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Vol. 41, Nº 78 (2023), 612-627
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Recibido el 14/05/23 Aceptado el 07/07/23
The role of mass media in the information
security public management system
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4178.42
Vasil Klymonchuk *
Svitlana Matviienkiv **
Igor Boychuk ***
Ihor Dotsiak ****
Liudmyla Trebyk *****
Abstract
Information security is vital for national security, especially
during martial law. The inuential role of the media in the socio-
political landscape of Ukraine underscores the need to study
its impact on the system of public management of information
security. This research aims to identify the extent and directions
of such impact, using statistical analysis and comparative law
methodology. The ndings reveal information security challenges
related to social media in Ukraine, such as distorted information,
manipulation, propaganda, imperfect regulation and subordination of
media to the interests of their owners. International experiences suggest
addressing these problems by promoting digital literacy, facilitating fair
competition and fostering relations between the state, media and citizens.
By way of conclusion, the signicant inuence of the media on public
opinion and political processes is conrmed, with both positive (coverage
of important information) and negative (misinformation, manipulation)
aspects in the system of public management of information security.
Keywords: media; public management; information security; media
literacy; disinformation.
* Doctor of Political Sciences, Head of the Department, Department of Political Science, Faculty of
History, Political Science and International Relations, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National
University, Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7719-7791
** PhD of Political Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Political Institutions and Processes,
Faculty of History, Politology and International Relations, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National
University, Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0257-3481
*** PhD of Political Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Journalism, Faculty of Philology, Vasyl
Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://
orcid.org/0009-0004-4889-2244
**** PhD of Political Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty of History,
Political Science and International Relations, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-
Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-3005
***** PhD of Public Administration. Associate Professor, Department of Public Administration and Local
Self-Government, Khmelnytsky University of Management and Law, Khmelnytsky, 29000, Ukraine.
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1338-1351
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 78 (2023): 612-627
613
El papel de los medios de comunicación en el sistema
de gestión pública de la seguridad de la información
Resumen
La
seguridad
de
la
información
es
vital
para
la
seguridad
nacional,
especialmente durante la ley marcial. El inuyente papel de los medios de
comunicación en el panorama socio-político de Ucrania subraya la necesidad
de
estudiar
su
impacto
en
el
sistema
de
gestión
pública
de
la
seguridad
de
la
información.
Esta
investigación
tiene
como
objetivo
identicar
la
extensión y las direcciones de dicho impacto, utilizando análisis estadístico
y
metodología
de
derecho
comparado.
Los
hallazgos
revelan
desafíos
en
materia
de
seguridad
de
la
información
relacionados
con
los
medios
de
comunicación
social
en
Ucrania,
como
información
distorsionada,
manipulación,
propaganda,
regulación
imperfecta
y
subordinación
de
los
medios de comunicación a los intereses de sus propietarios. Las experiencias
internacionales sugieren abordar estos problemas mediante la promoción
de
la
alfabetización
digital,
la
facilitación
de
una
competencia
justa
y
el
fomento de las relaciones entre el Estado, los medios de comunicación y los
ciudadanos. A modo de conclusión, se conrma la inuencia signicativa de
los medios de comunicación en la opinión pública y los procesos políticos,
con aspectos positivos (cobertura de información importante) y negativos
(desinformación,
manipulación)
en
el
sistema
de
gestión
pública
de
la
seguridad de la información.
Palabras clave:
medios de comunicación; gestión pública; seguridad de la
información; alfabetización mediática; desinformación.
Introduction
Mass media provide citizens with access to information and play a leading
role
in
shaping
public
opinion
(McCombs
and
Valenzuela,
2020).
This
determines the high importance of mass media as an information security
management
tool
for
the
state.
In
turn,
information
security
has
a
direct
impact on national security, because the storage of important information
of the state, business entities and citizens depend on the eectiveness
of the information security public management system (Pandey, 2021;
Semenyshyn et al., 2020).
