Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
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Vol. 39, Nº 69 (Julio - Diciembre) 2021, 870-881
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Recibido el 12-03-2021 Aceptado el 19-05-2021
The ecological component of
agrotourism development under the
COVID-19 pandemic
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3969.53
Roman Oleksenko *
Stanislav Bilohur **
Nina Rybalchenko ***
Iryna Verkhovod ****
Halina Harbar *****
Abstract
The study was conducted to identify the environmental
component in the development of agrotourism and its impact
on the psychological state of society in the COVID-19 pandemic.
The experience of European countries shows the environmental,
economic, and social benets of agrotourism. The methodological
basis of the study is the general scientic methods of cognition and social
processes (analysis, synthesis, generalization, classication) together
with sociological methods of obtaining empirical data. The National
Tourism Organization of Ukraine has declared 2020 as the year of green
rural tourism, an important component from which agrotourism arises.
It is concluded that, la peculiarity of the development of agrotourism
in Ukraine at the current stage is the acquisition of innovative forms of
organization according to the growing needs of consumers, the ecient use
of the natural, ecological, socioeconomic, and historical-cultural potential
of the territory and the achievement of the required level of protability.
The situation of crisis and instability is accompanied by the presence of
uncertainty associated with the COVID-19 pandemic; the need to form the
concept of tourism development 4.0; introduction of ICT and development
of innovative technologies in agrotourism in rural areas; training of
professionals in the eld of agrotourism.
* Dmytro Motornyi Tavria State Agrotechnological University, Melitopol, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://
orcid.org/0000-0002-2171-514X.Email: roman.xdsl@ukr.net
** Alfred Nobel University, Dnipro, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6755-7231. Email:
bbilogur@gmail.com
*** Dmytro Motornyi Tavria State Agrotechnological University, Melitopol, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://
orcid.org/0000-0003-3358-2249. Email: ninarybka07@mail.com
**** Bohdan Khmelnitsky Melitopol State Pedagogical University, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.
org/0000-0002-9176-2574. Email: verkhovod-ira@ukr.net
***** Separate Subdivision "Mykolaiv Branch of the Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts", Mykolaiv,
Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4750-3361. Emal: garbargalina12@gmail.com
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Keywords: ecology; rural green tourism; sustainable community;
development policies; COVID-19.
El componente ecológico del desarrollo del
agroturismo bajo la pandemia de COVID-19
Resumen
El estudio se realizó para identicar el componente ambiental en el
desarrollo del agroturismo y su impacto en el estado psicológico de la sociedad
en la pandemia COVID-19. La experiencia de los países europeos muestra
los benecios ambientales, económicos y sociales del agroturismo. La base
metodológica del estudio son los métodos cientícos generales de cognición
y procesos sociales (análisis, síntesis, generalización, clasicación) junto a
métodos sociológicos de obtención de datos empíricos. La Organización
Nacional de Turismo de Ucrania ha declarado 2020 como el año del turismo
rural verde, un componente importante del cual surge el agroturismo. Se
concluye que, la peculiaridad del desarrollo del agroturismo en Ucrania en
la etapa actual es la adquisición de formas innovadoras de organización de
acuerdo con las crecientes necesidades de los consumidores, el uso eciente
del potencial natural, ecológico, socioeconómico e histórico-cultural del
territorio y el logro del nivel requerido de rentabilidad. La situación de crisis
e inestabilidad se acompaña de la presencia de incertidumbre asociada a la
pandemia de COVID-19; la necesidad de formar el concepto de desarrollo
turístico 4.0; introducción de TIC y desarrollo de tecnologías innovadoras
en agroturismo en áreas rurales; formación de profesionales en el campo
del agroturismo.
Palabras clave: ecología; turismo verde rural; comunidad sostenible;
politicas de desarrollo; COVID -19.
Introduction
With the development of economic activity and agritourism sphere the
role and importance of ecological assessment and environmental control,
which can have a negative impact on the state of the natural environment
and public health, is increasing. That is why the great importance is to
create a system of ecologically-oriented monitoring and management of
human and natural resources, where the tourists’ needs will be satised
and taken into account to the maximum extent and the existing natural and
tourist potential of specic regions will be fully used, created economically
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Roman Oleksenko, Stanislav Bilohur, Nina Rybalchenko, Iryna Verkhovod y Halina Harbar
The ecological component of agrotourism development under the COVID-19 pandemic
favorable conditions for the local population and minimize negative
processes in natural ecosystems, caused by both tourist and economic
activities.
