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Vol. 39, Nº 70 (2021), 94-104
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
The factor of justice in the consolidation
of urban communities
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3970.05
Valentin P. Babintsev *
Dianna V. Khripkova **
Abstract
The article analyzes the role of the equity factor in the
consolidation of urban communities. The consolidation of
the population is considered a way to achieve its stability.
Social consolidation is discussed as an ambiguous concept that
characterizes the process and outcome of an agreement between
dierent communities on the basis of the unity of values and
interests and the establishment of relations of mutual trust and
solidarity, in order to achieve common goals. The results of the
research have shown that justice is not only the dominant value of
urban residents but becomes a factor that determines many daily
practices of the population. As a conclusion it has empirically conrmed
that, if there are signicant discrepancies regarding the understanding of
social justice by the inhabitants of the city and their lack of conviction in
the practical implementation of this principle, consolidation remains only
an illusory opportunity. Therefore, the consistent implementation of the
principle of justice and the search for social consensus among various
segments of the population are strategic priorities for the development of
urban communities around the world.
Keywords: social justice; community consolidation; inequality; urban
communities; social consensus.
* DSc of Philosophy, Professor, Belgorod State National Research University, Pobedy St., 85, 308015
Belgorod, Russia. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0112-6145. Email: babintsev@bsu.edu.ru
** PhD of Sociology, Belgorod State National Research University, Pobedy St., 85, 308015 Belgorod,
Russia. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2526-7652. Email: davtyan@bsu.edu.ru
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Vol. 39 Nº 70 (2021): 94-104
El factor de justicia en la consolidación de las
comunidades urbanas
Resumen
El artículo analiza el papel del factor de equidad en la consolidación de
las comunidades urbanas. La consolidación de la población, se considera
una vía para alcanzar su estabilidad. Se discute la consolidación social
como un concepto ambiguo que caracteriza el proceso y el resultado de
un acuerdo entre diferentes comunidades sobre la base de la unidad de
valores e intereses y el establecimiento de relaciones de conanza mutua
y solidaridad, con el n de lograr objetivos comunes. Los resultados
de la investigación han demostrado que la justicia no es solo el valor
dominante de los residentes urbanos, sino que se convierte en un factor
que determina muchas prácticas cotidianas de la población. Como
conclusión se ha conrmado empíricamente que, siempre que existan
discrepancias signicativas con respecto a la comprensión de la justicia
social por parte de los habitantes de la ciudad y su falta de convicción en
la implementación práctica de este principio, la consolidación sigue siendo
solo una oportunidad ilusoria. Por lo tanto, la implementación consistente
del principio de justicia y la búsqueda del consenso social entre diversos
segmentos de la población son prioridades estratégicas para el desarrollo
de las comunidades urbanas en todo el mundo.
Palabras clave: justicia social; consolidación comunitaria; desigualdad;
comunidades urbanas; consenso social.
Introduction
A distinctive feature of relations in modern Russian society is social
disunity, expressed in a decrease in the level of interpersonal and
institutional trust, social and economic polarization of society, and violation
of the principle of social justice. Political scientist V.V. Uzunov, emphasizes
that:
In Russian realities, society is experiencing a strong lack of trust at all levels
of social relations, the dynamics of social inequality is becoming a threat to the
security of society, the level of interfaith and interethnic tension, signicantly
dierentiating by region, also makes us watch with alarm the processes of
disintegration society (Uzunov, 2019: 85).
These negative phenomena enhance the internal instability of society
and actualize the problem of consolidating its constituent entities, which,
if unresolved, would not ensure both the reproduction of society and its
competitiveness in the global world.
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Valentin P. Babintsev y Dianna V. Khripkova
The factor of justice in the consolidation of urban communities
Social consolidation is a multi-layered concept made of structural
and cognitive components. The structural component is represented by a
variety of civil institutions, associations, organizations, and other structures
cooperating with each other. The cognitive component is a system of
values, traditions, norms, and patterns of behavior common to actors. Both
components are organically interconnected.
Recently, researchers have usually focused mainly on the study of the
cognitive component, rst of all, its value bases. Many contemporary
authors mention them to some extent. For example, A.L. Marshak and L.V.
Rozhkova emphasize:
In the ongoing disintegration, crisis processes, the structure and hierarchy
of the value space is changing, a common set of values and norms is vanishing.
The problem of consolidation of society comes to the fore. Values are the meaning
and core of culture, and cultural orientations are the most important motivator for
the behavior of individuals. Therefore, by examining the dynamics of values and
value orientations, one can understand deep cognitive processes and predict the
transformation of the behavioral strategies of individuals (Marshak and Rozhkova,
2020: 27).
