Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Esta publicación cientíca en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa
ISSN-Versión Impresa 0798-1406 / ISSN-Versión on line 2542-3185Depósito legal pp
197402ZU34
ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.41 N° 78
Julio
Septiembre
2023
Recibido el 14/03/23 Aceptado el 26/05/23
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to
de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
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ti ga do res; es ti mu lar la in ves ti ga ción en es tas áreas del sa ber; y pro pi ciar la pre sen ta-
ción, dis cu sión y con fron ta ción de las ideas y avan ces cien tí fi cos con com pro mi so so cial.
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con
avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
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Re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas. Av. Gua ji ra. Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Nú cleo Hu ma nís ti co. Fa-
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Vol. 41, Nº 78 (2023), 456-469
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Cross-Border Mediation under
Current Threats: Ukraine-Poland
(Some Aspects of Interaction)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4178.32
Ewelina Kosciukiewicz-Swierczewska *
Vadym Hrachuk **
Serhii Knysh ***
Yuliia Fidria ****
Iryna Novosad *****
Abstract
Using the documentary research technique, this paper outlines
certain aspects of Ukraine-Poland cross-border mediation
interaction in the context of contemporary threats. In addition, it
points out the main contemporary threats, which aect the cross-
border interaction of Ukraine and Poland. It characterizes such
threats as nuclear danger, environmental problems, humanitarian crisis,
economic threats and food shortages. It points out that there are internal
threats to Poland in connection with the war in Ukraine, the spread of
infectious diseases, including COVID-19, due to the large number of
refugees, the threat to food security, the threat to Poland’s economic stability
and poverty. It is shown that Poland interacts with Ukraine on all urgent
issues: helps citizens seeking temporary protection, sends humanitarian
aid, strengthens and stimulates market relations. It is concluded that all
this led to increased cross-border interaction between the countries. The
relevance of alternative types of conict resolution, such as mediation, is
highlighted. The scope of cross-border mediation is presented, the current
state of mediation is analyzed and conclusions are drawn on the need for
further development of this institution.
* Assistant Pomeranian Higher School in Starogard Gdanski, Kosciuszki 112/114 str. 83-200 Starogard
Gdanski. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1888-7896
** Postgraduate, Faculty of Law, Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University, 13 Voli Ave., Lutsk, Ukraine,
43025. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1696-2485
*** Doctor of Law, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Constitutional, Administrative and
International Law, Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University, 13 Voli Ave., Lutsk, Ukraine, 43025.
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0717-1430
**** Ph.D., Head of Department of Criminal Law and Procedure, Law Faculty, Lesya Ukrainka Volyn
National University, 13 Voli Ave, Lutsk, Ukraine, 43025. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-
9703-9494
***** Ph.D of Law, Associate Professor of the Department of Constitutional, Administrative and
International Law, Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University, 13 Voli Ave., Lutsk, Ukraine, 43025.
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1202-028X
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 78 (2023): 456-469
Keywords: energy crisis; international mediation; cross-border
cooperation; political mediation; international politics.
Mediación transfronteriza bajo las amenazas actuales:
Ucrania-Polonia (Algunos aspectos de la interacción)
Resumen
Mediante la técnica de investigación documental, este trabajo esboza
ciertos aspectos de la interacción transfronteriza de mediación entre
Ucrania y Polonia, en el contexto de las amenazas contemporáneas.
Además, señala las principales amenazas contemporáneas, que afectan a la
interacción transfronteriza de Ucrania y Polonia. Se caracterizan amenazas
como el peligro nuclear, los problemas medioambientales, la crisis
humanitaria, las amenazas económicas y la escasez de alimentos. Señala
que hay amenazas internas a Polonia en relación con la guerra en Ucrania,
la propagación de enfermedades infecciosas, incluyendo COVID-19, debido
al gran número de refugiados, la amenaza a la seguridad alimentaria, la
amenaza a la estabilidad económica de Polonia y la pobreza. Se muestra que
Polonia interactúa con Ucrania en todas las cuestiones urgentes: ayuda a
los ciudadanos que buscan protección temporal, envía ayuda humanitaria,
fortalece y estimula las relaciones de mercado. Se concluye que todo esto
condujo a un aumento de la interacción transfronteriza entre los países.
