Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
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Vol.39 N° 70
2021
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to
de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
Hu ma nas y So cia les, a tra vés de la di vul ga ción de los re sul ta dos lo gra dos por sus in ves-
ti ga do res; es ti mu lar la in ves ti ga ción en es tas áreas del sa ber; y pro pi ciar la pre sen ta-
ción, dis cu sión y con fron ta ción de las ideas y avan ces cien tí fi cos con com pro mi so so cial.
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con
avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
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Re vicyhLUZ, In ter na tio nal Po li ti cal Scien ce Abs tracts, Re vis ta In ter ame ri ca na de
Bi blio gra fía, en el Cen tro La ti no ame ri ca no para el De sa rrol lo (CLAD), en Bi blio-
gra fía So cio Eco nó mi ca de Ve ne zue la de RE DIN SE, In ter na tio nal Bi blio graphy of
Po li ti cal Scien ce, Re vencyt, His pa nic Ame ri can Pe rio di cals In dex/HAPI), Ul ri ch’s
Pe rio di cals Di rec tory, EBS CO. Se en cuen tra acre di ta da al Re gis tro de Pu bli ca cio-
nes Cien tí fi cas y Tec no ló gi cas Ve ne zo la nas del FO NA CIT, La tin dex.
Di rec to ra
L
OIRALITH
M. C
HIRINOS
P
ORTILLO
Co mi té Edi tor
Eduviges Morales Villalobos
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Co mi té Ase sor
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An gel Lom bar di
Die ter Nohlen
Al fre do Ra mos Ji mé nez
Go ran Ther born
Frie drich Welsch
Asis ten tes Ad mi nis tra ti vos
Joan López Urdaneta y Nil da Ma rín
Re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas. Av. Gua ji ra. Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Nú cleo Hu ma nís ti co. Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas. Ins ti tu to de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co
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com ~ loi chi ri nos por til lo@gmail.com. Te le fax: 58- 0261- 4127018.
Vol. 39, Nº 70 (2021), 875-881
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Recibido el 12/05/2021 Aceptado el 25/08/2021
Political Communications of the UK
Government as an Institutional System
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3970.53
Oksana Mikhailovna Ivanova *
Mikhail Evgenievich Guryev **
Zilya Raisovna Sadykova ***
Nailya Rifkatovna Mingazova ****
Ksenia Vyacheslavovna Khramova *****
Abstract
This study examines the problem of characterizing the
political communications system in Britain as a socio-political
phenomenon. In the XX-XXI centuries, the intense growth of
knowledge has shaped the socio-cultural and political activity
of the population. Political communication becomes a separate
area from human activity. In modern conditions, political
communication is a set of processes, the source of which
should be power. There are many processes in species diversity. Political
communications in modern conditions have acquired the status of a social
institution. The article attempts to present the institutional status of the
phenomenon of political communication as a structure of three main
components. First, the state as a governing body, represented by three
powers: legislative, executive, and judicial. Secondly, society, which acts
as the recipient of the initiatives of state power, or which has a positive
attitude towards state policy or, negative and opposes, or has an attitude of
waiting to see what happens. At the same time, there are groups in society
that tend to actively intervene in politics. The third element of the political
communication system is the media.
Keyword: media; political communication; can; society; institutional
system.
* Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Associate Professor of Philosophy, sociology and political science
Department of Philosophy, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia. ORCID ID: https://orcid.
org/0000-0002-8782-6942. Email: iom77@autorambler.ru
** Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor Branch of the Bashkir State University in Birsk,
Russia Institute of Law, Birsk, Russia. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8123-9280. Email:
mikhail.gurev@bk.ru
*** Assistant Professor Department of Philosophy Bashkir State Medical University Ufa, Russia. ORCID
ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5720-7809. Email: zilia.sadykova@bk.ru
**** Associate Professor at the Department of Philosophy Bashkir State Medical University Russia,
Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa, Russia. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0273-7765. Email:
mingazova.nailia@bk.ru
***** Professor Department of Philosophy Bashkir State Medical University Ufa, Russia. ORCID ID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2618-7411. Email: khramova78@internet.ru
876
Oksana Mikhailovna Ivanova, Mikhail Evgenievich Guryev, Zilya Raisovna Sadykova, Nailya
Rifkatovna Mingazova y Ksenia Vyacheslavovna Khramova
Political Communications of the UK Government as an Institutional System
Comunicaciones políticas del Gobierno del Reino
Unido como sistema institucional
Resumen
Este estudio examina el problema de caracterizar el sistema de
comunicaciones políticas en Gran Bretaña como un fenómeno sociopolítico.