T.F. Maslova, analyzing the foundations of the modern consolidation
of society, notes that “values x certain states of stability of integrating
subjects, the degree of severity and development of these states” and denes
several groups of consolidating values: “Cultural and communicative,
moral, psychological, social and legal, socio-demographic, socio-economic
etc., reecting the signs of value unity in the context of the dynamism of
modern society” (Maslova, 2016: 539).
Sharing this view, we consider consolidation as the process and result of
agreement between dierent social groups and communities on the basis of
the unity of values and interests, the establishment of relations of mutual
trust, solidarity, in order to achieve common (deliberate and supported by
the majority of members of society) goals.
Justice, which is often considered as a key and even universal value
of the Russian axiosphere, takes a special place among the values that
contribute to social consolidation. As P.A. Borisova considers: “Ideas about
social justice regulate the foundations of social order, the practice of both
institutional and interpersonal interactions” (Borisova, 2016: 9). According
to Iu.G. Volkov: “Social justice is the basic value of the majority of Russians,
as current social inequalities, containing a high potential for social conict,
form a stable demand of society for a fair public order” (Volkov, 2021: 14).
V.G. Grechikhin emphasizes that: “Russia has traditionally been a country
with the especially acute and particularly important demand for social
justice” (Grechikhin, 2020: 14-15). E.V. Karchagin notes that: “Justice in
its ultimate foundation is an axiological universal, a versatile sociocultural
value” (Karchagin, 2015: 31).
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Vol. 39 Nº 70 (2021): 94-104
Pointing to the importance of the value of justice in the consolidation of
society, T.F. Maslova writes that:
Justice represents the basis, frankly speaking, of the legal, organizational,
and resource aspects of sustainability, with the relations between the subjects
reecting the equalization of chances in meeting the needs in the main spheres of
life: economic, social, political, spiritual. This is what the process of integration and
consolidation cannot begin and develop without (Maslova, 2016: 539).
T.V. Dylnova emphasizes that: “being a morally justied measure and
a rational criterion for assessing human deeds, social justice serves as a
constructive basis for the consolidation and stability of Russian society and
a real factor ensuring its progressive development” (Dylnova, 2005: 10).
In our opinion, social justice in society performs several consolidating
functions.
1. It creates the preconditions for the formation of relations of trust,
which is understood as the expectation of favorable or, in extreme
cases, neutral actions on the part of other citizens, groups or
organizations. As practice shows, the completer and more consistent
are people’s ideas about justice, the higher the level of trust between
them is. A.I. Dontsov and E.B. Perelygina write that: “Trust and
justice in society are mutually correlated... the strength of trust
within society is positively correlated with the degree of consistency
of social ideas about justice” (Dontsov and Perelygina, 2019: 244).
2. Consistent implementation of the principle of justice “relieves”
the negative psycho-emotional state, which is usually caused
by a feeling of unfairness of the situation. This feeling causes a
signicant number of communication barriers between citizens,
which, naturally, hinders their consolidation.
3. The “atmosphere of social justice” contributes to the formation of an
attractive image of the “other” as a person who also lives in justice
and therefore deserves good neighborly relations. This motivates
citizens to interact with each other and practice social solidarity
(mutual assistance, mutual support, etc.).
Thus, social justice signicantly determines the characteristics and
nature of social interactions and contributes to the consolidation of society.
1. Methodology and Methods
Many issues related to the study of the role of the factor of social
justice during consolidation in modern domestic and foreign science are
controversial. A debatable nature is manifested, rst of all, in the mismatch
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Valentin P. Babintsev y Dianna V. Khripkova
The factor of justice in the consolidation of urban communities
of opinions regarding the denition of the concept of justice, which is
imprinted by the cultural and civilizational context.
As P.A. Borisova reasonably argues, “the ideas of justice in the domestic
and Western cultural traditions have opposite origins. The domestic
sociocultural mentality is characterized by an internal (moral and ethical)
dimension of justice, while the Western one lays emphasis on its external
(objectied) dimension, actualized in adherence to legislation and law,
as the English-speaking analogue of justice is the word “justice”, derived
from the Latin “jus” - law” (Borisova, 2016: 8). Noting the multifaceted
and versatile nature of the concept of «justice», N.V. Levichev claries that
“philosophers treat it as a common part of the picture of the world and
a moral ideal, while economists consider it the logic of appropriation and
distribution of social wealth, and for lawyers it is the conceptual basis of the
rule of law” (Levichev, 2017: 9).
The controversy is centered around the search for a balance between the
two main approaches to understanding the phenomenon of social justice:
rational and irrational.
When considering social justice, we will rely on the concept of irrational
intuitionism by Henri Bergson (Bergson, 1998: 32), which presupposes
the presence of two types of knowledge, i.e. rational and intuitive, where
rational knowledge is static and mechanistic, and intuitive is dynamic and
organic. In our opinion, social justice is a part of intuitive knowledge,
which is a way of an individual’s intuitive reection of social reality that
ts into his mental and value system. Here we should mention the P.
