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de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
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Vol.40 N° 73
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Vol. 40, Nº 73 (2022), 108-127
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
International institutions in the
mechanism for the protection of human
rights and freedoms in the national
security context
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4073.05
Yevhen Bilousov *
Denys Chyzhov **
Andriy Osaulenko ***
Raisa Perelyhina ****
Serhii Derevianko *****
Abstract
The objective of the article was to determine how eective
international institutions are in the mechanism for the protection
of human rights and freedoms in the context of national
security. The methods of statistical analysis, correlation analysis,
generalization and analogy, hypothetical-deductive model were used to
achieve the proposed objective. In addition, international institutions were
identied that are directly concerned with the protection of rights and
freedoms in the event of their violations at the regional level. The correlation
was established between the level of human rights protection and the level
of national security, the number of international human rights treaties
ratied, the number of cases brought before international regional human
rights courts. It concludes that international institutions are eective in the
mechanism for the protection of human rights and freedoms in regions with
a weak national system for the protection of human rights and freedoms.
Identifying factors aecting the level of protection of human rights and
* Doctor of Juridical Sciences, Professor at the Department of European Union Law, Yaroslav Mudryi
National Law University, 61024, Kharkiv, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7685-
2208
** PhD of Juridical Sciences, Associate Professor at the Department of Constitutional Law and Human
Rights, National Academy of Internal Aairs; Researcher at the Research Institute of State Building
and Local Self-Government, National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, 03035, Kyiv, Ukraine.
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4843-0670
*** Doctor of Juridical Sciences, Associate Professor at the Department of Constitutional Law and
Human Rights, National Academy of Internal Aairs, 03035, Kyiv, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.
org/0000-0003-3125-1892
**** PhD of Juridical Sciences, Associate Professor Department of Criminal Law and Procedure, Kyiv
University of Law of NAS of Ukraine, 03142, Kyiv, Ukraine. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-
3798-0861
***** Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor at the Department of Political Institutions and Processes,
Faculty of History, Politology and International Relations, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National
University, 76018, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3848-7072
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freedoms in the context of national security in countries with a weak
national protection system may be the prospect of further investigation.
Keywords: international court; international organizations; national
security; international community; global protection.
Instituciones internacionales en el mecanismo de
protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades en el
contexto de la seguridad nacional
Resumen
El objetivo del artículo fue determinar qué tan efectivas son las
instituciones internacionales en el mecanismo de protección de los
derechos humanos y las libertades en el contexto de la seguridad nacional.
Se utilizaron los métodos de análisis estadístico, análisis de correlación,
generalización y analogía, modelo hipotético-deductivo para lograr el
objetivo planteado. Además, se identicaron instituciones internacionales
que se ocupan directamente de la protección de los derechos y libertades en
caso de sus violaciones a nivel regional. Se estableció la correlación entre el
nivel de protección de los derechos humanos y el nivel de seguridad nacional,
el número de tratados internacionales de derechos humanos raticados, el
número de casos presentados ante los tribunales regionales internacionales
de derechos humanos. Se concluye que las instituciones internacionales
son efectivas en el mecanismo de protección de los derechos humanos y
las libertades en regiones con un débil sistema nacional de protección de
los derechos humanos y las libertades. La identicación de los factores que
afectan el nivel de protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades en
el contexto de la seguridad nacional en países con un sistema de protección
nacional débil puede ser la perspectiva de una mayor investigación.
Palabras clave: corte internacional; organizaciones internacionales;
seguridad nacional; comunidad internacional;
protección global.
Introduction
Shumilo (2018) states that World War II clearly demonstrated that
human rights need to be protected, where international protection is not
an exception. Enshrinement of human rights in national and international
regulations provides the background for their enforcement. Ramcharan
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Yevhen Bilousov, Denys Chyzhov, Andriy Osaulenko, Raisa Perelyhina y Serhii Derevianko
International institutions in the mechanism for the protection of human rights and freedoms in
the national security context
and UN Acting High Commissioner for Human Rights (2004) notes that
personal, international and national development is based on respect for
human rights, while their observance and enforcement prevent national
conicts.
