Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Publicación cientíca en formato digital
ISSN-Versión Impresa 0798-1406 / ISSN-Versión on line 2542-3185
Depósito legal pp 197402ZU34
ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.40 N° 74
2022
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to
de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
Hu ma nas y So cia les, a tra vés de la di vul ga ción de los re sul ta dos lo gra dos por sus in ves-
ti ga do res; es ti mu lar la in ves ti ga ción en es tas áreas del sa ber; y pro pi ciar la pre sen ta-
ción, dis cu sión y con fron ta ción de las ideas y avan ces cien tí fi cos con com pro mi so so cial.
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con
avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
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nes Cien tí fi cas y Tec no ló gi cas Ve ne zo la nas del FO NA CIT, La tin dex.
Di rec to ra
L
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M. C
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P
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Co mi té Edi tor
Eduviges Morales Villalobos
Fabiola Tavares Duarte
Ma ría Eu ge nia Soto Hernández
Nila Leal González
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Co mi té Ase sor
Pedro Bracho Grand
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Asis ten tes Ad mi nis tra ti vos
Joan López Urdaneta y Nil da Ma rín
Re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas. Av. Gua ji ra. Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Nú cleo Hu ma nís ti co. Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas. Ins ti tu to de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co
“Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che”. Ma ra cai bo, Ve ne zue la. E- mail: cues tio nes po li ti cas@gmail.
com ~ loi chi ri nos por til lo@gmail.com. Te le fax: 58- 0261- 4127018.
Vol. 40, Nº 74 (2022), 880-894
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Recibido el 14/08/22 Aceptado el 26/09/22
Argentine Universities: Problems,
COVID-19, ICT & Eorts
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4074.49
Carlos Rios-Campos *
Karina Gutiérrez Valverde **
Shirley Bustamante Vilchez de Tay ***
Jannyna Reto Gómez ****
Henrry Wilfredo Agreda Cerna *****
Alberto Lachos Dávila ******
Abstract
In this paper the general objective was determine the situation
of Argentine universities: Problems, COVID-19, ICT & eorts.
Methodology, in this research, 36 documents have been selected,
carried out in the period 2016 - 2021; including: scientic articles,
review articles and information from websites of recognized
organizations. The keywords used in the searches were: Argentine
universities, COVID-19 and ICT. Results, Argentine universities have many
diculties, like other Latin American universities. The pandemic has
reduced access to economic resources. However, Argentine universities
are making many eorts to fulll their social role. Conclusions, the oldest
university in Argentina is the National University of Córdoba, founded in
1613. Higher education in Argentina is primarily public, where direct entry
is oered to students. The professional careers preferred by Argentine
* University professor, Researcher Concytec - RENACYT. Doctor in University Management. Master in
Administration. Systems Engineer. Member of the College of Engineers of Peru. Toribio Rodríguez
National University of Mendoza of Amazonas. Bagua, Perú. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-
8003-5577
** Master of Physical Sciences. Graduated from the Doctorate program in Environmental Sciences at
the Universidad Nacional de Piura. Degree in Physics. Head of the Physics and Thermodynamics
Laboratory. Assistant Teacher. Universidad Nacional de Frontera. Sullana, Perú. ORCID ID: https://
orcid.org/0000-0001-8079-8371
*** Master in Environmental Engineering and Industrial Safety. Graduated from the Doctorate program
in Environmental Sciences at the National University of Piura. Biologist. More than 08 years of
professional experience in environmental monitoring and evaluation, industrial processes and public
management. Independent consultant on environmental matters. Universidad Nacional de Frontera.
Sullana, Perú. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9098-5098
**** Master in University Teaching. Curriculum and Research. Assistant Professor of the Universidad
Nacional de Frontera. Universidad Nacional de Frontera. Sullana, Perú. ORCID ID: http://orcid.
org/0000-0002-6355-1614
***** Master in Educational Administration. Bachelor of Administration. Associate professor at the José
María Arguedas National University. Perú. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0253-1588
****** Radiation Oncologist. National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases. Lima, Perú. ORCID ID: https://
orcid.org/0000-0002-6190-1959
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 40 Nº 74 (2022): 880-894
students are engineering, law and administration. There are also very
internationally recognized private universities. Many universities are
struggling to quickly set up their virtual platforms, before classes start. The
dicult economic situation that the country is going through for several
years, the health emergency and social isolation due to the pandemic,
have paralyzed public and private university activity. It is important and
urgent that Argentine universities strengthen the adoption of ICT and also
promote innovation.