Se destaca la relevancia de tipos alternativos de resolución de conictos,
como la mediación. Se presenta el alcance de la mediación transfronteriza,
se analiza el estado actual de la mediación y se sacan conclusiones sobre la
necesidad de un mayor desarrollo de esta institución.
Palabras clave: crisis energética; mediación internacional; cooperación
transfronteriza; mediación política; política
internacional.
Introduction
The full-scale invasion was sharply condemned by the European
community. Humanitarian aid and refugees were provided, but European
countries long feared the threat of nuclear weapons by the aggressor country,
so the war escalated into a long process that posed global real threats to the
entire world. Poland became one of the countries that provided the most
support to Ukraine. Therefore, there is an interaction between Ukraine
and Poland on all issues aimed at speeding up the end of the war. In such
circumstances, there is a need for conict resolution - both in public and
private law. The relevance of cross-border mediation between Ukraine and
Poland is growing.
458 Ewelina Kosciukiewicz-Swierczewska, Vadym Hrachuk, Serhii Knysh, Yuliia Fidria y Iryna Novosad
Cross-Border Mediation under Current Threats: Ukraine-Poland (Some Aspects of Interaction)
Research Problem
The paper points out some problems of interaction between Ukraine
and Poland on cross-border mediation in the face of current threats. It is
found that the scientic literature pays little attention to this issue, mostly
studying the issues of domestic mediation or mediation in the resolution
of international disputes. Many scholars, particularly Cooper (2023)
Deininger et al. (2023), Grossmann et al. (2021), Kuzemko et al. (2022)
Analyze contemporary threats aecting country relations. Davydchyk et
al. (2018) examined the Ukraine-EU relationship. Goldthau and Boersma
(2014) found the impact of the Russia-Ukraine war since 2014 on the
world food situation. Dulia (2022) analyzed the amount of social assistance
provided to Ukrainian citizens in need of temporary protection. Lewtak
et al. (2022) conducted an analysis of Ukrainian-Polish relations under
war conditions. Izbash (2022) investigated the issue of online mediation.
Stepanenko (2021) analyzed European mediation standards in civil law
disputes and their implementation in Poland and the Czech Republic.
Research Focus
The focus of this study was such aspects of the interaction between
Ukraine and Poland as cooperation in the conditions of modern economic,
environmental, food, military threats; economic cross-border cooperation
and the establishment of new economic links; social and humanitarian
assistance for persons seeking temporary protection, cross-border
mediation as an alternative method of dispute resolution in the conditions
of modern threats.
Research Aim and Research Questions
The purpose of this study was to identify specic aspects of the interaction
between Ukraine and Poland on cross-border mediation in the context of
current threats posed by military actions in Ukraine.
Research assignment: to investigate the main threats posed to Poland and
Ukraine by military action, to characterize the nature of relations between
the parties, to analyze the types of interaction between them, and to identify
the specics of cross-border mediation in the face of contemporary threats.
The hypothesis of the study: it is proposed in the future to pay attention
to such type of alternative dispute resolution as cross-border mediation,
to legislate it at the country level, to introduce the legislative consolidation
and practice of online cross-border mediation.
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1. Research Methodology
1.1. General Background
To implement the objectives, the study was carried out in certain stages
in a combination of analysis of theoretical material, research data from
around the world, scientic studies of applied and theoretical material.
Such stages were: search for research data; search for scientic literature;
analysis of research data and scientic sources; comparison and comparison
of identied data, development of conclusions and recommendations.
1.2. Sample / Participants / Group
The empirical basis for research and scientic papers of scientists from
dierent countries, legislation of the EU, Poland, and Ukraine, data from
sociological and economic research, and surveys.
1.3. Instrument and Procedures
In order to implement the objectives, the study was carried out in certain
stages in a combination of analysis of theoretical and statistical material
and practical tasks. Such stages were:
1. searching for empirical data and scientic sources;
2. analysis of these data and sources;
3. comparing and contrasting data by year, providing conclusions and
recommendations, and forecasting.
1.4. Data Analysis
The system of general scientic and special scientic methods was
chosen as a methodological basis. The analytical method, which allowed
revealing the inuence of modern threats on the mutual relations of Ukraine
and Poland, was chosen as the basic method. The integrated method
allowed to combine the knowledge and practice of dierent branches, in
particular computer technology, economics, and sociology. The synergetic
methodology allowed to determine further directions of research of cross-
border mediation in relations between Ukraine and Poland.
