Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Esta publicación cientíca en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa
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197402ZU34
ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.41 N° 78
Julio
Septiembre
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Recibido el 16/05/23 Aceptado el 17/07/23
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
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ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
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Vol. 41, Nº 78 (2023), 374-383
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Correlation of the principles
of criminal law in the conditions
of the introduction of martial law
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4178.26
Ihor Hrytsiuk *
Anatolii Talakh **
Volodymyr Zavydniak ***
Valentyn Liudvik ****
Anastasiia Filipp *****
Abstract
The purpose of the research was to consider the essence of the
principles of criminal, administrative law and the peculiarities
of their application in conditions of war, considering the case
of Ukraine invaded by the Russian Federation. It has been
substantiated that the main idea of the existence of the principles
of administrative criminal law consists in their systematic, balanced and
comprehensive implementation in relation to the subjects of criminal and
administrative legal relations. The mentioned principles are used as a
support for the elaboration and application of the law, both in peacetime
and in wartime. The methodological basis of the research was presented
as comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method,
method of interpretation, hermeneutic method, as well as methods of
analysis and synthesis. A conclusion has been reached on the necessity of
observing human rights norms in the criminal prosecution of persons who
have committed crimes against humanity and have been involved in such
crimes. Consequently, the civilized world must comply with international
standards and ensure security through legal and legitimate means.
Keywords: administrative law; principles of criminal law; just
punishment; European legal values; war crimes.
* Candidate of Law Sciences, Associate Professor, State Tax University. Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://
orcid.org/0000-0003-2253-4057
** Candidate of Law Sciences, Associate Professor, Educational and Scientic Institute of Law. Prince
Vladimir the Great of Interregional Academy of Personnel Management, Kyiv, Ukraine. ORCID ID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9517-0920
*** Doctor of Law Sciences, Associate Professor, State Tax University, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.
org/0000-0001-9874-0346
**** Candidate of Juridical Sciences (Ph. D.), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of
CriminalLawandCriminology,DnipropetrovskStateUniversityofInternalAairs,Ukraine.ORCID
ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3385-6046
***** Candidate of Juridical Sciences (Ph. D.), Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Law and
Criminology,DnipropetrovskStateUniversityofInternalAairs,Ukraine.ORCIDID:https://orcid.
org/0000-0001-5468-9585
375
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 78 (2023): 374-383
Correlación de los principios del derecho penal en las
condiciones de la introducción de la ley marcial
Resumen
El objeto de la investigación fue considerar la esencia de los principios
del derecho penal, administrativo y las particularidades de su aplicación
en condiciones de guerra, pensando en el caso de la Ucrania invadida
por la federación rusa. Se ha fundamentado que la idea principal de la
existencia de los principios del derecho penal administrativo consiste en
su implementación sistemática, equilibrada e integral, en relación con los
sujetos de las relaciones jurídicas penales y administrativas. Los principios
mencionados se usan como soporte para la elaboración y aplicación de la ley,
tanto en tiempo de paz como en tiempo de guerra. La base metodológica de
la investigación se presentó como análisis comparativo-legal y sistemático,
método formal-legal, método de interpretación, método hermenéutico,
así como métodos de análisis y síntesis. Se ha llegado a una conclusión
sobre la necesidad de observar las normas de derechos humanos en el
enjuiciamiento penal de las personas que han cometido crímenes de lesa
humanidad y han estado involucradas en tales crímenes. En consecuencia,
el mundo civilizado debe cumplir con los estándares internacionales y
garantizar la seguridad a través de medios legales y legítimos.
Palabras clave: derecho administrativo; principios del derecho penal;
castigo justo; valores jurídicos europeos; crímenes de
guerra.
Introduction
Despite international documents aimed at the protection of human
rights, norms of national legislation, diplomatic relations and agreements,
the Russian Federation have begun active hostilities on the territory of
Ukraine.
Any senses in a person’s life must be implemented in compliance with
the principle of humanity. It is so since humanity is a feature of a person
that distinguishing humans from animals. According to V. Frankl when
implementing a sense, a person realizes himself/herself. And by means
of realizing a sense contained in suering, we realize the very human in
a person. It is where we are helpless and hopeless, unable to change the
situation, that is where we are called to change ourselves and we feel the
need to change.