Keywords: Argentine universities; COVID-19; ICT; health problems;
public policies.
Universidades Argentinas: Problemas, COVID-19,
TIC y Esfuerzos
Resumen
En este trabajo el objetivo general fue determinar la situación de
las universidades argentinas: Problemas, COVID-19, TIC y esfuerzos.
Metodología, en esta investigación se han seleccionado 36 documentos,
realizados en el periodo 2016 - 2021; incluyendo: artículos cientícos,
artículos de revisión e información de sitios web de organizaciones
reconocidas. Las palabras clave utilizadas en las búsquedas fueron:
universidades argentinas, COVID-19 y TIC. Resultados, las universidades
argentinas tienen muchas dicultades, al igual que otras universidades
latinoamericanas. La pandemia ha reducido el acceso a los recursos
económicos. Sin embargo, las universidades argentinas están haciendo
esfuerzos para cumplir con su rol social. Conclusiones, la universidad más
antigua de Argentina es la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, fundada en
1613. La educación superior en Argentina es principalmente pública, donde
se ofrece ingreso directo a los estudiantes. Las carreras profesionales
preferidas por los estudiantes argentinos son ingeniería, derecho y
administración. También existen universidades privadas muy reconocidas
internacionalmente. Muchas universidades están luchando por congurar
rápidamente sus plataformas virtuales, antes de que comiencen las clases.
La difícil situación económica que atraviesa el país desde hace varios
años, la emergencia sanitaria y el aislamiento social por la pandemia, han
paralizado la actividad universitaria pública y privada.
Palabras clave: universidades argentinas; COVID-19; TIC; problemas
sanitarios; políticas públicas.
882
Carlos Rios-Campos, Karina Gutiérrez Valverde, Shirley Bustamante Vilchez de Tay, Jannyna
Reto Gómez, Henrry Wilfredo Agreda Cerna y Alberto Lachos Dávila
Argentine Universities: Problems, COVID-19, ICT & Eorts
Introduction
In this paper the general objective was determine the situation of
Argentine universities: Problems, COVID-19, ICT & eorts. Higher
education in Argentina is mostly public... Because of historical trends
and regulatory framework, the main characteristics of Argentinean HE is:
rst, the consideration of HE as a human right and a public (social) good.
Secondly, publicly funded universities have no fees (gratuity), unrestricted
access (without entrance exams or other conditions), are massive and open
(no quotas, available for each person living in the country) (Perrotta, 2020).
The initial examination of the process of construction of the dominant
model of higher education in Argentina presented above reveals the organic
presence of indirect eects of the Cabanis Reform. The question that must
be considered, therefore, is not whether the origins of Latin American
higher education in health can be traced to the French model of education,
but the degree to which it is a result of this historical process, mediated
by the gravitation between Idéologie (Argentina) and positivism (Brazil)
(Almeida-Filho & Di Pasquale, 2016).
For the Secretary of University Policies of Argentina, Perczyk, “in
Argentina, the government has dened that the people are at the center of
concerns and aspirations” and therefore, all the orientations of government
policies revolve around this aspect. In this context, Argentine universities
have adopted a number of measures since March 20 approximately
(UNESCO – IESALC, 2020).
Argentina has reached the number one spot of all South American
countries and number three in all of Latin America to receive university
students from the U.S. (U.S. Embassy in Argentina, 2017). “57 universities
and 4 university-level institutions were publicly funded. Unlike multi-
disciplinary universities, institutions classied as ‘university-level’
institutions are typically mono-disciplinary institutions…” (Monroy, 2018).
The country’s oldest university is the National University of Cordoba,
founded in 1613 and considered one of the largest and most capable
universities in the country (THE, 2021).
“Created in 1821, the University of Buenos Aires is one of the most
important public institutions of higher education in Latin America and
is currently a national and international landmark for education and
vocational training, research and university extension” (University of
Buenos Aires, 2017).
In the gure 1, important information about the University of Buenos
Aires (UBA) is shown.
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Vol. 40 Nº 74 (2022): 880-894
320.000 undergraduate students
25.000 postgraduate students
31.500 academic sta
97 undergraduate courses
448 postgraduate courses
5900 high school students
5 high school
6 university hospitals
Over 7000 researchers and 2500 scholars
27000 research projects
61 research institutes
5 interdisciplinary programs
Figure 1. UBA in numbers.
Source: University of Buenos Aires (2017).
“UNSAM (Universidad Nacional de San Marttín), Argentine state
university founded in 1992, has become a leader in higher education,
research, cultural development and social transformation” (UNSAM,
2021).