2. Research Results
The full-scale attack on Ukraine in February 2022 showed the
imperfection of the international security system. In recent years,
institutions for conict mediation have been created and improved among
460 Ewelina Kosciukiewicz-Swierczewska, Vadym Hrachuk, Serhii Knysh, Yuliia Fidria y Iryna Novosad
Cross-Border Mediation under Current Threats: Ukraine-Poland (Some Aspects of Interaction)
states, but in practice, they have not been eective. Despite the existence of
international mediators, there are few resolved armed conicts involving
them (Moore, 2003). The international community strongly condemned
the invasion, called for an immediate cease-re, a peaceful end to the
aggression. But recognized the violation of international humanitarian law,
which leads to the damage and destruction of health facilities, education,
leading to a signicant deterioration in the health of children, the elderly,
the disabled. Pointed out the nuclear risks (Lancet, 2022).
The problem of providing social protection to people eeing the war, of
which millions of Ukrainian citizens turned out to be, most of whom sought
asylum in Poland (Matviichuk and Ryzhenko, 2022), has become especially
relevant. Under such conditions, European democracies had to implement
a number of eective measures to deal with the situation of migration of
large numbers of people. Subsequently, these measures proved eective
and showed organized concerted action to provide Ukrainian citizens with
free transportation, housing, food, and educational and medical services
(Lesniak, 2023).
“The Russo-Ukrainian armed conict is a dramatic global event” that
has had an impact on the natural environment, society, and the economy.
Energy and food have suered losses at the global level. Sustainable
development goals are at risk for many countries (Pereira, Zhao, Symochko,
Inacio, Bogunovic, Barcelo, 2022).
The war in Ukraine has resulted in a global humanitarian crisis, causing
many deaths, destruction, and mass displacement of people. Many more
citizens are potentially at risk. According to the UN High Commissioner for
Refugees, as of April 17, 2022, more than 4 million Ukrainians, 2 million
of them children, were forced to seek temporary protection abroad. Most
Ukrainians left for Poland - 2.8 million people (Dulia, 2022).
Since 2022, the world has learned new real threats due to the invasion
of Ukraine. Scholars have noted that the aggressor country of the Russian
Federation was condent that NATO would not intervene in military action
in Ukraine because of the possible escalation of the nuclear conict.
But the fear of Russia’s use of nuclear weapons prevented Western
countries from providing military assistance to Ukraine in a timely manner,
providing military aircraft, missiles, and equipment (Cooper, 2023). More
recently, conclusions have been drawn that “Europe is no longer as peaceful
as many had assumed”, and “the geopolitical holiday” is over. The 2014 war
in Ukraine shook the international community and intensied cross-border
mediation and cooperation. In such circumstances, there are new needs for
cross-border interaction between states and international organizations,
both public and private law.
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Vol. 41 Nº 78 (2023): 456-469
Among the current threats to the modern world is the looming energy
crisis caused by military action in Ukraine since 2014 and the confrontation
between the West and Russia. As the global energy industry moves into the
next phase with a new emphasis on renewable energy and energy eciency,
and as energy markets become increasingly global and interconnected,
many politicians and gures are engaged in resolving international disputes
militarily. For all this time, Brussels and Washington have proposed
sanctions against the Russian energy sector to force Russia to end its
military intervention in Ukraine. However, there were still opinions about
replacing energy sanctions with others and continuing to use sources from
the aggressor country (Goldthau and Boersma, 2014).
The full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has already shown
the real threat of energy dependence of the whole of Europe on the aggressor
country and the total dependence of the energy situation on the events
in Ukraine. After all, some European countries have decided to abandon
Russian fuel and introduce alternative energy sources, nding suppliers.
Such important and dicult steps in the future will lead to the supply of
clean energy, the achievement of sustainable development goals.
The energy issue was considered one of the most important for
the geopolitical security of Europe (Kuzemko et al., 2022). The use of
Russian gas has become costly and unreliable for Europe, and the war and
uncertainty surrounding the natural gas it produces will play an important
role in the future development of the European energy transition. “At what
will likely be one of the dening moments of European history, the fate
of Europe’s energy transition will be decided in the suburbs of Ukrainian
cities” (Osička and Černoch, 2022: 21).
Access to energy becomes an instrument of inuence for political
entrepreneurs and undermines citizens’ trust in power institutions
(Grossmann et al., 2021). Poland, as a European country on the border with
Ukraine, is interested in purchasing energy sources, and fuel in Ukraine,
solving the “Ukrainian-Russian issue” and ensuring peace in Ukraine.