The mechanism for the protection of human rights and freedoms consists
of many national and international links that form an interdependent
system. Many public areas, including national security, are aected by the
eectiveness of the interaction of institutions for the protection of human
rights and freedoms. This is why in case that national remedies for the
protection of human rights are exhausted, the international community
performs its functions in resolving the conict. International institutions
shall determine whether the violations of human rights took place, and if
so — which human rights were violated, how disputes between the state and
the citizen should be resolved with due regard of the interests of the national
security. In other words, as Bozeman (1982) explains, the international
community assumes the role of judge in the internal conict.
1. Research Objectives
The aim of the research was to establish how eective the international
institutions are in the mechanism of protection of human rights and
freedoms in the national security context.
The aim involved the following research objectives:
1. Identify international institutions that directly deal with the
protection of rights and freedoms in case of their violations, as
well as countries against which the largest and smallest number of
applications led with the identied international institutions.
2. Analyse statistical indicators of the level of the protection of
human rights, the level of national security, as well as the work of
international regional courts of human rights.
3. Find out the extent of the relationship between the level of the
protection of human rights and the national security level, the
number of ratied international human rights treaties, the number
of cases led with the international regional courts of human rights.
4. Prove or disprove assumptions about the eectiveness of
international institutions in the protection of human rights and
freedoms in the national security context.
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2. Literature Review
For all civilized nations of the world, the proclamation of the principle of
the priority of human rights and freedoms in relation to the state is one of the
greatest values. In the national security context, as Shmotkin (2017) noted,
this priority aects the entire system of links between the elements of the
national security framework in some way, especially the activities its actors,
where the state represented by its bodies is the main actor. Chyzhov (2021)
emphasises that everyone’s rights should be considered protected and their
interests secured only in case of no threats to the country’s security.
There are two main security theories. The rst is the traditionally
state-centred security concept, the second is the human security theory.
State-centred security is based on the idea that all members of society and
individual interests are subordinated to the interests of the state. The aim
of the concept is to protect the state from the threat of military aggression
and preserve the territorial integrity of the state. State institutions shape
state national security policy. Government bodies are entrusted with the
development and approval of strategies to ensure national security. This
theory has a disadvantage: a secure state does not necessarily mean the
personal security of citizens. National security is important for the protection
of citizens from foreign military aggression, but it does not guarantee the
security of citizens (Pranevičienė and Vasiliauskienė, 2018).
Human rights and freedoms are one of the key aspects of international
relations, so they are not reduced to the internal guarantees provided for
individual countries. The eective realization of human rights and freedoms
strengthens democracy, peace, security and prosperity, thus preventing
aggression, corruption, crime and global humanitarian crises. This is why it
is necessary to promote and strengthen multilateral, both international and
regional, human rights mechanisms and promote their eective activities
(Ministry of Foreign Aairs of the Republic of Lithuania, 2021).
The institutions engaged in the protection of human rights and tools
used for that purpose operate at the international, regional and subregional.
Mizanie and Alemayehu (2009) indicate that more than 500 international
organizations of various sizes in the world have been established because
of the need to address transnational challenges. Neuman (2019) denes an
international organization as an organization established by a treaty or other
international instrument and having its international legal personality.
International organizations are distinguished in the literature according
to the relevant criteria. The laws governing the organization are one of
these distinctions. Mantu (2019) writes that the organization is called
international or at least intergovernmental when its activities are regulated
by international law. Neuman (2019) states that there are hundreds of
international organizations that have dierent degrees of inuence and
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Yevhen Bilousov, Denys Chyzhov, Andriy Osaulenko, Raisa Perelyhina y Serhii Derevianko
International institutions in the mechanism for the protection of human rights and freedoms in
the national security context
range of functions, from huge ones, such as the UN and the World Bank, to
bilateral border waters commissions. Mantu (2019) notes that some actors
may not meet the criteria that distinguish international organizations, but
they may be international in nature and may be assigned specic tasks
under international law. Neuman (2019) indicates that it is a mistake to
conclude that human rights should be universal and directly link all public
authorities and international organizations.