376
Ihor Hrytsiuk, Anatolii Talakh, Volodymyr Zavydniak, Valentyn Liudvik y Anastasiia Filipp
Correlation of the principles of criminal law in the conditions of the introduction of martial law
A person always decides whether he/she wants to realize a certain sense.
Implementation of a sense always involves making a decision (Frankl,
1946). At the same time, V. Frankl notes that a person is a being who can
always say “no” to his/her passions and who should not always say “yes” to
such passions. When a person says “yes” to his/her passions, it is always
performed only by means of identifying himself/herself with these passions
(Frankl, 1946).
Currently, the matter of expediency of legislation and international
treaties arises more than ever before. That is the matter of value of such
documents,valueofscienticresearchinthissphere,thematterofvalue
and purpose of criminal law, as well as value of its principles.
1. Literature review
The issue of criminal law principles was studied by many scientists. In
particular, V. O. Gatselyuk carried out a comprehensive research
concerning implementing the principle of legality of the criminal law of
Ukraine; in her research, N.A.Orlovska covered the problems concerning
construction principles of criminal sanctions; P. Pogrebnyak considered
the issue concerning meaningful characteristics of the fundamental
principles of law (Tuliakov, 2020). V. O. Tulyakov investigated
peculiarities of the principle of legality in the practice of the ECHR M.І.
Khavroniuk investigates principles of criminal law in the context of its
reformation (Khavroniuk, 2020).
In addition, certain issues of theoretical understanding and development
of humanism in the sphere of criminal law were researched bymodern
Ukrainian researchers Halaburda Nadiia, Leheza Yevhen, Chalavan Viktor,
YemovVolodymyr,YemovaInnainvestigated(Halaburdaet al., 2021).
However, the procedure of understanding principles of criminal law and
particularities of their implementation under conditions of war have not
been covered by the scientists.
2. Materials and methods.
This research is based on works of foreign and Ukrainian researchers
regarding methodological approaches to understanding principles of
criminal law and their specic implementation under conditions of war,
etc.
With the help of the epistemological method, ways of protecting rights of
individualsinadministrativeproceedings,etc.,hasbeenclaried;thanksto
the logical-semantic method, the conceptual apparatus has been deepened,
principlesofcriminallawhavebeendenedalongsidewithpeculiaritiesof
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Vol. 41 Nº 78 (2023): 374-383
their implementation under conditions of war etc. Thanks to the existing
methods of law, we have managed to analyze the essence of criminal law
principles and peculiarities of their implementation under conditions of
war, etc.
3. Results and discussion
The principle of presumed knowledge of the law provides that every
person must know what criminal liability is. This is one of the requirements
of the “social contract” (J. J. Rousseau). Violation of “agreements” must
inevitably lead to liability. It is for this purpose that international treaties
and conventions on the protection of fundamental human rights have been
adopted (Kobrusieva et al., 2021).
The concepts of crime and punishment are conditional. They change over
time. The main idea is that the list of crimes and respective punishments
for these crimes should be clearly and unambiguously formulated in the
legislation. Everyone should be able to know what criminal liability is
provided for in the state, to understand the essence of what criminal
liability is provided for. The presumption of innocence principle is not that
a person should guess what the legislator was thinking when adopting this
or that norm, what he had in mind and why the norm was not properly
communicated to the citizens through the relevant ocial sources. The
legislator must establish the norm clearly and comprehensibly.
The approach of the classical school of criminal law “punishment for
crime” is also related to this. It is based on the fact that the state reacts with
criminal legal means precisely to the committed act, which is provided as a
crime in the current criminal law. No one can be punished for thoughts, for
feelings, for thinking as such. Goethe noted in “Faust” that thought cannot
create and act, hence the beginning of existence and objective reality is in
action.
Onlyapersonwhohascommittedacriminalact(denedasacrimein
the criminal law of the state) can be held criminally liable. She must clearly
and unambiguously know about such liability. And if a person has already
committed a crime, then he/she should be held liable in accordance with
the law. In modern criminal law the principle of certainty is one of its main
principles. Part 2 of Art. 7 of the Convention for the Protection of Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950 provides that this article is not
an obstacle to the judicial punishment of any person for any act or inaction,
which at the time of their commission constituted a criminal oense in
accordance with the general principles of law, recognized by civilized
countries.