Together with the energy war in Ukraine, it threatened the world’s food
crisis. As a result of the hostilities, the supply of a signicant portion of crops
from Ukraine has been cut o, leading to higher prices, ination, fewer
jobs, and slowing the world’s recovery from COVID-19. Unemployment has
skyrocketed in Germany and could grow in Poland, Romania, and Slovakia.
The main impact of the war is yet to come and will lead to poverty and loss
of purchasing power in European countries (Pereira et al., 2022).
Ukraine is a major supplier, the “breadbasket” of wheat, sunower
oil, and other crops to Europe, with 41.5 million hectares of fertile land,
compared to 11 million hectares in Poland, 18 million hectares in France,
and 12 million hectares in Germany. Therefore, any obstruction of food
462 Ewelina Kosciukiewicz-Swierczewska, Vadym Hrachuk, Serhii Knysh, Yuliia Fidria y Iryna Novosad
Cross-Border Mediation under Current Threats: Ukraine-Poland (Some Aspects of Interaction)
production across Ukraine could cause upheaval and conict in other
countries. In addition, the massive displacement of the population, the
economic crisis, and the scarcity of resources suered by Ukrainian farmers
as a result of the war indicate that, in addition to the direct consequences,
indirect ones may also be important (Deininger et al., 2023).
The war has provoked dramatic changes in the global economy and
geopolitics, changes in the humanitarian situation, and changes in the
environment. The threat of ecological catastrophe due to intense ghting
has emerged, as the consequences of military actions extend beyond
Ukraine (Pereira et al., 2022). Poland is one of the rst to be aected by
the environmental consequences of the war. Therefore, it is important to
negotiate and work in this area.
Ukraine began the process of integration into the European Union,
this was accompanied by various socio-economic, historical, political,
legislative, international processes, which lasted more than a decade. If
anyone had doubts about Ukraine’s desire to join the European Union, then
with the beginning of the war in February 2022 it became clear what vector
of development Ukraine was seeking, and the majority of the population
supported European integration and the end of any partnership with Russia
(Shelemba, 2022).
The European Union, including Poland, in turn, changed its views
and approaches to cooperation with Ukraine and considered Ukraine’s
membership in the EU to ensure peace in it. Views on cooperation with
enterprises and entrepreneurs from Ukraine have changed, and the role of
Ukrainian oligarchs in international cooperation has decreased.
These changes will determine the future vector of relations of Poland and
other countries with Ukraine (Davydchyk et al., 2018). Ukraine has passed
the maturity test of its power institutions, law enforcement agencies, and
defense sector, has shown coherent performance and law and order during
the war (Kaplina, 2022), has made a number of changes in legislation, is
active in combating corruption, is considering the circulation of rearms
(Zakharchuk, 2022).
International management and cross-border cooperation depends on
Central and Eastern Europe, which is a dening geopolitical territory, so it
has been investigated since 2014 that strengthening relations between the
EU and Ukraine is of importance for both sides politically and economically,
given Ukraine’s size and geographic location. Ukraine’s accession to the EU
will cause increased international trade, and promote Ukraine’s economic
modernization and integration with the EU’s internal market (Spiliopoulos,
2014).
Poland was the rst, since Ukraine took its course to the EU, to interact
with Ukraine to establish socio-economic ties, so millions of refugees (about
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2.5 million), mostly women, children, and the elderly, crossed the border
with Poland in the rst days of the war. This necessitated a rapid response
to new domestic threats to that country, such as the spread of infectious
diseases, including COVID-19 (Lewtak et al., 2022). This strengthens
international cooperation, cross-border mediation of Poland and Ukraine.
In order to provide adequate assistance to Ukrainian citizens eeing
the war, Poland passed the law “On Assistance to Ukrainian Citizens
in Connection with the Armed Conict on the Territory of that State”
(O pomocy obywatelom Ukrainy w związku z koniktem zbrojnym na
terytorium ego państwa, 2022). This law provided various types of
assistance for Ukrainians, which was an example of a quick response to the
challenges and prevention of a humanitarian disaster due to a large number
of refugees (Matviichuk and Ryzhenko, 2022).