An important means of environmental assessment and environmental
control is an environmental audit, which in modern conditions is included
in all procedures (Bukanov et al., 2020). Because of the coronavirus
pandemic, many countries, including Ukraine, were forced to close their
borders for the rst time in history. While now the world has emerged from
the strict quarantine and is gradually beginning to open border crossings,
Ukraine is advised to stay away from unnecessary travel and ights around
the world. In such a reality, domestic tourism, including agrotourism,
takes precedence among the recreation types. There is now a chance for
farmers to provide a comfortable vacation for city dwellers, giving them
the opportunity to spend their vacation within their area. Given this, agri-
tourism can be a growth engine for the local economy. The positive impact
of agrotourism in solving the socio-economic problems of rural areas lies
in the expansion of rural employment not only in the production sector,
but also in the service sector, in promoting the rural development, as well
as stimulating the service sector development: transport, communication,
trade, household services, recreation and entertainment and other
establishments in rural areas.
1. Objectives
The main purpose of this study is to analyze the experience of agro-
tourism development models in European countries, as there is no clear
program for the agro-tourism development, its importance for the economy,
especially the regional one, has not been formed and justied. Therefore,
the features of domestic agro-tourism were revealed, the impact of agro-
tourism on the environment was evaluated, we considered the prospects
of agro-tourism development in conditions of coronavirus and post-
coronavirus challenges justied the prospects of agro-tourism in Ukraine
based on theoretical and analytical research. Methods - anthropological,
axiological, phenomenological, ontological, systemic, structural-functional,
phenomenological. Approaches - humanistic, cross-cultural, civilizational.
2.Materials and methods
The research methodology was based on the systematic approach and
the dialectical method of cognition, monographic method, methods of
analysis and synthesis. Synergetic approach, contributes to the analysis of
the crisis moments COVID -19 and countries emerging from the crisis. The
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lack of concerted policies in the tourism sphere within regional formats can
be a barrier to achieving synergistic eects in the development of digital
tourism economy and achieving digital well-being and digital comfort of
the tourism industry of agritourism, agroculture, agribusiness. Nonlinear
complexity methodology plays a signicant role in the implementation of
digital management thinking and digital worldview of agritourism as an
environmental development factor of economically depressed regions
under the COVID-19 pandemic.
3. Results and discussion
As the analysis showed, the tourism industry around the world suers
losses on a global scale as a result of measures to counteract the COVID-19
pandemic and the uncertainty of future developments: 96% of tourist
destinations around the world have received restrictions. According to the
dierent data in 2020. There was a 58-78% drop in international tourist
revenues compared to last year. According to experts, the recovery of
demand to the level of 2019 will last at least two years, while at the same
time airlines will have to increase the travel cost by an average of 43-54%.
Domestic tourism also suered signicant losses: the loss of the tourism
industry in Ukraine is estimated at more than 1,500,000,000 dollars. The
late start of the resort and recreational season, as a result of the introduction
of restrictive measures had a cumulative eect that has aected both the
leisure and travel industry, and related industries - the hotel and restaurant
business, transport (passenger transport), retail, entertainment industry
and cultural institutions. In addition to current and projected losses, the
Ukrainian Carpathian tourism sector this year also suered from low
demand for ski holidays as a result of abnormally warm winter.
At the same time, the situation should be seen not only as a problem,
but also as an opportunity to bring the tourism sector in Ukraine to a
qualitatively new level, primarily through domestic tourism. On the other
hand, the leading tourist countries of the Black Sea region (Romania,
Bulgaria, Turkey) have made an emphasis in 2020 precisely on the domestic
tourism development, not only calling on citizens to rest at domestic
resorts, but also implementing incentive measures. This experience is
certainly worthy of emulation, the more so that travel restrictions imposed
by states to prevent the spread of COVID-19, the drop in incomes of citizens
due to the economic crisis and recession have the potential to increase
demand for holidays within Ukraine. And if we also take into account the
need to minimize contacts in order to keep away from the disease and the
possibility of rapid self-isolation in case of a threat, then the main driver of
the preservation and revival of the industry is tourism in rural areas.
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The ecological component of agrotourism development under the COVID-19 pandemic
It is also worth taking into account that the outbreak of the COVID-19
coronavirus disease had a negative impact on people’s psychological
state and mental balance - research on the pandemic and quarantine
psychological impact on human life is ongoing. Obviously, each personality
has individual characteristics of reacting to crisis situations, which depend
on both the level of socio-economic development and the personal maturity
itself (Okoro et al., 2020), (Durodié, 2020).