Mass
media
can
contribute
to
combating
the
illegal
use,
disclosure
or
loss
of
such
information,
and
the
implementation
of
appropriate
legal,
organizational,
and
technological
measures.
The
importance
of
media
activity
in
the
eld
of
information
security
determines
the
need
for
appropriate state control (Gehlbach and Sonin, 2014).
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Svitlana Matviienkiv, Vasil Klymonchuk, Igor Boychuk, Ihor Dotsiak y Liudmyla Trebyk
The role of mass media in the information security public management system
The above-mentioned issues are particularly acute for Ukraine, because
the Russian Federation (RF) waged the war on its sovereign territory, and
national security, including information security, is one of the main targets
for the aggressor under martial law (Sługocki and Walkowiak, 2020). Mass
media play a special role in such conditions, because they provide society
with critically important information and a true vision of the current
situation (Pavlik, 2022; Prokopenko et al., 2023). The main tasks of mass
media in the eld of information security include:
• ensuring freedom of speech and equal access to information —
an important function of mass media is the timely publication of
reliable information about the activities of government bodies,
government decisions, and their impact on public life. Freedom of
speech must be balanced with certain restrictions related to national
security, especially in wartime, which must be taken into account by
the mass media (Guyvan, 2020; Datsenko, 2021);
• countering the spread of false information (misinformation) –
professional and ethical standards oblige the mass media to properly
respond to the spread of unreliable facts, refute fakes, and counter
propaganda (Green et al., 2021; Panchenko, 2021);
• detection and prevention of crimes – mass media can be involved in
monitoring terrorist threats, prevent cybercrime and other crimes
(Odnolʹk, 2020; Sevruk, 2021);
• informational support for state national security measures — for
example, military operations, emergencies, in particular, pandemics,
etc. (Anwar et al., 2020; Hussain, 2020; Mheidly and Fares, 2020).
• The aim of this study is to determine the place and identify the
directions of mass media inuence in the information security
public management system. The aim involved the fullment of the
following objectives:
• analyse international experience of interaction between mass media
and the state in information security matters;
• study Ukrainian legislation on mass media and information security,
determine the place of mass media in the information security public
management system;
• provide recommendations based on international experience.
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1. Literature review
Panchenko (2020) reveals the features, advantages and disadvantages of
dierent types of information presentation by mass media. The researcher
considered such types of information presentation as printed publications
(press), radio, television. Special attention was paid in the study to the
ability of the mass media to manipulate public opinion and to the degree
of mass media’s inuence on the political process. Besides, the researcher
identied the main threats in the eld of international information security,
and outlined the directions for countering such threats.
Zakharenko (2019) examines aspects of media responsibility in the
information security system. The researcher describes six interaction
models between the state and mass media, namely: independent press
model, social responsibility model, democratic representation model, the
Soviet model, the authoritarian model, and the development model.
Gonina et al. (2020) recognize the important role of the media in the
ght against terrorism and ensuring security in general, while identifying
a number of threats generated by the media themselves.The researchers
identied espionage, propaganda, regulatory issues, cultural imperialism,
manipulation and threats generated in the Internet as the main threats.
Agubor et al. (2015) classify threats to telecommunication networks
(terrorist, technological, criminal, and general types of attacks), and oer a
number of recommendations to improve information security.
Studies on improving the population’s media literacy as one of the most
eective information security measures are worth noting. The state in
cooperation with mass media may conduct special campaigns to improve
media literacy.
Guess et al. (2020) examine how media literacy improvement aect
citizens’ recognition of inaccurate information. Jones-Jang et al. (2021)
identify several types of literacy in the studied area — media, information,
news and digital literacy — and determine the most eective types for
recognizing fake news. Hameleers (2022) and Clayton et al. (2019) found
how a combination of media literacy and fact-checking helps correct
communicative misrepresentation.
In the context of this research, it is also important to study the
international experience in the system of interaction between the state
and mass media in the eld of information security. A number of studies
identify the features of such systems in particular countries. Mkhitaryan
(2020) studies the legal framework for the information society model in
Japan. Bagmet and Harkusha (2020) examine the experience of the EU
countries in the eld of public information policy.