1. Method
This research presents a qualitative-interpretative design, of a
documentary type, which specied the selection procedure and the data
recording (Barrero y Rosero, 2018).
36 documents have been prefered, in the period 2016 – 2021. The
keywords used in the searches were: Argentine universities, COVID-19 and
ICT. The bibliographic matrix of table 1 was used to classify the works cited.
Table 1. Bibliographic matrix
Name Type Objectives Conclusions
Source: Adapted from Barrero & Rosero (2018).
884
Carlos Rios-Campos, Karina Gutiérrez Valverde, Shirley Bustamante Vilchez de Tay, Jannyna
Reto Gómez, Henrry Wilfredo Agreda Cerna y Alberto Lachos Dávila
Argentine Universities: Problems, COVID-19, ICT & Eorts
2. Results
• Problems
In Argentina, education in this environment has become even more
dicult in the face of an economic crisis that has prompted budget cuts of
$10 billion to social services, including education (MacGoy, 2018).
“Nevertheless, we have also found indicators regarding the diculties
that these institutions struggle with. In particular, these linked to the
economic crises that the country has suered for decades, which in turn
have changed the universities specic features” (Mendonça, 2020).
“The historical tension between the National Council for Scientic
and Technical Research and the public universities. It describes the
current structure of the scientic eld in terms of researchers, institutes,
publishing circuits, and institutional evaluative cultures” (Beigel, Gallardo
& Bekerman, 2018).
We reect on the role of the university librarian as a disseminating agent
and provider of access to scientic information in Argentina (Fushimi,
Pené, Unzurrunzaga, Sanllorenti, 2020).
Finally, based on some results of an investigation that we carried out at
the National University of Rio Negro that give account of this problem, we
will argue the hypothesis of certain (dis)agreements between the relations
with the knowledge promoted by the university and that the new registrants
(Vercellino, Bohoslavsky, 2020).
There are many pending problems to be solved in Argentine universities,
which have been exacerbated by the dicult economic situation that the
country is going through for several years.
• COVID-19
“Today, Argentina ranks ninth in the number of infected inhabitants and
has experienced a notably high mortality rate, which has been estimated at
879 deaths per million” (Rabinovich & Gener, 2021).
“The COVID 19 crisis struck Argentina at a particularly
dicult time, in macroeconomic terms. Overcoming these
challenges is therefore essential for stimulating the
economy and bringing the country out of the crisis” (International Labour
Organization, 2020).
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Figure 2. Tracking COVID-19 in Latin America
Source: Gonzalez (2021)
“We nd that mobility (as a proxy for the eectiveness of
the lockdown) has an impact on observed cases in Buenos Aires City with a lag of 8
days and deaths relate with new cases registered 16 to 19 days before”
(Ahumada, Espina & Navajas, 2020).
“Throughout 2020, Argentina continues to implement stay at home
measures and a stimulus package that includes assistance for workers in
the informal economy” (U. S. Department of State, 2021).
“Argentina’s response to Covid-19 has been marred by a violent police
response towards people accused of breaking the rules. In late March, the
government imposed a nationwide lockdown requiring people to quarantine
at home.” (Vivanco, 2021).
For the university sector, the current pandemic implied a quick turn to
shift operations, now in remote mode. For Argentina it meant mobilizing
more than 130 universities and almost 2 million students towards a mostly
unknown universe (Fanelli, Marquina & Rabossi, 2020).
“Most universities are working against the clock to ensure that their
virtual platforms are set up for the courses scheduled for the rst semester
of the year, supporting teachers and evaluating options…” (Marquina,
2020).
886
Carlos Rios-Campos, Karina Gutiérrez Valverde, Shirley Bustamante Vilchez de Tay, Jannyna
Reto Gómez, Henrry Wilfredo Agreda Cerna y Alberto Lachos Dávila
Argentine Universities: Problems, COVID-19, ICT & Eorts
“In sum, the health emergency and the social isolation were far from
paralysing university activities. Not only did they accomplish to advance in
actions to mitigate the COVID-19 but also were able to redirect the dierent
research lines” (Mendonça, 2020).
As in other Latin American countries, the scarce arrival of vaccines
generates uncertainty in the population of Argentina. The pandemic has
a negative impact on the economy, health, education and other aspects of
society. Universities have migrated to a virtual education, to serve their
student population.
• ICT
“Information and communication technology, abbreviated as ICT, covers
all technical means used to handle information and aid communication.