Boyer’s conclusion that: “The concept of justice, partly based on the ideas
of John Locke,” is based on “intuitive ideas” (Boyer, 2019: 436).
The relevance and controversial nature of our study stimulates research
interest in its analysis in relation to various locations. These undoubtedly
include cities. First, they are highly important as administrative-territorial
units, where the main internal challenges of the spatial and socio-economic
development of Russia are concentrated. More than three quarters of
the population of the Russian Federation is urban citizens living in cities
and urban-type settlements. Secondly, the urbanized environment is
characterized by a signicant mutual alienation (Baudrillard, 1997), and
therefore there is a demand for the trend towards the integration of the
urban environment. It is also stimulated by the transformation of modern
cities into complex hybrid socio-biotechnical systems.
To assess the role of the factor of social justice in the process of
consolidation of the urban community, we shall consider the 2017-2018
study of a team of authors of Belgorod State National Research University:
«Diagnostics of the consolidation potential of the value of justice in the
implementation of civil control into local government practice». The
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objectives of the study included the determination of the place and role of
the value of justice in the minds of the population; analysis of the essence
and content of justice; and diagnostics of the main manifestations of
injustice citizens usually face.
A series of survey methods was used as the main methods for collecting
primary sociological data. To ensure quantitative objective nature of
information, a formalized questionnaire survey was carried out on a
regional representative sample, considering the sex, age and settlement
structure of the population of the Belgorod region. The study involved a
survey of N=665 residents of cities in the Belgorod region (Belgorod, Stary
Oskol, Gubkin, Stroitel, Korocha). For an in-depth knowledge of the subject
of the research, an expert survey was conducted (N=30 respondents).
The analysis of primary sociological data assumed their grouping by the
main socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents (gender, age,
type of settlement, degree of education, professional status).
2. Results and Discussion
The analysis of the results of the survey showed the idea of justice to be
dominant in the set of values of the surveyed citizens. The majority of the
respondents (47%) attributed it to the three basic values «most vital for the
functioning of society”. In terms of importance, justice is slightly inferior to
“trust” (49%) and leaves behind “responsibility” (42%).
At the same time, justice heads the list of values, which, as the
respondents think, should serve as the basis for the country’s future. It is
important to note that all surveyed groups of respondents have a “dream of
justice”, regardless of their gender, age, education level, income, or social
status. The fact that justice is one of the leaders in the set of values of urban
citizens and their ideas about the future is also conrmed by other studies
of various sociological centers.
For example, in 2018, during the survey of the Institute of Sociology of the
Russian Academy of Sciences the respondents were asked to determine the
bases the future of Russia should be built on. The “value of justice” received
the greatest support (Well-being is more valuable than greatness, 2018).
Explaining the results of the «Social Justice in Russia» study of VTsIOM in
2018, the general director of VTsIOM, Valery Fedorov emphasized that “the
fairness of our economic and social structure is one of the most important
issues for Russians. Although “all have their justice”, sociological surveys
are helping to gradually clarify an actual image of social justice” (Rimskii,
2020).
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Valentin P. Babintsev y Dianna V. Khripkova
The factor of justice in the consolidation of urban communities
In addition to the fact that justice is a fairly stable value setting for the
majority of urban residents, it also acts as an indicator (“litmus paper”) for
their assessment of social relations and practices.
V.L. Rimskii, analyzing the results of «Public demand for justice and its
provision by the state” (2019), notes that: “Justice is of high signicance in
the life of Russians; they constantly evaluate both their and other’s social
practices based on its principles and criteria” (Rimskii, 2020: 104).
Thus, justice, indeed, is not just the dominant value of urban residents
but its perception through the prism of urban reality becomes a factor that
determines many of the everyday practices of the population. As such,
justice will undoubtedly inuence the attitude towards the consolidation
process.
However, there is a need to consider the blurred replication of fairness
by respondents. Despite its interpretation as the most important social
value, the question of what exactly it represents caused diculties among
the respondents. The respondents consider justice both as a “principle”
(20%), and as a “tradition” (20%), as a value (19%) and as a factor in the
“survival” of society (18%). This again conrms the irrational, intuitive
nature of justice. In this regard, V. Rimskii notes that:
People almost never provide rational arguments to substantiate justice. In
specic situations, citizens determine what is fair and what is unfair, intuitively,
based on their social experience, dierent for everyone. Rational arguments
sometimes appear when people state their understanding of general principles of
justice (Rimskii, 2020: 56).