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Svitlana Matviienkiv, Vasil Klymonchuk, Igor Boychuk, Ihor Dotsiak y Liudmyla Trebyk
The role of mass media in the information security public management system
2. Methods and materials
Research design
In this study, it is proposed to consider the role of mass media in the
information security public management system in three aspects: the
study of international experience, the study of the existing legal framework
of Ukraine, the analysis of the results of television news monitoring and
outlining of the main directions for improving the interaction of the mass
media and the state in information security matters. This determines the
division of the research process into three stages.
The rst stage of the study provided for the description of the
international experience of building eective interaction between the
mass media and the state in order to ensure information security. The
study examines the experience of the USA, the EU, and Japan as the most
successful countries in terms of building an eective information society
model, and the relationship between the state and the mass media.
At the second stage, the place of mass media in the information security
public management system of Ukraine was determined by analysing the
legal framework. At this stage, a list of the main laws and other regulatory
acts related to mass media, information security, access to information and
other related areas was made, and some aspects of individual legislative
acts were outlined. The results of news monitoring carried out by the online
publication Detector-media for the following leading Ukrainian television
channels: Channel 5, 112/Pershyi Nezalezhnyi, 1+1, Inter, Ukraina,
UA:Pershyi, STB, ICTV were also analysed at this stage. The study provides
statistics on the number of custom-made materials.
The third stage of the study involved the provision of basic
recommendations for improving the interaction between the state
and mass media in the eld of information security in Ukraine. Such
recommendations are based on the analysis of the experience of countries
with the most eective information society models and information security
protection systems, as well as on the objective needs determined as a result
of the analysis of the Ukrainian legislative framework and practices. Special
attention is paid to the analysis of the Japanese model of the information
society, because this model contains separate solutions for the problems
existing in Ukraine.
Information background of the research
The information background of the study is the academic periodicals of
Ukraine and other countries, the legislative framework of Ukraine in the
eld of mass media, information security, access to information, etc., the
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
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2013 Cybersecurity Strategy of the European Union, the Basic Act on the
Formation of an Advanced Information and Telecommunication Network
Society of Japan, data from the online publication Detector-media and
information that is publicly available on the ocial websites of the Federal
Communications Commission and the Department for Culture, Media and
Sport.
Research methods used
The research involved well-known scientic methods, as well as
statistical analysis to evaluate the results of television news monitoring,
and the comparative law to analyse the Ukrainian legislative framework
and the experience of other countries.
3. Results
3.1. International experience of building eective interaction
between mass media and the state for ensuring information
security
The experience of foreign countries shows that mass media are as one of
the most inuential tools for ensuring the information security of the state.
This explains special attention paid by the governments to the development
of balanced strategies and policies for ensuring national security, taking
into account the role of mass media in countering informational threats.
In the USA, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates
the mass media, controls the circulation of information, helps combat
cybercrimes, etc. The FCC regulates interstate and international radio,
television, wireline, satellite, and cable communications in all 50 states, the
District of Columbia, and US territories.
The FCC operates as an independent government agency and is
supervised by the Congress, it is the main body of the United States for
regulation, legislation, and the introduction of innovative technologies in
the eld of communications. The main tasks of the FCC are: stimulating
competition, promoting innovation and investment in broadband services
and related equipment; promoting the goals of the national economy
by providing an adequate competitive basis for the communications
revolution; revision of the media-related legal framework; maintaining a
leading position in the eld of protection of the national communications
infrastructure, etc. (Federal Communications Commission, 2023).