The results of a study by domestic scientists show a wide range of
psychological consequences that the COVID-19 outbreak can lead to,
including the appearance of new psychiatric symptoms in those who do not
have mental illness and the deterioration of those who already suer from
such illnesses (Stepanov, 2018). An outbreak of coronavirus disease causes
societal psychological reactions such as tension, anxiety and fear, loss of
reference points and plans for the future, can also lead to post-traumatic
stress disorder, depression, exacerbation of psychopathological symptoms
and psychological problems. As a result of the pandemic, city dwellers have
become isolated from nature and society through daily changes in living
and working conditions. In their daily lives there is a growing psychological
burden and the number of stressful situations.
Parks and squares cannot satisfy the need for relaxation with the
opportunity to stay one-on-one with nature, especially since they have
been closed due to the spread of the virus. That is why it is quite normal
to want to get out of the city. The countryside attracts people in dierent
ways: a special experience of life, sightseeing, buying unique local goods
and organic products, immersion in pristine nature, recreation and just
the peace and quiet that is so much missing in modern metropolitan areas.
Therefore, agrotourism (as well as rural green tourism in general) is a way
out of the situation, and because there is no need to cross the border, it is
also materially more protable (Musina et al., 2012).
A characteristic feature of agro-tourism is its environmental
friendliness, soft impact on the environment. That is why the terms «rural
ecotourism», « Agro-ecotourism», «rural green tourism», «green tourism»
are used. On the other hand, tourists are most attracted to nature and the
possibility of life in it through the countryside and agricultural production.
We have to admit that the development of agrotourism in our country is
still quite spontaneous and to some extent spontaneous. Terminological
uncertainty complicates the situation (agritourism, green tourism, rural,
ecological tourism are often used as synonyms), then - and legal. Even
government leaders and business managers who support this direction
of tourist activity, sometimes dierently understand these terms, giving
them a dierent meaning. It is quite natural that such terminological and
legal uncertainty impedes creation of full-edged economic development
strategy of this tourism type, restrains programs of support and assistance
(Pinchuk, 2009).
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In general, this situation hinders the development of tourism activities
in rural areas. Without the purpose of this study to solve this problem, we
clarify only that we understand agrotourism as a kind of rural green tourism
(a generalized name for tourism in rural areas), which is part of green
tourism (which also includes recreation in special recreational territories
- in national parks, forest areas, etc.). As d.-Gr. ἀγρός is not only «village»,
but also «a eld», «arable land», «agrotourism» should be understood
as a kind of rural tourism with farming elements (see «farm tourism» in
German and Spanish models - tab. 1) (Kravets, 2007)
Table 1. Models for the development of green tourism
French
model
1) Various forms of classic rural green tourism, which varies
depending on the closeness to the sea;
2) considerable attention is paid to the development of
gastronomic and wine tourism;
3) Tourist accommodation forms are less about living on farms,
tourists are accommodated in cottages.
German
model
1) Accommodation and meals in farmhouses;
2) Rural green tourism is intertwined with farm and event
tourism;
3) Working on the land is allowed.
Italian
model
1) Rural green tourism combined with health restoration,
learning about gastronomy and local products, sports;
2) accommodation of tourists in apartments;
3) Tent camps are widespread.
Czech
model
1) Oriented to industrial regions and border regions with
conservation areas;
2) is a budget recreation;
3) Accommodation in farmhouses with elements of authentic
rural life.
Spanish
model
1) Recreation in the countryside, on the farm is widespread;
2) familiarity with farming, gastronomy, caring for animals.
Polish
model
1) is characterized by a clear distinction of «tourist» farms:
for some it is the main and only business, for others it is an
additional income;
2) accommodation facilities dier in cost and service quality.
Latvian
model
1) Recreation with elements of traditions and customs on farms.
Source: own elaboration.
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Roman Oleksenko, Stanislav Bilohur, Nina Rybalchenko, Iryna Verkhovod y Halina Harbar
The ecological component of agrotourism development under the COVID-19 pandemic
In general, green tourism in Ukraine appeared as a concept 15-20
years ago, but now to this direction more attention, because of COVID-19
According to the project «Green Tourism» («Green Tourism» -2020:
sometimes - as an option for «quarantine» solitude. Of this year, this
direction of tourism has become more popular than in the past, but people
also consider this recreation option as self-isolation in nature. The owners
of the estates tell us that there are signicantly more calls, including from
former clients, and in general most estates are doing better than last year.