This includes both computer and network hardware, as well as their
software” (Eurostat, 2016).
Compared to other economies in Latin America and the Caribbean,
Argentina performs above average in four out of seven GII pillars:
Human capital & research, Infrastructure, Business sophistication,
and Knowledge & technology outputs. Top ranks are found in sub-
pillars Education, Research and development (R&D), and Knowledge
absorption where the country ranks in the top 50 worldwide (WIPO, 2019).
“They oer university degrees of the highest professional levels. Some
of them also oer intermediate degrees and short courses of studies:
Atlántida Argentina University (Computer Engineering, Bachelor’s Degree
in Computing and Higher Third-level Degree in Computing) …” (ATICMA,
2021).
Mr Carril is the creator and teacher of the course “International ICT
Organizations” at Argentina’s National Technological University and is a
member of the Impact of Technologies in the Environment Group at the
National University of La Plata (ITU News, 2019).
Table 2 shows the report of some Argentine universities, which
participated in the Huawei ICT Competition 2018-2019.
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
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Table 2. Huawei ICT Competition 2018-2019 Argentina
RoadShows
Source: UNAJ (2018)
In spite of these similarities, certain dierences were observed in the
perceived competencies for academic purposes, which would be associated
with dierent proposals for ICT uses promoted from the context by teachers
(Bossolasco, Chiecher, Dos Santos, 2020).
888
Carlos Rios-Campos, Karina Gutiérrez Valverde, Shirley Bustamante Vilchez de Tay, Jannyna
Reto Gómez, Henrry Wilfredo Agreda Cerna y Alberto Lachos Dávila
Argentine Universities: Problems, COVID-19, ICT & Eorts
“Finally, the results not only suggest the absence of the linear model
of innovation, but the existence of a completely opposite relationship:
scientic productivity is negatively associated with groups’ technological
performance” (Barletta, Yoguel, Pereira, Rodríguez, 2017).
• Eorts
In Argentina, where public universities face huge enrollment issues,
especially in rst-year courses, the teachers of these classes emphasize the
benets of writing as a way of thinking, participating, sharing, and learning
(Molina y Carlino, 2019).
The creation of The Comisión Nacional de Evaluación y Acreditación
Universitaria (CONEAU) in 1995 opens a chapter about the evaluation
processes that, 20 years from its functioning… or its evolution, or the
increasing levels of quality achieved in the system, in the elaboration of
university rankings, or in the taking of exams for teachers and students
(Paulozzo, 2017).
Most students studying at Argentine universities mentioned that
they had socialized and interacted with host nationals and rated these
experiences positively (Blake, 2018).
“This paper proposes a methodology for evaluating eciency in higher
education institutions, which was applied at the National University of the
South, in Argentina” (Ibáñez, Morresi y Delbianco, 2017).
“Argentine universities are interested in forming partnerships with U.S.
higher education institutions to teach Spanish and Latin American studies
courses to U.S. students coming to study in Argentina” (International Trade
Administration, 2021).
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Table 3. Current and planned activities under World Bank-
supported higher education projects
Source: World Bank (2020).
The World Bank supports some projects related to education in
Argentina, as shown in table 3. It is an important support, which the
dierent Argentine governments have requested.
3. Discussion and conclusion
Argentine universities have many diculties, like other Latin American
universities. The pandemic has reduced access to economic resources.
890
Carlos Rios-Campos, Karina Gutiérrez Valverde, Shirley Bustamante Vilchez de Tay, Jannyna
Reto Gómez, Henrry Wilfredo Agreda Cerna y Alberto Lachos Dávila
Argentine Universities: Problems, COVID-19, ICT & Eorts
However, Argentine universities are making many eorts to fulll their
social role, which matches the claims of (Bernasconi & Celis, 2017)
“public policy decentralization in Argentina, quality assurance models in
Colombia and Uruguay, the emerge of new institutions and universities in
Argentina…”.
The oldest university in Argentina is the National University of Córdoba,
founded in 1613. Higher education in Argentina is primarily public, where
direct entry is oered to students. The professional careers preferred by
Argentine students are engineering, law and administration. There are also
very internationally recognized private universities.
Many universities are struggling to quickly set up their virtual platforms,
before classes start. The dicult economic situation that the country is
going through for several years, the health emergency and social isolation
due to the pandemic, have paralyzed public and private university activity.
It is important and urgent that Argentine universities strengthen the
adoption of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and also
promote innovation permanently.
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
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Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela
Vol.40 Nº 74