The universal system of the protection of human rights has become
extensive and complex over the past decades. It currently includes the
following organizations and mechanisms: the UN General Assembly, the UN
Human Rights Council and its subsidiary bodies and mechanisms; the UN
Security Council and a number of its specialized mechanisms; the United
Nations Economic and Social Council and its Commission on the Status of
Women and the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues;
UN International Court of Justice; the UN Secretariat and its separate
subdivisions; treaty (convention) human rights bodies; some specialized
agencies of the United Nations (International Labour Organization); United
Nations Educational, Scientic and Cultural Organization; temporary and
special mechanisms for the protection of human rights established by UN
agencies.
It should be noted that regional mechanisms are being actively developed
in addition to universal mechanisms for the protection of human rights: the
Council of Europe and the European Court of Human Rights, the Inter-
American Commission on Human Rights, etc. Shumilo (2018) point out an
active work of the regional international courts that monitor the protection
of human rights by the states.
The International Criminal Court operates as a centre for the protection
of human rights. International crimes, which are the cruellest human
rights violations, often require the coordinated actions of the international
community in order to solve the problem. Many human rights violations
that are not serious international crimes should be addressed by the
internal system of the state concerned. But the countries have sought to
protect the human rights of their citizens through joint conventions in
support of such eorts. This resulted in the establishment of appropriate
courts of human rights in European, American and African countries. The
Asia-Pacic region is the only region that has not established the courts of
human rights. Chang-ho Chung (2016) emphasises that there is an even
greater need to establish it than ever before with regard to the population,
economic power and dynamic political situation of this region.
The mechanisms of international protection of human rights and
freedoms, which are to implement the norms of multilateral conventions,
as well as other relevant legal standards that are not enshrined in treaties,
are covered in hundreds of books and articles. Nevertheless, there are
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still many controversial issues to be reviewed. In particular, human rights
are a dynamic area and some provisions of international regulations are
outdated. Tomuschat (2020) notes that many studies are reduced to one
particular aspect, one institution, one procedure, while the current focus is
to compare dierent mechanisms with similar goals.
3. Research Materials and Methods
The main approach in studying how eective the international institutions
are in the mechanism of protection of human rights and freedoms in the
national security context was the identication of international institutions
that directly deal with the protection of rights and freedoms in case of their
violations, as well as countries with the largest and smallest number of
applications led with such international institutions.
We believe that the analysis of the indicators under research in these
countries best reects the eectiveness of the protection of human rights
and freedoms.
The relationship between the level of protection of human rights and the
national security level was studied using the method of statistical analysis
of the Human Rights Index and the Security Threats Index in dierent
regions. Besides, we analysed the statistical indicators of the number of
applications led with the European Court of Human Rights, African Court
of Human and People’s Rights, Inter-American Court of Human Rights for
2015-2019 using the statistical method.
The correlation analysis was involved to establish the relationship:
between the Human Rights Index and the Security Threats Index for period
2015 - 2019 by year and by country; between applications pending before
the European Court of Human Rights and the Human Rights Index 2015-
2019 by year and by country; between the number of cases tried by the
African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the Human Rights Index
in 2016-2019 by year and in 2015-2019 by country; between the number of
cases tried by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the Human
Rights Index for 2015-2019 by year and country; between the 2019 Human
Rights Index in Luxembourg, Chile, Benin, Turkey, Colombia, Poland,
Sudan, Syria, Oman and the number of ratied international treaties in
these countries.
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Yevhen Bilousov, Denys Chyzhov, Andriy Osaulenko, Raisa Perelyhina y Serhii Derevianko
International institutions in the mechanism for the protection of human rights and freedoms in
the national security context
The following formula of correlation analysis was used in the study:
where x1 — Human Rights Index and x2 – Security Threats Index, r –
linear correlation coecient.
The assumptions about the eectiveness of international institutions in
the mechanism of protection of human rights and freedoms in the national
security context were proved with the use of the hypothetico-deductive
model, the method of generalization and analogy.
The study involved the most signicant scientic works that reect
the development of scientic thought in the eld of protection of human
rights and freedoms, in the national security context including, as well as
international institutions in the protection of these rights from 1982 to
2022.
The following indicators are analysed in the research:
• Human Rights Index for 2015 – 2019 reported in Our World in Data.