Certain aspects of the interaction between mass media and regulatory
bodies are also enshrined in EU legislative documents. The 2013
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Svitlana Matviienkiv, Vasil Klymonchuk, Igor Boychuk, Ihor Dotsiak y Liudmyla Trebyk
The role of mass media in the information security public management system
Cybersecurity Strategy of the European Union states that, in cooperation
with Member States, the Commission and the High Representative should,
inter alia, promote and protect fundamental rights, including access to
information and freedom of expression, focusing on the following issues:
• development of new guidelines for the community on freedom of
expression online and oine;
• monitoring the export of goods and services that can be used for
censorship or mass use;
• online monitoring;
• promoting the expansion of access to the Internet, maintaining
openness and resilience to counter censorship or mass monitoring
through the use of communication technologies;
• empowering stakeholders to use communication technologies to
promote fundamental rights (European Commission, 2013).
The Japanese model is often mentioned as one of the most eective
models of the information society. The Basic Act on the Formation of an
Advanced Information and Telecommunications Network Society adopted
by the Government of Japan in 2000 (hereinafter referred to as “the Basic
Act”) stipulates the obligation of mass media to adhere to ethical standards
in the eld of information security.
Article 22 of this Act (Security of Modern Information and
Telecommunication Networks, etc.) states that the strategies developed
for establishing a progressive information and telecommunication network
community ensure the application of measures to achieve and maintain the
security and reliability of the latest information and telecommunication
networks, to protect personal information and other actions aimed at
ensuring safe use of such networks by citizens (Japanese Law Translation,
2000).
The analysis of international experience identied the key areas of
improvement of the interaction between the state and mass media in the
eld of information security. This document can be adapted for Ukrainian
realities and applied to improve information security at the national level.
3.2. Determining the place of mass media in the information
security public management system of Ukraine
The legal framework of Ukraine includes a number of laws and other
acts that are directly or indirectly related to mass media and information
security, in particular, the Laws of Ukraine “On National Security”, “On
Information”, “On State Support of Mass Media and Social Protection of
Journalists” and the Decree of the President of Ukraine on the Decision of
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 78 (2023): 612-627
the National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine of 15 October 2021
“On the Information Security Strategy”.
The last of these documents reveals the main global and national
challenges in the information sphere. The national challenges include
imperfect regulation of relations in the information sphere. It is noted
in this regard that the regulation of relations in the information sphere
does not meet the actual challenges and threats, thereby hindering the
development of the media market of Ukraine, as well as preserving the
dependence of mass media on their owners and does not ensure compliance
with professional standards of journalists (Decree No. 685/2021, 2021).
The analysis of the existing laws and other regulatory legal acts gives
grounds to state that much attention is paid in Ukraine to the development
of legislation on information security and the mass media. The government
has taken a number of signicant steps to improve the legal framework in
this area, but numerous problematic issues remain.
Therefore, the state and mass media exert a mutual inuence: the state
promotes the development of mass media by enshrining relevant provisions
in legislation, providing nancial support, etc. types of support, regulation
of issues related to monopolization, privatization, and guarantee the rights
of mass media representatives.
In turn, mass media convey information about the activities of government
bodies and critically important events to the public. It is important how
the mass media present the necessary information, because the line
between the presentation of reliable facts and manipulation or distorted
information is sometimes very thin. Determining whether information has
signs of manipulation or propaganda may require specialized knowledge.
Moreover, the mass media often shape public opinion using both ethical
and manipulative means.
The information security issue is especially relevant under martial law,
because the country’s national security is the most vulnerable during this
period, and the outcome of the conict may depend on the eectiveness
of measures to ensure it. Threats to information security intensify even
more because of the Russia’s information against Ukraine even before the
full-scale invasion, as well as the unprecedented information aggression
observed even after it.
In these conditions, constant monitoring of mass media for an
appropriate and timely response to the manifestations of manipulation
or threats to information security becomes important. For example,
the monitoring carried out by the online publication Detector-media for
February 2022 (the month of the beginning of the full-scale invasion)
revealed certain custom-made materials in Ukrainian television news
(Figure 1).
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Svitlana Matviienkiv, Vasil Klymonchuk, Igor Boychuk, Ihor Dotsiak y Liudmyla Trebyk
The role of mass media in the information security public management system
Figure 1. Number of custom-made materials
(built by the author based on Detector-media (2022).