En los siglos XX-XXI, el intenso crecimiento del conocimiento ha moldeado
la actividad sociocultural y política de la población. La comunicación
política se convierte en un área separada de la actividad humana. En las
condiciones modernas, la comunicación política es un conjunto de procesos,
cuya fuente debería ser el poder. Hay muchos procesos en la diversidad de
especies. Las comunicaciones políticas en las condiciones modernas han
adquirido el estatus de una institución social. El artículo intenta presentar
el estatus institucional del fenómeno de la comunicación política como
una estructura de tres componentes principales. Primero, el estado como
órgano de gobierno, representado por tres poderes: legislativo, ejecutivo y
judicial. En segundo lugar, la sociedad, que actúa como destinataria de las
iniciativas del poder estatal, o que tiene una actitud posiva hacia la política
del estado o, negativa y se opone, o tiene una actitud de esperar para ver qué
pasa. Al mismo tiempo, hay grupos de la sociedad que tienden a intervenir
activamente en política. El tercer elemento del sistema de comunicación
política son los medios de comunicación.
Palabras clave: medios de comunicación; comunicación política; poder;
sociedad; sistema institucional.
Introduction
The authors proceed from the judgment that Great Britain is a classic,
historically veried model of interaction between public authority and
society. The study of the British experience of political communications is of
interest from the point of view of the formation of a systematic diversity of
social ties in the modern world. The purpose of this study is to characterize
the political communications system of Great Britain as a socio-political
phenomenon.
At the same time, there are groups in society that are inclined to actively
intervene in politics, such as, for example, political parties and which,
expressing ‘feedback’, are active participants in political communications.
According to the content of information issued by the media in the aspect
of socio-political relations, they can be schematically divided into pro-state,
opposition and the so-called ‘yellow press’, which can play on both elds,
depending on the customer.
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1. Literature Review
The power of the printed word at the beginning of the 20th century was
justied by V.I. Lenin, who gave the political newspaper, as a channel of
communication between the government and society, the role of educating
this society, a collective agitator and organizer of society and a tool to attract
political allies. It is noteworthy that without the existence of a political
newspaper, he considered it impossible to concentrate all the elements of
political discontent and protest (Williams, 2014).
As we know from Russian experience, the printed word managed to
organize the population of a huge country into decisive and fundamental
changes in the political system. Modern media represent a more powerful
social force than it was in the recent historical past. The diversication of
the media into print media (newspapers, magazines), radio, television, the
Internet, admittedly, has turned them into the so-called ‘fourth power’ in
terms of their impact on society and the state. Being a part of public life
formed by a social institution, the media not only reects public opinion,
but also shapes it, including in the eld of state power, in political circles.
In conditions of wide literacy and social activity of the population of the
countries of the world, information transmitted by the media is quickly
disseminated in society, having a strong impact on the communicants.
As political and communicative forms of interaction between the
state and society in modern society, such as referenda, polls, and election
campaigns have become widespread. All the structural elements of political
communications that i have mentioned above together constitute a socio-
political and historical-cultural institution that has some specics in
individual countries. Let us turn to the sketch of the institutional system of
political communications of the UK government.
The institutional system of political communications in modern Britain
is a combination of interactions between state, party, socio-political
institutions. All of them, to one degree or another, express and represent
the interests of various segments of society, from socially signicant group
to private. The leading instrument for the realization of public interests is
the state. By maximally concentrating power and resources in their hands,
the state distributes values and encourages the population to compulsory
implementation of their decisions.
Modern English society as a structural unit of the system of political, in
particular, and intercultural communications in general, according to the
materials of the BBC Russian service, the source has been divided into seven
dierent classes (instead of three, as it was in the 20th century) (2013). The
basis for dividing the population into classes has become the parameters
that are most relevant, in our opinion, reecting the realities of modern life
in general: economic (income, savings, real estate), social (connections and
social circle) and cultural (interests and ways of spending time).