• Security Threats Index for 2015 – 2019 reported in The Global
Economy.com.
• Applications led with the European Court of Human Rights for
2015 – 2019 reported by European Court of Human Rights.
• Applications led with the African Court on Human and Peoples’
Rights for 2015 – 2019 reported by the African Court on Human and
Peoples’ Rights.
• Cases tried by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights by
country for 2015 – 2019 reported by the Inter-American Court of
Human Rights.
• The number of ratied international human rights treaties by
country reported in Our World in Data.
4. Results
National security creates a background for a stable life of citizens and
the development of all spheres of state, in particular the conditions for
the observance and realization of human rights and freedoms. Objects of
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national security include the constitutional rights and freedoms of man and
citizen. So, ensuring their protection is a priority in the national security of
countries.
The mechanism for the protection of human rights and freedoms
includes national and international institutions. The globalization of all
spheres of life demonstrates their deep relationship between all countries of
the world. Therefore, human rights and freedoms in this area goes beyond
national borders in today’s world.
National institutions for the protection of human rights and freedoms
have their advantages and disadvantages. The advantages include taking
into account all the causes and features of internal conicts and the use of
eective tools to protect them in a particular region. The disadvantage is
the high-level corruption in the public sphere in countries with high levels
of human rights violations. This is why the Member States have adopted
international acts establishing international organizations with appropriate
functions to ensure the creation of the background for the observance
and protection of human rights and freedoms and national security. This
is evidenced by the historical background for the creation of the United
Nations after the Second World War, which aims to support international
peace and security.
The UN notes that violence and conict undermine sustainable
development. Human rights violations are the root causes of conicts
and vulnerabilities, which in turn invariably lead to further human rights
violations. This is why actions to protect and promote human rights are
inherently preventive, while rights-based approaches to peace and security
add to the eorts for sustainable peace. The human rights framework
also provides a solid background for addressing serious concerns within
or between countries that could lead to conict if left unaddressed.
Human rights information and analysis is a tool for early prevention and
early targeted action that has not yet been fully used. According to the
United Nations (n.d.b), non-compliance with international human rights
standards and the protection of human rights undermines peacekeeping
and peacebuilding eorts.
The results of the calculated correlation between the Human Rights
Index (shows the extent to which the physical integrity of citizens is
protected from murder, torture, political imprisonment, mass murder and
abduction, where higher values mean fewer violations) and the National
Security Threat Index (the index takes into account security threats to the
state, such as explosions, attacks and deaths in battles, insurgency, riots,
coups or terrorism, organized crime and murder, and apparent public
condence in internal security, where higher values mean more threats in
the country) from 2015 to 2019 show the following values of the correlation
coecient: Luxembourg — 0.69, Iceland — -0.27, Peru — -0.63, Ukraine
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Yevhen Bilousov, Denys Chyzhov, Andriy Osaulenko, Raisa Perelyhina y Serhii Derevianko
International institutions in the mechanism for the protection of human rights and freedoms in
the national security context
— -0.80, Ethiopia — -0.02, Sudan — -0.25, Oman — 0.006, Syria — 0.70
(Table 1 and Table 2).
Table 1. Human Rights Index
Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Europe
Luxembourg 5.33 5.32 5.31 5.31 5.31
Iceland 5.16 5.16 5.15 5.15 5.16
Ukraine - 1.02 - 0.99 - 1.00 - 0.98 - 0.77
Turkey - 1.13 - 1.33 - 1.42 - 1.53 - 1.72
Romania 1.22 1.25 1.26 1.32 1.41
Russia - 0.98 - 1.08 - 1.08 - 1.16 - 1.19
Poland 2.12 2.02 1.92 1.80 1.83
Africa
Ethiopia - 1.95 - 2.00 - 1.92 - 1.90 - 1.74
Sudan - 2.07 - 2.08 - 1.78 - 1.79 - 1.94
Cote d’Ivoire - 0.22 - 0.15 - 0.08 0.04 0.01
Mali - 1.12 - 1.14 - 1.24 - 1.71 - 1.77
Benin 1.06 1.08 1.06 1.02 0.94
Tanzania 0.11 0.01 - 0.05 - 0.07 - 0.08
South America
Peru 0.82 0.96 1.02 1.06 1.07
Argentina 0.97 1.06 1.10 1.17 1.26
Bolivia 1.13 1.07 1.06 0.88 0.47
Chile 1.33 1.28 1.31 1.21 0.53
Colombia - 0.80 - 0.66 - 0.57 - 0.48 - 0.47
Ecuador 0.79 0.81 0.91 0.94 0.90
Asia
Oman 1.16 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.13
Syria - 1.72 - 1.68 - 1.76 - 1.79 - 2.04
Source: Our World in Data (2020).