Custom-made media materials can mostly be benecial to the pro-
Russian party The Opposition Platform – For Life, so they can carry
propaganda and misinformation for the purpose of manipulation by the
aggressor.
It can be concluded that the role of mass media in the information
security system of the state can be both positive (expanding access to
important information, increasing the transparency of the actions of
political gures and parties), and harming the interests of the state in cases
of non-compliance with ethical and professional standards (presentation of
custom-made materials, assistance to pro-Russian organizations).
3.3. The main directions of improving the interaction between
the state and mass media in Ukraine based on the analysis of
foreign experience
It can be noted based on the analysis of foreign experience that the
countries with the most eective information society models pay much
attention to the interaction between the state and mass media. They focus
on the following areas:
• improving media literacy of the population;
• constant monitoring of the information sphere;
• development of innovations in the eld;
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• expanding access to information and the ability to freely express
views, etc.
The analysis of the experience of Japan identied the following main
directions of state policy of creating a progressive information and
telecommunication network community, as well information security
and transparency, which should be considered and adapted for Ukrainian
practice:
• the realization of the creative potential and other abilities of society
through free access and use of a wide range of information;
• improving the quality of life and comfort of the population through
the use of information and communication technologies;
• elimination of the digital divide between citizens;
• ensuring the appropriate level of digital literacy of the population;
• creation of conditions for free and disciplined competition in the
eld;
• active cooperation with the world community in order to exchange
information, advanced technologies, etc.;
• increasing government transparency through the opening of
government data;
• stimulating the participation of citizens and their cooperation with
the state, etc. (Japanese Law Translation, 2000; E-Japan Strategy,
2001).
Some of the indicated directions have been successfully implemented
in Ukraine (for example, expanding access to information, improving
the quality of life, increasing the transparency of government actions,
international cooperation, etc.). Given the importance of the outlined
directions, the government’s work on their improvement should be
improved. The analysis of the legislative framework of Ukraine and news
monitoring gives grounds to identify the following priority areas:
• providing an appropriate level of digital literacy of the population;
• creating conditions for free and fair competition in the eld;
• developing relations not only between the state and the mass media,
but also between the state, the mass media and citizens for achieving
information security.
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Svitlana Matviienkiv, Vasil Klymonchuk, Igor Boychuk, Ihor Dotsiak y Liudmyla Trebyk
The role of mass media in the information security public management system
4. Discussion
The results of the study show that the priority directions for making
the interaction between the state and the mass media in the context of
information security more eective are campaigns aimed at improving
citizens’ media literacy, stimulating free and fair competition, and involving
citizens in cooperation in the eld.
Panchenko (2020) emphasizes the importance of mass media, noting
that their activity determines the dependence of national security on the
information security. The role of the state in ensuring information security
in the context of mass media activity should consist, among other things,
in countering the subordination of mass media and increasing inuence
on them by certain government agencies and businesses, regulating the
monopolization and concentration of mass media, etc. It can be noted that
the researcher focuses on creating conditions for proper competition in the
eld of mass media, which is consistent with the results obtained in this
research.
Gonina et al. (2020) also provide a number of recommendations for
improving the eectiveness of state-media interaction in Nigeria. In their
work, in contrast to this article, improving public awareness is primarily
related to informing about the potential threats of new technologies, and
not to improving skills in using them and understanding the information
received. This may be related to the insucient information literacy of
the population of the region, because threats that are known to citizens of
developed countries may be new to residents of developing countries.
Agubor et al. (2015) suggest taking measures to counter threats to
telecommunication networks, including cybercrime, in the following areas:
security of telecommunication networks (through the introduction of
necessary technologies), operational security (prevention of information
leakage), security by default (prevention of attacks, stability of systems even
after failure, system recovery), criminalization of cybercrime, restriction
of sensitive areas, implementation of security infrastructure. The results
obtained by the researcher indicate the importance of the technological
component of information security along with the directions outlined in
this article.