378
Ihor Hrytsiuk, Anatolii Talakh, Volodymyr Zavydniak, Valentyn Liudvik y Anastasiia Filipp
Correlation of the principles of criminal law in the conditions of the introduction of martial law
The principle of humanism is expressed in the fact that a person who
commits a crime, including a war crime, or a crime against humanity, is still
apersonwithhis/herrightsandfreedoms(Timoeieva,2020).Aperson
who broke the law. The state must respond to human actions. But such
“response” should not turn into a crime. We also hope to correct the law
breaker by the means provided for by the criminal law. This is the purpose
of punishment according to Art. 50 of the Criminal Code
No person shall be subjected to torture, inhuman treatment or treatment
degrading human dignity (part 3 Art. 50 of the Criminal Code). Torture and
inhumane treatment are expressly prohibited by Art. 3 of the Convention
for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950).
The same principle has also become the basis for provisions of Art. 3 of
the Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War dated
12 August, 1949. According to it persons who do not actively participate
in military activities, in particular those from the Armed Forces who have
ceased hostilities, as well as those who have stopped participating in
military activities in connection with illness, injury, detention or for any
other reason should be treated humanely in any circumstances, without any
discrimination on grounds of race, color of skin, religion or believes, sex,
origin or property status or any other similar criteria (Geneva Convention
on the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 1949).
Participants of armed hostilities in Ukraine must strictly adhere to
current norms of international humanitarian law. And although it is
dicult to talk about justice and expediency of war and bloodshed, it is
the observance of preliminarily known rules and agreements that puts the
parties within relatively clear norms.
No person has the right to commit crimes within the jurisdiction of
theInternationalCriminalCourt,includingUkraine(wherethesehorric
events are taking place) and citizens of that country. Ukrainians often
show dissatisfaction with the humane attitude to prisoners, their feeding,
maintenance of hygienic norms, provision of necessary clothes and
medicines. But if Ukrainians treat them with cruelty, Ukraine will also be
violatinginternationalnorms,inparticulartheGenevaConventionratied
by Ukraine.
Also, a great number of problems emerge if requirements of the Geneva
Convention are followed because the budget is not sucient for this.
However, the prohibition of torture cannot be deviated from under any
circumstances. In the context of inhuman treatment with its interpretation
expanded from time to time and taking into account the dynamic nature
of the Convention, it is necessary to ensure provision of necessary medical
care, nutrition, hygiene items.
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It should also be taken into account that, in fact, servicemen of the
RussianFederationcommitacriminaloenseprovidedforinArticle332-2
of the Criminal Code “Illegal crossing of the state border of Ukraine”. That
is, they can be brought to criminal liability under this article and this will
not violate any of the principles of the criminal law, and this will ensure
implementation of criminal legal response inevitability. In addition, it
is necessary to approach such liability individually, in compliance with
the principle of fault-based individual responsibility and guarantees of
protection.
The principle of inevitability of criminal liability. The whole world
ishorriedbytheatrocitiesthattookplaceinBucha,rapesinplainview
of children, rapes of children. Some eyewitnesses and victims of these
atrocities have survived. And Putin and the Russian leadership insist that
this did not happen.
The whole world is horried by the destruction of Kharkiv, Kherson
and Mariupol as well as by brutal crimes committed in Bucha, rapes and
tortures of citizens. Kharkiv, its architectural and cultural heritage have
been irreparably destroyed. The people who remained in the city were
forced to live in the subway.
On 11 April, 2022, information regarding the use of chemical weapons
inMariupolwasconrmed.On23April,2022,ontheeveofEaster,missile
attacks were made at Odesa, one of the missiles hit a residential building.
As a result, 9 civilians died, including a three-month-old baby, and citizens’
apartments were destroyed. On 24 April 24 (Easter Day), Donetsk and
Luhansk regions were also shelled, churches were shelled. On 09 May,
a missile hit a shopping center in Odesa. Due to the curfew, there were
security guards on the territory who were injured, windows were blown out
by the blast wave in residential buildings near the shopping center. None of
the attacks has been recognized by the aggressor.
International institutions and the state must properly respond all these
crimes.On28February,2022,theProsecutor’sOceoftheInternational
Criminal Court began an investigation into the situation in Ukraine. On
13 April, 2022, the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court visited
“Bucha” in the Kyiv region as a place where war crimes had been committed.
But the Russian Federation government continues to insist that all these
corpses in “Bucha” were staged by the United States.