878
Oksana Mikhailovna Ivanova, Mikhail Evgenievich Guryev, Zilya Raisovna Sadykova, Nailya
Rifkatovna Mingazova y Ksenia Vyacheslavovna Khramova
Political Communications of the UK Government as an Institutional System
The seven social varieties are included in the new model of social classes
- from the elite to the so-called ‘precariate’ (the most socially vulnerable
segment of the population that does not have stable sources of income
and social guarantees). Despite the changes in the social-class structure
of modern Britain, it should be noted that in the aspect of vertical social
mobility, English society remains very conservative. This is conrmed
by the results of research by the BBC service, which analyzed a number
of evidence and cited an extract from the report of the Organization for
Economic Co-operation for 2010:“Great Britain really occupies one of the
last places in terms of some social mobility: for example, the prospects for
a child getting higher education and paying well are largely determined by
the property status of his parents”(Komleva, 2015: 65).
In our opinion, the relatively low social mobility of the population of
England, characterizes the specics of its intro-social communications. One
of the key elements of the institutional structure of political communications
of the UK government is the media. It is they who serve as a link between
state power and society in the dissemination of information, the formation
of public opinion. For example, television ‘is considered part of the national
culture, and no one is ashamed of it (Voltmer, 2006; Jebrilet al., 2013).
According to Rubtsova and Devdariani (2019), British television is still a
strong link in shaping public opinion, including about Russia.
2. Мethods
This study is qualitative in nature and has used mostly secondary data
collected from dierent sources including literary books, book chapters,
academic journals, newspaper articles, and websites. The purpose of our
study is to analyze the classical model of British political relations in the
interaction of government and society. The authors set the task of studying
the British experience of political communications, which are of interest
from the point of view of the formation of a systemic diversity of social ties
in the modern world. Both theoretical and applied methods were used for
the research.
Comprehension of the problems posed in the study is based on
methodological principles historicism, scientic nature, objectivity, as well
as sociality, integrity, and fundamentality, including study of the historical
process of socio-cultural, political communications in the aggregate of facts
and sources in their logical and chronological sequence. The use of this
technique made it possible to carry out a systematic, concrete-historical
analysis of the development of scientic thought in combination with the
institutional status of the phenomenon of political communication through
obtaining reliable scientic results.
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 39 Nº 70 (2021): 875-883
Firstly, the state participates in political communications as a governing
body, represented by three branches of government: legislative, executive,
and judicial. In the structure of political communications, i give him priority
place, since i consider it as a source of state-power activity, an ideologist
(laws, orders, etc.). Secondly, in the structure of political communications,
i include a society that acts as an addressee of state - power initiatives.
Being heterogeneous in its structure, society either has a positive attitude to
public policy, or a negative attitude and puts forward opposition. The third
element of the political communications system is the media.
As the vast majority of British scholars note, by the end of the
twentieth century, the inuence of mass media on the very structure of the
establishment and its relationship with the rest of society has become key.
Let us single out several channels of the indicated inuence:
1. Currently, the media establishment has entered the British
establishment. These are popular presenters of television
news, editors of major national newspapers, members of the
professional community of political journalists - the Lobby, or
the Commonwealth of Journalists of the Parliament Hall, the rst
parliamentary-government pool in history. Although it has existed
in British journalism since 1884, it was only in the 21st century that
it began to be perceived as part of an inuential layer. Owners of
media concerns should also be included in this category, although
their inuence on public consciousness is not direct, but is mediated
by the media themselves and political gures with whom media
tycoons are aliated in order to prevent the adoption of antitrust
laws in the media sphere. The story of BAP, the British-American
Project born in the bowels of the White House in the early 1980s,
speaks more about the level of inuence of the media person within
the establishment more eloquently than others.
2. A new way has been formed for recruiting the elite: through the media.
It was the press and television that created within the establishment
a new group - media celebrities, or celebs (‘celebrities’). The
establishment included not only parts of the political and economic
elite along with journalists, but also sports stars, show business,
mass culture and ‘ordinary people’ turning into celebrities due to
extraordinary (sensational) events in their lives.