Uncertainty in the understanding of justice will inevitably show itself
in the perception of the consolidation process. To a large extent, it will
not be adequately interpreted as a process of achieving social equality,
implemented within the legal framework. It is telling that the surveyed
urban residents dene the main characteristics of a justly organized society
by noting equality of rights and freedoms (73%); equality of opportunity to
achieve goals (47%); equality of access to social resources (41%); guarantees
of social security (41%). At the same time, the respondents believe justice to
be identical to legality and even surpass it. This is evidenced by the position
of the respondents (56%) that “it is more important that something would
comply with the principle of justice than the law”.
In terms of the problem of justice, support for consolidation can be
considered as a desire to eliminate the inherent “injustice”, which, in the
opinion of city residents, is quite high.
The results of the study have shown a stable conservation of the ideas of
urban residents about injustice. 73% of the respondents consider modern
society to be unfair, another 22% found it dicult to assess and only 6% of
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the respondents are condent in the fairness of the modern social order.
Note that later studies on related topics (2019-2020) recorded citizens’
perceptions of the injustice of modern Russian society in the range from
61 to 70% (About justice. What is fair and what is not in modern Russian
society? 2018). Urban residents most often see injustice in corrupt practices
and the absence of their punishment (56%); lack of citizens’ equal access to
education, health care and other social services, as well as an increase in the
cost of living (54%); social inequality (35%).
64% of the respondents have faced injustice personally, 12% of them
“constantly”, 52% “sometimes”. Injustice was expressed, as a rule, in
deception or sub-standard state and municipal services (67%), deception in
social payments (42%), misconduct on the part of the employer (35%), etc.
A rather clear injustice of urban reality does not “relieve» but creates a
psycho-emotional stress unfavorable for communications, minimizing the
present and future prospects for consolidation.
It is quite signicant that, when assessing the prospects for a more
consistent assertion of social justice, the respondents noted the situation
“would probably not change” (46%) or “would get even worse” (30%).
An analysis of the motivation of citizens to restore the value of the
principle of justice, including through unication with other people, allows
us to conclude about a clear discrepancy in the views of urban residents
between the regulatory signicance of this value and the willingness to
ght for it. 38% of the respondents believe “manifestation of injustice is
inevitable and the ght against it will not lead to anything”, another 57%
still believe it necessary to ght against injustice, however, this should
be primarily done by state and local authorities (39%), various public
institutions (parties, civil society, non-prot organizations, etc.) and only
then by the people themselves (9%).
It is noteworthy that with a fairly clear decit of social justice, as
well as provided that more than half of citizens have faced its various
manifestations, 52% of the respondents could not answer the question
«What measures should be taken to combat injustice?» Only a third of the
respondents (31%) are ready to personally contribute to the elimination
of injustice by personal eorts, and 26% are ready to unite their eorts to
eliminate injustice.
Facing injustice and various restrictions of civil liberties, citizens
become atomized, refuse social interactions, often suspecting (often
unjustiably) their counterparties («Others») in being the bearers of unfair
practices. According to the data of the Zircon Research Center based on its
study, “Measuring the degree of value-based solidarization and the level of
public trust in Russian society” (N = 2520), “65% of Russians believe they
should be careful in dealing with people. At the same time, only a third of
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Valentin P. Babintsev y Dianna V. Khripkova
The factor of justice in the consolidation of urban communities
the population (30%) believe they can trust people. Every tenth resident of
the country found it dicult to give an unambiguous answer, which, to a
certain extent, forms the potential rather for the group of “cautious” (Value-
based solidarization and public trust in Russia, 2018).
The survey results helped us to identify the relationship between
fairness, trust, and willingness to cooperate with other people. Thus, the
respondents (6%) who believe modern society to justly be more open to
trust other people (68%, against 31%), unite with them to solve generally
signicant problems and tasks (74%, against 26%). These relationships
illustrate the potential of the value of justice as a basis for trust and building
of trusting communications between citizens. On the contrary, a decit in
equity triggers a decit in trust.
Conclusions
Based on the results of our research we can conclude about the nature
and role of justice in the life of the urban community, as well as its impact
on consolidation processes, in particular.
Given the signicant dierences in the understanding of social justice
and the implementation of this principle among the majority of the surveyed
urban residents, the consolidation of the urban community remains illusory.
Therefore, the assertion of the principle of justice and the search for its
social consensus of various strata of the population, which generally does
not cause serious objections, is a strategically important task, which should
be primarily solved not only by federal and regional authorities, local self-
government, but also by civil institutions, and residents themselves.
However, there is a clear discrepancy in the popular mind between the
regulatory signicance of justice and the willingness to ght for it. This
minimizes the opportunities for consolidation. Facing with injustice and
various restrictions of civil liberties, citizens become atomized, refuse social
interactions, causing the level of interpersonal and institutional trust in
their relations to fall.
Acknowledgments
The research was funded by the Russian Science Foundation Grant No.
21-18-00150, https://rscf.ru/project/21-18-00150/
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