Ukrainians were provided access to social services, temporary free
housing, legal, medical, psychological, and humanitarian assistance (Dulia,
2022). The Polish Ministry of Justice ensures access to free legal assistance,
counseling, and legal education.
For this purpose, the Ministry of Justice of Poland collects information
on the availability of free legal aid services in Ukrainian, Russian, and
English in all points of assistance works on the possibility of increasing the
working hours of the specialist in the eld of foreigners’ rights in the points
of free assistance, created a 24-hour hotline (Legal Aid, Undated). Free
legal assistance is aimed at providing legal information about the rights and
obligations of persons in need of temporary protection; assistance in solving
legal problems and drawing up documents; mediation; representation in
court.
Free civil consultations include individual consideration of a problematic
situation by a civil advisor; selection of ways and means of solving it;
explanation of rights and obligations; support for persons in solving the
problem independently; assistance in developing an action plan to solve the
problem and their implementation (About nieodpłatnej pomocy prawnej).
The Polish government website contains a list of services provided to
Ukrainian citizens in need of temporary protection, including legal services
and services for mediation and pre-trial dispute resolution. Where a citizen
of Ukraine can ll out an interactive feedback form and ask a question
about mediator’s participation in dispute resolution (Legal Aid, Undated).
Poland adopted legislation on mediation in 2005, amending the Code
of Civil Procedure, which establishes the basic principles of mediation
(Stepanenko, 2021). Due to the large number of refugees from Ukraine,
the latter had disputes with persons who were in other countries. Cross-
border mediation was suggested for their resolution. Mediation in cross-
border cases mainly concerns disputes and conicts in family cases,
464 Ewelina Kosciukiewicz-Swierczewska, Vadym Hrachuk, Serhii Knysh, Yuliia Fidria y Iryna Novosad
Cross-Border Mediation under Current Threats: Ukraine-Poland (Some Aspects of Interaction)
such as determination of a child’s place of residence, exercise of parental
authority, contact with the child, resolution of issues important for the
child, child abduction abroad by one of the parents, property issues in
civil and economic disputes to fulll the terms of contracts (Mediacja w
sprawach transgranicznych, n/y). In addition to the Ministry of Justice, the
Public Council for Alternative Dispute Resolution, whose oces are located
in each regional court and courts of appeal, and the mediation centers of
notary councils (Stepanenko, 2022).
Mediation and conciliation are more demanding means of dispute
resolution than arbitration because they involve the cooperation of the
conicting parties to reach an agreement. In addition to social issues and
disputes over the fulllment of economic and civil contracts, cross-border
mediation can be applied in various spheres.
Thus, Grzybczyk (2022) pointed out the usefulness of mediation and
conciliation in intellectual property disputes. Melnychuk (2022) concluded
that mediation works successfully in administrative proceedings in
European countries. Scholars have also noted the need to modernize the
judicial process in view of digitalization, the decline of economic processes,
and the need to change the format of the relationship between the
participants (Melnychenko, 2021).
The military aggression of the Kremlin regime against Ukraine, the
annexation of Crimea, and support of pro-Russian separatists in the
Donbas actualized the restoration of special sections of Ukrainian law
governing relations in the system of military and civil-military law (Gorinov
and Mereniuk, 2022), also showed the need to improve standards of civil,
economic, criminal, international and other areas of Ukrainian law.
There was a question in solving many social and economic problems,
interaction with international organizations, other states. In particular, as
noted above, Poland has become the state most closely cooperating with
Ukraine in various spheres. Both countries are interested in Ukraine’s
victory and the elimination of threats caused by the war, and in further
cross-border cooperation in various sectors.
In particular, cross-border mediation between these countries should
be used as a quick and eective way to resolve both public and private law
conicts. Scholars have noted the universality of the mediation procedure,
which has evolved because of the increasing intensity and international
contacts. Mediation developed in the U.S. and spread to dierent countries
of the world and has evolved, depending on the experience of certain
countries in using it (Kurylych, 2022).
Cross-border mediation is capable of solving complex problems, can be
the basis of fruitful international economic, legal, and social cooperation,
a means of maintaining sustainable economic ties and cooperation. With
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the development of digital technologies for rapid resolution of disputes,
especially in conditions of rapid development of relations between Ukraine
and Poland, it is advisable to use online mediation through modern means
of communication, videoconferencing, and the Internet. This method
allows the resolution of disputes almost at the moment of their occurrence
(Izbash, 2022). Online mediation is appropriate in the context of the rapid
increase of cross-border agreements, especially those concluded online
between Ukraine and Poland (Izbash, 2022).