Zakharenko (2019) considers increasing the transparency of
information, preventing the presentation of distorted information the main
tasks of the information policy of the state in the introduction of an eective
public broadcasting system following the example of leading states. This
approach is aimed at counteracting the subordination of mass media and
ensuring pluralism of information, which is identied in the article as one
of the priority tasks for Ukraine.
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The works of researchers who focused on improving the media literacy
of the population are also worth noting. It is impossible to control all
information ows in the information age, therefore it is important to form
critical thinking in citizens, the ability to evaluate and lter out information,
as well as to increase social responsibility in the ght against harmful
information (propaganda of violence, inequality, etc.).
The work of Guess et al. (2020) on the eects and ways of improving
media literacy is worth noting. The researchers established that a lack of
media literacy largely determines people’s trust in fakes, and conducting
a media literacy campaign reduces these negative eects. However, such
intervention should be regular, because later the positive eects decrease.
Jones-Jang et al. (2021) also testify that the intervention to improve
the literacy of the population in the media sphere is eective, but only
information literacy among the types of literacy (media, information, news
and digital) signicantly increases the ability to recognize misinformation.
Hameleers (2022) and Clayton et al. (2019) found that the combination
of media literacy and fact-checking is the most eective tool for disproving
false information for citizens. Such recommendations should be taken
into account in the development of media literacy campaigns by the
state in cooperation with mass media. In the author’s opinion, the most
eective measures and programmes for improving media literacy can be
implemented when studying in educational institutions, because they
require their completion for all students and form critical thinking at a
young age.
A number of researchers also studied international experience in the
eld. Studying the information society model in Japan, Mkhitaryan (2020)
notes that the following aspects can be adapted and used in Ukrainian
practice: development and phased implementation of target strategies with
plans for their implementation, comprehensive regulation of IT reform,
appropriate and timely response to problems, elimination of the main
causes of problems, automation of public services.
Studying the experience of the EU countries, Bagmet and Harkusha
(2020) came to the conclusion that information policy strategies and
programmes should take into account the guarantee of the constitutional
right to receive, distribute and store information, to freely express one’s
views, as well as gender and age aspects in the course of information
environment development. As a supplement to the previous studies, this
research examines, among other things, the experience of the United States,
and contains relevant recommendations.
The limitations of the study are related to the extensive legal frameworks
in the countries under consideration, so covering all important legal aspects
is an unattainable goal within a single study. The results of the study can be
624
Svitlana Matviienkiv, Vasil Klymonchuk, Igor Boychuk, Ihor Dotsiak y Liudmyla Trebyk
The role of mass media in the information security public management system
used by the representatives of the government and mass media to improve
their interaction in the eld of information security. A direction for further
research may be determining the level of media literacy of Ukrainian
citizens and its impact on information security using a sample of citizens
taking into account gender and age characteristics.
Conclusions
The place of mass media in the information security public management
system was determined as a result of the research. The analysis of
international experience established that the countries with the most
eective information society models focus interaction between the mass
media and the state on the following areas: improving media literacy of the
population, constant monitoring of the information sphere, development
of innovations in the eld, expansion of access to information, and
opportunities to freely express opinions, etc. Creating conditions for honest
and free competition deserves special attention.
The legal framework of Ukraine related to the information security, mass
media, freedom of speech, etc. was analysed. The analysis showed that the
government of Ukraine has being implemented a number of important steps
to improve the legislative framework in the studied area and harmonize it
with the provisions of the EU regulations. However, there are a number of
unfullled objectives which require the fastest and most eective solutions
in the context of a full-scale invasion.
The results obtained in the course of the study can be applied in the
practice of representatives of the government and mass media to improve
their interaction in the eld of information security. Further research may
focus on determining the level of media literacy of the population of Ukraine
and its impact on the information security using a sample of citizens, taking
into account gender and age characteristics.
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