3. There was a redistribution of inuence within the establishment
depending on the interest of the media. One vivid example is Princess
Diana, whose participation in the events was more authoritative and
inuential and attracted much more attention than the participation
of her husband. The same can be said about the House of Commons,
where active backbenchers (parliamentarians from the back
benches, that is, not holding important posts) can today receive
880
Oksana Mikhailovna Ivanova, Mikhail Evgenievich Guryev, Zilya Raisovna Sadykova, Nailya
Rifkatovna Mingazova y Ksenia Vyacheslavovna Khramova
Political Communications of the UK Government as an Institutional System
more attention and are more often quoted than even the Shadow
Cabinet; - Some elite groups left the establishment: scientists,
military, judges. Today, their inuence on public opinion can be
called twice indirect - through the inuence on the establishment
and the subsequent inuence of the establishment on the media.
4. The formation and entry into the establishment of media gures
(media persons with mediated personalities) - for example, leaders
of public organizations and trade unions, which in the minds of the
layman ‘detach’ from their organizations and begin to function as
independent information gures.
5. The new quality of the establishment has become dominant - its
media, that is, dependence on the media and constant adaptation
to their needs. As we shall see, this is the whole work of the
establishment with public information Wolfsfeld, 2011). Thus,
at the end of the twentieth century, the life and preservation of
leadership positions for the British establishment depended largely
on access to (and control over) the media, and through them, on the
management of public opinion. Considering the new qualities of the
British establishment in the last quarter of the twentieth century, i
note that it consists of the following signicant strata:
- Active political establishment: king / queen, leaders of parties
(including regional) and parliamentary factions, party activists
in parliament and localities, members of the British Parliament
and regional assemblies (especially heads of parliamentary
commissions and committees), members of the government,
mayors of major cities, union leaders, families, and advisers
to political leaders. The political establishment, by virtue of
real power and the overall image of the ‘leader of the nation’
imposed on it, personies the establishment as a whole and
has the greatest resource of pressure on the communication
space.
- Economic establishment: owners and top management of large
businesses (both British and foreign residents with interests
in the country’s economy), nancial analysts, nancial
information consultants, prominent economic journalists,
and owners of the nancial press.
- Media elite: media owners, leading journalists, editors of
national and large regional media, the journalistic lobby.
- Celebrities from the world of sports, show business, science,
culture, the royal family, and the media-covered part of the
class aristocracy, as well as ordinary citizens who are currently
in the focus of media coverage. As already mentioned,
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 39 Nº 70 (2021): 875-883
the survival of the establishment in its established form
and composition critically depends on the state of public
consciousness and public opinion about it. Under these
conditions, communication based on proactively and a
strategic approach to it becomes a key factor for the survival of
the establishment.
Conclusions
Speaking about the institutional status of political communications of
the UK government and its role in the system of intercultural social ties, the
following conclusions should be made:
1. The Institute for Political Communications of the Government of
Great Britain consists of classical elements, namely: the state-power
elite, which actively uses the media in their combined diversity in
promoting political ideas. Institutional status is proved by the
systemic interconnectedness and interdependence of the structural
elements that make up political communication.
2. The British establishment in the post-modern era is a collection
of representatives of not only the aristocratic elite, elected
representatives of the regions, but also prominent gures of the
media, which, of course, signicantly reduces the status of media
independence.
3. In the process of building political communications in Great Britain,
the institution of the monarchy plays a prominent role, supported
by the conservative worldview of most Britons. The principle of
the ascriptive Ness of royal power actually means the formality of
royal power. At the same time, in the institutional status of political
communications, the British monarchy plays the role of a stabilizer
of public sentiment.
4. The relatively low social mobility of the population of England, in
my opinion, characterizes such a feature of intro-social interactions
between society and the state as adherence to traditions, which
largely determines the cultural status of British society in the global
space.
5. The media in the UK’s political communications system reect
typical attitudes of the population, representing a system of pro-
state, opposition, and neutral-expectant information blocks.
882
Oksana Mikhailovna Ivanova, Mikhail Evgenievich Guryev, Zilya Raisovna Sadykova, Nailya
Rifkatovna Mingazova y Ksenia Vyacheslavovna Khramova
Political Communications of the UK Government as an Institutional System
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
en octubre de 2021, por el Fondo Editorial Serbiluz,
Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela
Vol.39 Nº 70