Traditionally, the greatest inux of visitors is on weekends. Among the
consumer priorities - the opportunity to stay by the water, recreation space,
bath houses, a list of «activities» - archery, horseback riding, shing, master
classes in traditional crafts (painting, embroidery, pottery), etc. The Union
of Rural Green Tourism (Ukrainian hospitable mansions, 2021), created in
Ukraine in 1996, conducts information work and in every way helps in its
promotion to the tourist services market.
The most active regions for the development of agrotourism are
Zakarpattya, Ivano-Frankivsk, Vinnitsa, Kiev, Lviv and Poltava. The main
agro-tourism centers in Ukraine gravitate to the recreational areas: clean
rivers, forests, sea coast, lakes and reservoirs, as well as the architectural
complexes of towns and villages. The leader in the development of rural
green tourism in general is traditionally the Carpathian region (Ivano-
Frankivsk, Transcarpathian and Lviv region), but because of the high
incidence of disease in the western regions, as well as inclement weather and
ooding, Ukrainians discover other regions. Recently, the number of estates
in Chernivtsi, Volyn, Kiev, Cherkasy and Vinnytsia regions is increasing.
More and more popular is agritourism in Eastern Ukraine, especially in
Zaporizhzhia, Kirovograd, Dnipropetrovsk and Donetsk regions. However,
if the European market, according to estimates of the European Federation
of Farmers and Rural Tourism (EuroGites), there are about 2 million beds,
in Ukraine it is about 150 thousand potential participants of green tourism.
Ocially invite to stay in the countryside only 37 farmsteads in seven
regions of the country. The Union of Rural Tourism Promotion believes
that this gure for Ukraine is quite successful (Ministry of Ecology and
Natural Resources)
In order to assess the environmental condition of the territory, it is
necessary to conduct an environmental audit, which will help to assess the
impact on certain land areas or a particular territory to identify priorities
for their further development, development of programs, specic actions
for environmental rehabilitation of contaminated areas, as well as to justify
the ways of rational economic activity.
The result of ecological audit of agro-tourism objects is to nd the ways
of their ecological development. Such ways can include: minimization of
anthropogenic impacts, waste utilization, the use of energy- and resource-
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saving technologies and alternative energy sources, the introduction of
water reuse and clean-up systems, reducing noise and chemical pollution
from tourist transport, the development of new tourism types, which are
aimed at a high environmental security.
Figure 1. Actions of the international projects and programs in Ukraine
Source: own elaboration.
Figure 1 shows the agrotourism support due to the action of international
projects and programs. Today’s realities of agrotourism is a side practice
in rural areas and more often is an additional form of farming or private
subsidiary farming activities. Note that in many European countries
agrotourism also initially formed as an auxiliary sub-sector of agriculture
and only over time began to turn into an independent and competitive
service sector, acting today as the main activity of the rural population.
Therefore, the extreme conditions of coronavirus infection spreading
can be a prerequisite for the rapid development and establishment of
agrotourism, which contributes to the restoration of the Ukrainian tourism
sector as a whole. In general, the agrotourism development as a catalyst for
economic development and rapid tourist routes recovery, the use of creative
digital economy and digital management as factors of tourism business
sustainable development. The territorial tourist potential covers the whole
set of natural, ethno-cultural and socio-historical resources, as well as the
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Roman Oleksenko, Stanislav Bilohur, Nina Rybalchenko, Iryna Verkhovod y Halina Harbar
The ecological component of agrotourism development under the COVID-19 pandemic
available economic and communication infrastructure of the territories,
which can be a prerequisite for the development of agrotourism, inuence
the dynamics of tourism business development as a basis for sustainable
development.
Quite original, in our opinion, within the framework of ecological
development of agrotourism, is the proposal for tourists to plant trees or
on a separate plot of land with the possibility of partial or complete care
of them, with the consumer can be oered a lease agreement of a certain
plot for an agreed period, at the end of which he could receive an agreed
part of the harvest or products in ready (canned) form. This would allow
the tourist to stay in the countryside for a long period of time, and for the
owner of the farmstead to guarantee the demand for the tourist product. To
increase the interest of tourists in the product of agritourism, it is possible
to oer planting coniferous trees in the forest, forest plantations, which
will increase the level of environmental awareness of tourists, improve the
ecological condition of the area, reduce soil erosion, and for communities
will be an opportunity to generate income from the sale of planting material.