Negotiation processes in cross-border mediation are conducted by
mediators with appropriate communication culture and skills of dispute
resolution, knowledge of both Polish and Ukrainian legislation. Ogliastri et
al. (2023) identied three prototypes of negotiations:
1. Focused on personal relationships, expression of emotions, and a
exible agenda for a polychronic procedure;
2. Formal, fact-focused and monochronic, maximizing economic value
but ignoring personal relationships;
3. Can point to contexts where dierent modes of negotiation coexist.
Conicts are characterized by omnipresence and brutality toward the
parties, so mediation and negotiation have remained important methods
of dispute resolution, including cross-border disputes, for many years.
The results are not imposed on the parties by the courts or an inuential
outsider (Zartman, 2022).
At the same time, mediation is a exible tool for resolving cross-border
disputes. The introduction of mediation procedures in the national legal
system is a way to ensure the human right of access to justice. Due to the
globalization of the economy, the implementation of Ukrainian legislation
into European legislation, and the increasing inuence of international
law, mediation is increasingly used in international relations (Krestovska,
2020).
Ukraine enshrined in law the procedure for mediation in 2021, this
legalized mediators, inspired public condence in this legal procedure,
established cooperation with the courts, brought it closer to international
cooperation, and ensured compliance with the requirements of the
Singapore Convention on Mediation - UN Convention on Cross-Border
Agreements (Romanadze, 2022).
3. Discussion
The results indicate that scholars have not suciently studied the
problems of cross-border mediation in the context of contemporary threats.
466 Ewelina Kosciukiewicz-Swierczewska, Vadym Hrachuk, Serhii Knysh, Yuliia Fidria y Iryna Novosad
Cross-Border Mediation under Current Threats: Ukraine-Poland (Some Aspects of Interaction)
However, threats arising from military action in Ukraine have been actively
considered among scholars. Goldthau and Boersma (2014) proposed to
pay attention to the energy independence of Europe from the Russian
Federation since the beginning of its military aggression against Ukraine in
2014 and to take into account the creation of alternative energy sources and
create an energy union.
As early as 2023, Cooper (2023) argued that the successful use of nuclear
deterrence raises the specter of a paradox of stability and instability. The
consequence of the lack of decisive swarms in 2014 was today’s events and
threats. Scholars are almost unanimous in agreeing on the crushing losses
of this war, and its future threats, but in dierent ways emphasizing one
consequence or another. Deininger et al. (2023) estimate war-induced crop
losses, analyzing 10,125 rural councils in Ukraine, concluding a possible
food crisis due to lack of supply.
Kuzemko et al. (2022) point out that the current situation in Europe is
shaken, life in Europe is no longer carefree, Europe is phasing out imports
of Russian fossil fuels, and is rethinking its approaches to energy security.
Osička and Černoch, (2022) suggest further ways forward for European
energy policy. Pereira et al. (2022) expressed sensible views that the
Russian-Ukrainian armed conict is pushing back sustainable development
goals. Matviichuk and Ryzhenko (2022), exploring the legal regulation of
state and local government support for Ukrainian refugees in the Republic
of Poland, note the close cooperation and collaboration between Ukraine
and Poland on social issues.
Izbash (2022), Grzybczyk (2022), Kurylych (2022), Krestovska (2020),
Matviichuk and Ryzhenko (2022) Exploring the issues of mediation noted
its usefulness for various state systems, expediency of further studying this
institution and application in practice. This study was a logical continuation
of scientic works, which raise many problems and require further study.
Conclusions and Implications
A number of conclusions can be drawn from this study. Modern dangers
of both global and local level have inuenced all spheres of activity of the
countries. The relations between Ukraine and Poland have acquired a new
level, cooperation of these countries has intensied in all sectors.
The countries, interacting, are aimed at achieving common goals of
preserving peace, the natural environment, the economy, a stable standard
of living of citizens, and their social protection. Therefore, cooperation
in the issue of alternative dispute resolution, including through cross-
border mediation, in the future will be of practical value for use by citizens,
businesses, and at the interstate level.
467
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Vol. 41 Nº 78 (2023): 456-469
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
en julio de 2023, por el Fondo Editorial Serbiluz,
Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela
Vol.41 Nº 78