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Table 2. Security Threats Index
Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Luxembourg 2.00 1.40 1.70 1.40 1.30
Iceland 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.80 0.70
Peru 7.10 6.80 7.10 6.80 6.50
Ukraine 7.90 7.40 7.60 7.40 7.10
Ethiopia 8.40 8.10 8.40 8.70 8.20
Sudan 9.50 8.70 9.00 8.70 8.40
Oman 4.7 4.4 4.2 3.9 3.6
Syria 10 10 9.8 9.9 9.8
Source: The Global Economy.com (2022).
Therefore, the values are ambiguous thus not allowing to state a direct
dynamic link between national security and human rights protection in
the selected countries. European countries with a high level of protection
of citizens’ rights have dierent correlation indices. Luxembourg has a
medium level of positive correlation between the indicators studied, while
Iceland has a low level of negative. This means that during 2015-2019 the
security threat and the human rights index are interdependent areas and
are changing dynamically, while in Iceland, which has a high level of human
protection, the security threat is low and the correlation is negative, thus
indicating the inverse interaction of dynamics of the areas under research.
The results of the calculated correlation between the Human Rights
Index and the Security Threats Index by year for 2015 - 2019 in the studied
countries are the following: the correlation coecient in 2015 is -0.97, 2016
is 2019 is -0.96. These values indicate a high-level negative relationship
between the protection of human rights and the national security threats,
which means that the low level of protection of human rights corresponds
to a high level of threat to national security.
The international community is developing human rights standards
and special tools to protect them. In particular, international courts are
established on the basis of international regulations: the International
Criminal Court was established on the basis of the Rome Statute, the
International Court of Justice, and the courts of the region: the European
Court of Human Rights, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Human
Rights. Their main function is to protect human rights and freedoms. Their
statistics are the basis for calculating the correlation between the Human
Rights Index and the number of cases tried in the courts of each region.
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Yevhen Bilousov, Denys Chyzhov, Andriy Osaulenko, Raisa Perelyhina y Serhii Derevianko
International institutions in the mechanism for the protection of human rights and freedoms in
the national security context
This is how we will determine the eectiveness of the relevant court and its
impact on the Human Rights Index.
The correlation coecient between the applications led with the
European Court of Human Rights and the Human Rights Index for 2015-
2019 is: Turkey — -0.15; Luxembourg — -0.40; Russia — -0.87; Ukraine —
-0.35; Romania — -0.69; Poland — 0.75; Iceland — -0.04 (Table 3).
Table 3. Applications led with the European Court
of Human Rights
Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Turkey 2,212 8,303 25,978 6,717 7,274
Russia 6,003 5,587 7,957 12,148 12,782
Ukraine 6,007 8,644 4,387 3,207 3,991
Romania 4,604 8,192 6,509 3,369 2,656
Poland 2,178 2,422 2,066 1,941 1,834
Luxembourg 22 38 38 35 23
Iceland 10 24 27 24 40
Source: European Court of Human Rights (2020), European Court
of Human Rights (2019).
Thus, there is a negative correlation between the number of applications
led with the European Court of Human Rights and the Human Rights
Index during that period. The exception is Poland, which had a medium
level of human rights protection.
The correlation coecient between the Human Rights Index and the
number of applications les with the European Court of Human Rights for
2015 - 2019 in the selected European countries is: in 2015 — -0.83, 2016 —
-0.88, 2017 year — -0.67, 2018 — -0.77, 2019 — -0.80. Thus, in the period
2015-2019, there is a high level of negative correlation between the human
rights index and the number of applications led with the European Court
of Human Rights.