It is important that each action and the actions of each person shall
bequaliedseparately.ThesearenotthecrimesofPutinalone,notonly
those of the commanders who gave the orders. Each act has its own
characteristics, so it must be evaluated individually and in compliance with
the principle of fault-based individual responsibility. According to the
current Criminal Code of Ukraine, there is no collective responsibility. Each
actioniscommittedbyaspecicperson(Zhukova et al., 2023).
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Ihor Hrytsiuk, Anatolii Talakh, Volodymyr Zavydniak, Valentyn Liudvik y Anastasiia Filipp
Correlation of the principles of criminal law in the conditions of the introduction of martial law
Human behavior depends on both external (for example, an order) and
internal factors. Internal (subjective) factors include presence of guilt, i.e.,
an ability to be aware of the criminal wrongfulness of an act, foresee the
consequences and wish for them to occur; purpose, motive, emotional state
(Leheza et al., 2022).
In accordance with Law No. 2108-IX dated 03 March 2022,
criminalization of collaborative activities (Article 111-1 of the Criminal
Code) also does not contradict this principle, since a person must be aware
that such activities contribute to the commission of war crimes initiated
by the aggressor country. Criminal liability for collaborative activity is
provided for in the criminal legislation of other countries, in particular the
Criminal Code of Lithuania.
When determining the degree of punishment for a war crime, the Court
mustobligatorilytakeintoaccountthatanypunishmentshouldrstofall
“reect the guilt of the convicted person”. At the same time, in addition
to the guilt and gravity of the crime, the Court shall take into account the
following: the degree of damage to the victims and their families; the nature
of “illegal conduct” and means used to commit the war crime; “degree of
intention”; factors related to the method, time and place of the crime; age,
level of education, social and economic status of the person found guilty;
mitigating and aggravating circumstances (Tylchyk et al., 2022).
According to the Law “On Amendments to the Criminal and
Criminal Procedural Codes of Ukraine on Ensuring Counteraction to the
Unauthorized Dissemination of Information on the Dispatch, Transfer of
Weapons, Arming, and Military Supplies to Ukraine, Movement, Transfer,
or Placement of the Armed Forces of Ukraine or Other Military Formations
Formed in Accordance with the Laws of Ukraine, committed under
conditions of martial law or a state of emergency” No. 2160-IX dated 24
March, 2022.
The Criminal Code was supplemented with Article 114-2 “Unauthorized
dissemination of information about sending, transfer of weapons,
armaments and war supplies to Ukraine, movement, transfer or placement
of the Armed Forces of Ukraine or other military formations formed in
accordance with the laws of Ukraine, committed under conditions of war
or a state of emergency.”
Features of the information age are related to the simplication of
recording and transmission of information. Therefore, many “bloggers”
began to post relevant photos and videos of such movements, air defense
operations, explosions, etc. Information war and information defense in
the modern realities of criminal law of Ukraine has received a completely
updated content (Matviichuk et al., 2022).
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Persons who have certain cooperation with the Russian Federation
have access to social networks and other communication channels, which
highlight relevant photos and videos. That is, such actions do not help the
state and law enforcement agencies, because they correct actions of the
enemy. They provide the enemy with information about relevant locations,
the situation in the city, etc. (Villasmil Espinoza et al., 2022).
Conclusions
Therefore, existence of right and law is valuable. When the law is
codied,structured,understandableandclear,apersoncancomparehis/
her behavior with this law. If a person chooses to commit a crime, he/she
does this taking into account the awareness of illegality of such an act and
presence of an appropriate punishment or measure of a criminal law nature
determined for such an act. Therefore, the government in such a case has all
the moral and legal grounds to prosecute such a person.
The main idea, essence and value of criminal law is to protect basic
rights and establish a fair punishment for violation of these rights. A fair
punishment must comply with the principles of criminal law. The Sense of
criminal law is expressed through its principles. They include principles of
humanism, legality, proportionality, individualization and dierentiation
of criminal responsibility.
The main idea of the existence of criminal law principles consists in their
complex and balanced implementation in relation to subjects of criminal
legal relations. This requirement applies to the level of law-making and law
enforcement, both in peacetime and in wartime.
Determined is the necessity to observe standards of human rights
standards in criminal prosecution of persons who have committed war
crimes and other crimes against humanity and have been involved in
such crimes. The civilized world must meet civilized standards and ensure
security through civilized means.
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
en julio de 2023, por el Fondo Editorial Serbiluz,
Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela
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