This approach is widespread in many European countries. A special
OECD project «Going Digital: Transformation for Growth and Prosperity»
(2017) includes 7 vectors of digitalization 1. Increase without signicant
costs. 2. Customization with the needs of the consumer. 3. Speed and
momentum challenges. 4. Intangible capital and new sources of value
creation. 5. Transformation of space. 6. Empowerment. 7. Platforms and
ecosystems of digitalization. Activities to shape the concept of sustainable
tourism development goals in the EU and Ukraine: 1) the restoration
of agrotourism tourism activity opens the prospect of transformation
through innovation, digitalization, sustainability, partnerships, restoration
of consumer condence, mitigation of socio-economic impacts; 2)
implementation of sustainable development goals for reducing inequalities
between and within countries due to loss of tourism income;
3) Ensuring a more stable, inclusive, resource-ecient development of
agritourism, ensuring women’s employment and strengthening trust and
partnerships in all tourism activities primarily ensuring inclusiveness and
reducing inequalities; 4) increasing the competitive capacity of the tourism
sector, promoting innovation and digitalization of the tourism ecosystem,
promoting inclusive green tourism; 5) strengthening coordination and
partnerships to transform tourism and achieve the Sustainable Goals
6) providing jobs directly to the agritourism sector as a result of the
Covid-19 pandemic, developing the hotel and transport sector (air and
sea travel crisis), cruise tourism sector, developing all types of green, rural
agritourism; 6) protecting women, youth and creative industries workers
most aected by the Covid-19 pandemic in rural areas; 8) forming a road
map for making agritourism environmentally safe and inclusive.
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Conclusion
On the basis of the study and analysis of agrotourism development
models, the features of domestic agrotourism are revealed. Taking into
account the results of the conceptual approaches analysis to the denition
of agritourism as a signicant component of rural green tourism and
its characteristics, the paper proves that it is one of the most promising
directions to bring domestic tourism out of crisis. Besides, agritourism is an
eective tool to help the local population to leave the elds without leaving
the village, because it provides commercial and employment opportunities
for communities that face the growing problem of local livelihoods. In the
absence of these rural business opportunities, migration to urban areas will
continue to grow, which will further strain Ukrainian urban infrastructure
and social services. The basic meanings of agrotourism ecologization lies
in the preservation and restoration of natural areas that are vulnerable
and environmentally unsustainable to negative impacts; prevention
and elimination of potential and existing sources of negative impacts
on the environment in the tourism and economic activities; coordinated
planning of tourist activity with other economic activities; introduction
of environmentally soft technologies in the tourism industry; To avoid
negative impacts on the environment by evenly distributing tourists (in
time and space) and the creation of alternative recreational areas.
The implementation of the proposed recommendations will promote
mutually benecial cooperation between the rural green tourism
market actors in the region and local authorities, the preservation of the
environment and the national natural parks’ uniqueness and sustainable
rural development. Environmental component of agrotourism development
in the COVID-19 pandemic: focus on nature; people; sustainable and safe
rural environment formation; balance of interests, development principles
and opportunities; accessibility and protability of services and rural
services; integration, openness and interaction; continuous improvement of
management quality; emphasis on economic eciency; long-term solutions
priority over short-term; application of creative digital technologies in rural
areas.
The formation of the creative village space - human capital development
through the development of agrotourism, which is based on improving
digital literacy of the rural population, skills development of specialists
in the eld of information and communication creative technologies and
creative thinking development. Rural tourism market is one of the largest
and most dynamic markets in the world, based on the development of the
ecological component of agrotourism. That is why it is necessary to diversify
the creative digital technologies in the tourism business in rural areas,
as tourism is a suciently stable and signicant item for state economic
income. The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) predicts that in
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Roman Oleksenko, Stanislav Bilohur, Nina Rybalchenko, Iryna Verkhovod y Halina Harbar
The ecological component of agrotourism development under the COVID-19 pandemic
2024 tourism revenues will be about 298,000,000, and the ocial analysts
forecast that tourism revenues will grow by 3.3% in the next decade.
According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), tourism
in the EU will occupy 23% of the nation’s leading industries. For further
development of agrotourism, creative digital technologies in the tourism
business should be updated and reformatted to be competitive even after
COVID-19. For this purpose, it is necessary to: mitigate the socio-economic
impact of the crisis on rural employment in the COVID-19 pandemic;
support the development of domestic and regional agritourism; diversify
the use of creative technologies in agritourism to improve competitiveness
and its resource eciency; strengthen coordination and partnerships to
make agritourism a sustainable development factor; promote employment
preservation in the agritourism sector as a result of the economic and social
impacts of COVID-19; promote condence building through protection and
safety in all types of tourism activities; promote social partnership between
the state, business and civil society.
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
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