Therefore, the results of the correlation of the indicators under research
by country and year indicate a direct negative correlation between the
protection of human rights and the number of applications led with the
European Court of Human Rights. This result indicates the imperfection of
the national system of the protection of human rights, as well as high-level
condence and eectiveness of the European Court of Human Rights.
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The correlation between the number of cases tried by the African Court
on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the Human Rights Index is as follows:
Mali for 2016 - 2019 — -0.93, Tanzania for 2015 - 2019 — 0.38, Benin for
2017 - 2019 — -0.99, Cote d’Ivoire for 2016, 2017, 2019 — 0.88 (Table 4).
Table 4. Applications led with the African Court
on Human and Peoples’ Rights
Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Cote d’Ivoire - 2 1 - 25
Mali - 4 4 7 6
Benin - - 1 4 13
Tanzania 25 51 19 20 16
Source: African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (2022).
Thus, in the analysed countries the correlation coecient has ambiguous
values, for example, in Tanzania — a country where the African Court on
Human and Peoples’ Rights tried 131 cases during the study period, the
correlation coecient indicates a low level of correlation with the Human
Rights Index. At the same time, 18 cases were tried in Benin in 2017-2019
and the correlation coecient has the most negative correlation ratio. The
same correlation ratio is observed in Mali with a high level of negative and
Cote d’Ivoire with a high level of positive relationship.
The correlation coecient of these indicators for 2016 — 2019 is
as follows: 2016 — 0.57, 2017 — -0.12, 2018 — -0.06, 2019 — 0.52. The
results are dynamic, because the medium level of positive relationship was
recorded in 2016 and 2019, while in 2017 and 2018 the minimum level of
negative relationship was found.
The correlation coecient between the number of cases tried by the
Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the Human Rights Index for
2015-2019 is the following: Argentina — 0.83, Bolivia — 0.52, Chile — 0.45,
Colombia — 0.41, Peru — 0.26, Ecuador — -0.96 (Table 5).
Table 5. Cases tried by the Inter-American Court
of Human Rights by country
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Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Argentina 6 2 6 10 18
Bolivia 3 6 5 2 -
Chile 4 2 3 5 2
Colombia 8 10 23 10 15
Peru 17 20 10 25 21
Ecuador 15 15 4 5 6
Source: Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2022).
Thus, the correlation coecient in the selected countries has positive
correlation values, except for Ecuador, where the correlation value has a
high negative level.
The correlation between the Human Rights Index and the number of
cases tried by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights was also dynamic:
in 2015 — -0.15, in 2016 — -0.21, in 2017 — -0.95, in 2018 — 0.01, in 2019
— 0.16.
So, the interdependence of the level of the protection of human rights
and the number of applications led with the regional international
courts gives grounds to conclude that countries and regions with negative
interdependence have weak national protection systems that require
additional international protection of human rights. In countries with
positive interdependence, the national system of protection of human
rights and freedoms and the international system coherently perform their
functions as a single mechanism for the protection of human rights and
freedoms.
The tools that international human rights institutions use are
international regulations adopted by international organizations, which
enshrine such rights. Their eectiveness can be determined by comparing
the Human Rights Index with the number of ratied international human
rights treaties (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Protection of human rights and the number of ratied
international human rights treaties
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Source: Built on the basis of: United Nations Human Rights (2022), Our World in Data
(2020).
The correlation coecient between the Human Rights Index in 2019
in Luxembourg, Chile, Benin, Turkey, Colombia, Poland, Sudan, Syria,
Oman and the number of ratied international treaties in these countries
is 0.19. That is, the positive interdependence between the indicators under
research is low.
5. Discussion
De Schutter (2010) notes that international organizations are
established as a tool of institutionalizing forms of interstate cooperation on
the enforcement and protection of rights. The international cooperation has
been necessitated by the global interrelation and interdependence between
the nations that the world has experienced and continues to experience
since the end of the Cold War. According to the United Nations (n.d.a),
security, which is the deep interrelation of the security of each state, taking
into account the security of other states, is one of the main issues to be
addressed by the global security sector.
