to supplement the Code with Article 25-1

«Content, forms and types of public control over the functioning of bodies

and institutions for the execution of punishments» and place in a separate

chapter (Harasym, 2022, p. 300).

296

Pavlo Harasym, Oleksii Humin, Roman Shai, Svitlana Soroka y Anna Bondarchuk

Legislative perspectives of ensuring public control over the observance of the rights of convicts

in Ukraine

Also, the following forms and types of this type of public activity are

provided for in Chapter VIII «Public control of the police» of the Law of

Ukraine «On the National Police»: report on police activity; adoption of

a resolution of no condence in the heads of police bodies; interaction

between heads of territorial police bodies and representatives of local self-

government bodies; joint projects with the public; involvement of the public

in considering complaints about the actions or inaction of police ocers

(Articles 8690) (On the national police. Law of Ukraine, 2022).

In our opinion, it is precisely this content of public control that should

be dened in the Central Committee of Ukraine, by establishing a separate

chapter «Public control in the eld of execution of punishments and

probation» in it, taking as a basis the relevant provisions of the Law of

Ukraine «On the National Police» and removing from the chapter 4 of this

Code of provisions of part four regarding this type of control (Harasym,

2022: 299).

In addition, the draft Law «On the Penitentiary System» contains

provisions on public control not only of observing the rights of convicts

during the execution of sentences, as dened in Art. 25 of the CEC of

Ukraine, but also on the functioning of bodies and institutions of the

penitentiary system, which is a broader type of activity related to the

process of execution / serving of punishments (On the penitentiary system:

the draft Law of Ukraine, 2021). We consider this approach to be somewhat

simplied and formal, since it lacks its corresponding directions dened

in the Laws of Ukraine «On the National Police» and «National Security».

Some scientists rightly point out that based on the content of paragraph

1 of the Regulation on the Monitoring Commission, developed in 2020

by the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, in the direct understanding of the

semantic meaning of the word «community» (persons who act on behalf

of the community, not the state) (Eroshenko, 2012, p. 149), observation

commissions cannot be classied as full-edged subjects of public

monitoring in the eld of execution of punishments and probation in

Ukraine.

In particular, Resolution No. 1314 proposed the tasks, powers and

procedure for the formation of observation commissions, as well as the

coordination of their activities by local state administrations (and, in

accordance with the requirements of the Law of Ukraine «On Local State

Administrations», only subjects of state functioning and management) (On

amendments to the regulations on supervisory commissions. Eesolution

of the cabinet of ministers of Ukraine, 2022). Moreover, the specied

normative-legal mechanism contradicts the content of the Law of Ukraine

«On Public Associations» and the principles of formation and activity of

these subjects of public relations, since in Resolution No. 1314, the legal

status of observation commissions can be attributed to specic states and

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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS

Vol. 41 Nº 79 (2023): 290-300

public entities, and therefore, control in this case should not be called state,

but state-public.

The content used in Part 2 of Art. 25 of the CEC of Ukraine (Criminal

and executive code of Ukraine. Law of Ukraine, 2004), the phrase «public

control over the observance of the rights of convicts», since in fact it is of

a currently dened socio-legal nature, observation commissions carry out

precisely the state-public, and not the specied a type of social monitoring

in the eld of execution of punishments and probation.

In our opinion, the separate rights of observation commissions, which are

enshrined in paragraph 6 of Resolution No. 1314, nonsensical. In particular,

subsection 1 states that the specied subjects of public control have the

right to listen to the information of ocials of bodies and institutions for

the execution of punishments, etc. at their meetings (On amendments to

the regulations on supervisory commissions. Resolution of the cabinet of

ministers of Ukraine, 2022). Nothing is said about the decisions that the

observation commission has the right to make as a result of such actions

(this is nothing more than scholasticism (formality, detachment from real

life and practice, etc.)) (Eroshenko, 2012, p. 632). At the same time, such

mechanisms are provided at the legislative level. In particular, articles

86-87 of the Law of Ukraine «On the National Police» in this regard state

that, based on the results of a public hearing of the relevant police chiefs, a

resolution of no condence may be adopted in relation to them, which, in

turn, may become one of the legal grounds for dismissal these persons from

their positions or from the police (On the national police. Law of ukraine,

2022).

Obviously, the right of observation commissions to listen to ocials

of bodies and institutions for the execution of punishments should be

formulated in the same sense, which would undoubtedly allow to increase

the level of public control in the sphere of execution of punishments and

probation of Ukraine.

Also, despite the fact that in the current CEC of Ukraine, chapter 26

(Articles 160–162), which regulated the issue of public control over

the behavior of persons released from serving a sentence, in Clause 6 of

Resolution No. 1314 (On amendments to the regulations on supervisory

commissions. Resolution of the cabinet of ministers of Ukraine, 2022),

in particular, such a right is granted to supervisory commissions, which

contradicts the provisions of Articles 19, 63, 92 of the Constitution of

Ukraine (Constitution of Ukraine) and the principles of criminal law

implementation, execution and serving of punishments provided for in

Article 5 of the CEC of Ukraine (Criminal and executive code of Ukraine.

Law of Ukraine, 2004).

298

Pavlo Harasym, Oleksii Humin, Roman Shai, Svitlana Soroka y Anna Bondarchuk

Legislative perspectives of ensuring public control over the observance of the rights of convicts

in Ukraine

The granting of the right to the members of the observation commissions

to make audio and video recordings and distribute the received

information, review reports, conduct audits, etc. (subparagraph 1 of

paragraph 7 of Resolution No. 1314) also raises questions (On amendments

to the regulations on supervisory commissions. Resolution of the cabinet of

ministers of Ukraine, 2022), without reservations specied in this regard in

the Constitution of Ukraine, legislative acts on access to personal data and

public information, etc. After all, in no law of Ukraine, which refers to the

specied types of activities (conducting audits, inspections, other control

and supervisory measures, etc.), such powers are not granted without

appropriate procedures, even for state authorities.

Therefore, taking into account the deterministic complex of

extraordinary events in places of execution of punishments and modern

trends of legislative regulation of this activity in interaction with other law

enforcement agencies, it is obvious and necessary to modify public control

over the observance of the rights and legitimate interests of individuals in

places of execution of punishments in Ukraine.

Conclusions

Public control over the observance of the rights and legitimate interests

of convicts in the sphere of execution of punishments and probation is the

activity of public associations regulated at the legislative level, aimed at

verifying the observance of the rights and legitimate interests of subjects

of criminal-executive legal relations in the process of execution / serving

of punishments, and as well as guarantees of their implementation, and

in connection with this, taking appropriate comprehensive actions to

eliminate and counter the determinants that cause the commission of

illegal encroachments on the specied objects of legal protection.

Based on the relevant provisions of the Law of Ukraine «On the National

Police», appropriate changes should be made to the current Criminal

Executive Code of Ukraine - to provide for a separate chapter «Public

control over the sphere of execution of punishments and probation», as well

as to supplement it with Article 25-1 «Content, forms and types of public

control over the functioning of bodies and institutions for the execution of

punishments».

The analysis of individual legislative initiatives aimed at normalizing

legal relations in the sphere of ensuring public control over the observance

of the rights of convicts in Ukraine led to the conclusion that from the

content of Resolution No. 1314, it can be seen that the relevant observation

commissions have an indirect relation to the content of public control over

the observance of the rights and legitimate interests of a person in the

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eld of execution of punishments and probation, since by their socio-legal

nature and principles of creation, they do not belong to public associations.

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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada

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Vol.41 Nº 79