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As the Australian Human Rights Commission (2007) states, the
international human rights regulations enshrine tools that enable
governments to balance national security and human rights. At the same
time, Morris (2020) emphasize that they do not provide protection for
internal situations regarding their violation. The results of the study prove
that the protection of human rights does not directly depend on the number
of ratied international treaties. Therefore, Morris (2020) notes that the
international tools for the protection of human rights are weak where
national security intersects with human rights violations at the domestic
level.
Kumar (2005) states that the protection of human rights and the national
security level are interdependent. The high level of negative relationship
between the Human Rights Index and the Security Threats Index indicates
a direct interdependence between the protection of human rights and
national security.
In turn, Zeleza (2007) and Sarkin (2017) underline that human rights
are inalienable, universal, indivisible — they underlie all national and
international regulations, but in practice this is not the case and all countries
have problems with human rights. States full their obligations related to
human rights through legislation, courts, administrative bodies and the
public. Neuman (2019) indicates that international organizations contribute
to this protection in dierent ways — by providing guidance, assistance,
monitoring and support. At the same time, Goodman (2020) emphases that
the interaction between national authorities and international institutions
in the mechanism for the protection of human rights and freedoms is an
important factor in achieving results.
Bozeman (1982) proved that public authorities have their own
peculiarities in the mechanism for the protection of human rights and
national security in all countries, and therefore they dier from each other
rather than coincide in a specic model of their assigned functions. The
protection of human rights by regional intergovernmental organizations
has both the advantages regarding global international organizations:
the involvement of fewer states facilitates political consensus on the
development of tools and establishment of institution for the fullment
of the assigned tasks; regional systems may also be more accessible, as
geographical distances are shorter (Mantu, 2019), and disadvantages: the
extension of international organizations to all areas of intergovernmental
cooperation causes numerous conicts with international human rights law
(Zagel, 2018).
Therefore, it is appropriate to establish international institutions for the
protection of human rights and freedoms in certain regions of the world,
which dier in mentality, structure, religious views, culture, geographical
location in view of their number and range of inuence.
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International regional institutions, which directly deal with the
protection of human rights and freedoms, include international regional
courts. The results of the study indicate the appropriateness of establishing
international regional institutions for the protection of human rights
and freedoms. They are eective in case of shortcomings in the national
mechanism for the protection of human rights, which fails to provide an
adequate level of protection of human rights and, consequently, national
security. The region of Southeast Asia has no international regional court of
human rights. It is appropriate to establish an international regional court
that will protect human rights in view of the cultural, religious, economic,
mental peculiarities of this region (Gunawan and Elven, 2017).
Conclusions
The background which is built for the observance and realization of
human rights and freedoms is a guarantee of development and security in
every state. Human rights and freedoms are the primary object of protection
in case of encroachment. The direct relationship between the protection of
human rights and the national security level was proved.
At the same time, it is established that international legal acts as the
tools used for the protection of human rights and freedoms, do not directly
aect the level of protection of human rights.
Therefore, an adequate level of protection of human rights and freedoms
ensures adequate national security and vice versa. But historical facts
evidence that the national level of protection is not sucient, which urged
the adoption of a number of international regulations as the background
for the establishment of international communities with dierent scales of
their activities.
The study found that in countries and regions with a negative correlation
between the level of the protection of human rights and the number of
applications led with the regional international courts (European Court
of Human Rights, African Court of Human and Human Rights, Inter-
American Court of Human Rights) is a weak national system of human
rights protection that requires additional international protection of
human rights. In countries with positive interdependence, the national
system of protection of human rights and freedoms and the international
one performs their functions in a unied mechanism in the protection of
human rights and freedoms.
Therefore, international institutions in the mechanism for the protection
of human rights and freedoms in the national security context are eective
in performing their functions.
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Southeast Asia is the only region which does not have the international
regional court of human rights, so it is appropriate to develop a mechanism
to establish it in order to ensure international protection of human rights
and freedoms in this region with the use of the results of the study.
The results of the study can also be used to develop strategies to increase
the national security level and make the national system of protection of
human rights and freedoms more eective.
The prospects of further research include the identication of factors that
aect the level of protection of human rights and freedoms in the national
security context in countries with a weak system of national protection.
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