Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Esta publicación cientíca en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa
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197402ZU34
ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.39 N° 69
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Diciembre
2021
Recibido el 07/09/2020 Aceptado el 08/02/2021
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
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Vol. 39, Nº 69 (Julio - Diciembre) 2021, 513-529
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Features of the investigation of
hooliganism committed by football fans
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3969.32
Viktor Boiarov *
Mikhail Larkin **
Oleh Kyrychenko
***
Sergey Penkov
****
Oleh Kruhlov *****
Abstract
The article is devoted to the analysis of some features of the
investigation of football hooliganism. The current state and
trends of football hooliganism are considered (including during
the COVID-19 pandemic). The main problems faced by the
investigation authorities during the detection and investigation
of football hooliganism have been identied. In the process of
working on the article, the scientic literature on informal youth
groups, the ght against extremism, the investigation of group crimes
of football fans was analyzed. The purpose of the study is to identify
and study the features of the investigation of hooliganism committed by
football fans. The object of research is the peculiarities of the investigation
of hooliganism committed by football fans. During the writing of the
article, the following methods were used: observation, analysis, synthesis,
comparison, generalization, extrapolation, modeling, and information
approach. As a result of the conducted research, the modern tendencies of
football hooliganism are dened. Emphasis is placed on the peculiarities
of the transformation of football fans. The principal problems of detection
and investigation of football hooliganism are outlined, recommendations
for prevention and counteraction to crimes committed by football fans are
developed.
Keywords: football, football fans, hooliganism, investigations,
methodical recommendations.
* Ph. D., Professor of Department of Criminal Procedure and Forensics of Academy of Advocacy of
Ukraine. boyarvi2017@gmail.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9155-505X
** Ph. D., Associate Professor of Department of Criminal Law and Justice of Zaporizhzhia National
University. malark777@ukr.net. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4676-460X
*** Doctor of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor, Rector Private Institution of higher education «Dnipro
humanitarian university». kirichenkooleg75@ukr.net. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2046-9522
**** Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor of Law Department of Private institution of higher education
«Dnipro humanitarian university». psv9300svp@gmail.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4044-
5824
***** Ph. D. in Law, Associate Professor of the Department of Law of Berdyansk State Pedagogical
University. olegbrd79@gmail.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2266-1323.
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Viktor Boiarov, Mikhail Larkin, Oleh Kyrychenko, Sergey Penkov y Oleh Kruhlov
Features of the investigation of hooliganism committed by football fans
Características de la investigación del vandalismo
cometido por acionados al fútbol
Resumen
El artículo está dedicado al análisis de algunas características de la
investigación del vandalismo en el fútbol. Se consideran el estado actual
y las tendencias del vandalismo en el fútbol (incluso durante la pandemia
de COVID-19). Se han identicado los principales problemas a los que se
enfrentan las autoridades investigadoras durante la detección e investigación
del vandalismo en el fútbol. En el proceso de elaboración del artículo se
analizó la literatura cientíca sobre los grupos juveniles informales, la lucha
contra el extremismo, la investigación de delitos colectivos de los acionados
al fútbol. El propósito del estudio es identicar y estudiar las características
de la investigación del vandalismo cometido por los acionados al fútbol.
El objeto de investigación son las peculiaridades de la investigación del
vandalismo cometido por los acionados al fútbol. Durante la redacción del
artículo se utilizaron los siguientes métodos: observación, análisis, síntesis,
comparación, generalización, extrapolación, modelado y enfoque de la
información. Como resultado de la investigación realizada, se denen las
tendencias modernas del vandalismo en el fútbol. Se hace hincapié en las
peculiaridades de la transformación de los acionados al fútbol. Se describen
los principales problemas de detección e investigación del vandalismo en el
fútbol, se desarrollan recomendaciones para la prevención y contrarrestar
los delitos cometidos por los acionados al fútbol.
Palabras clave: fútbol, acionados al fútbol, vandalismo, investigaciones,
recomendaciones metódicas.
Introduction
Sport is a special area of public relations (Kharytonov et al., 2021).
This type of human activity has long been characterized by a set of virtues
that required a great deal of eort, perseverance, adherence to high moral
principles and ethical standards (Kolomoiets et al., 2021). Currently, the
legal support for professional sports remains at a very low level (Tkalych et
al., 2020). Considering the transformational changes in modern football,
which is gradually becoming a larger business platform (Kolomoets et al.,
2017), we can not ignore those, who consider themselves the most loyal fans
of the “game of millions” - football fans. Football admiration has become a
way of life, a subculture of recreation, and, sometimes, the ideology of life
for a long time.
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The psychological basis of the behavior of sports fans, in contrast
to criminal groups, is the need to show emotions that arose under the
inuence of football events. A gradual increase in emotional arousal leads
to manifestations of aggression that cannot be controlled. In this case, the
mechanisms are due to the essence of crowd psychology work.
Among the most typical manifestations of illegal behavior are brutal
beatings of fans of the opposite team, hooliganism in stadiums, and after
the competition – group acts of vandalism.
Hooliganism as a type of crime committed by football hooligans is one
of the most common criminal oenses against public order. It violates
public peace, norms of public morality, despises the results of human labor,
encroaches on the physical and moral integrity of citizens, harms the health
of victims and their property. More serious crimes are often committed
based on hooliganism.
Today, the “fan movement” has become an integral part of football
life. This phenomenon can be treated in dierent ways: to love or hate,
to support or despise, but not to notice the fans every year becomes more
dicult. There are incidents around the world involving football matches,
aecting spectators, football clubs and teams, individual players, referees,
and coaches. This results in mass riots, group disturbances, acts of
vandalism, and other acts committed by football fans before, during, and
after football matches. Analysis of this problem shows that some fans come
to the stadiums specically to cause riots, to exert psychological pressure
on the course of the match, to provoke clashes between the opposing
sides of the fans, or to direct their aggression at law enforcement ocers
(Golovchenko, 2004).
Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the growing number of football fans
regularly attended both home and away matches of their favorite club, the
national football team, and considered it a “matter of honor” to arrange
ghts with fans of the rival team, representatives of law enforcement
agencies or to commit other illegal (criminal) encroachments, for the sake
of expression of emotional excitement, own beliefs, etc.
Today, quarantine and matches without fans have removed the stands
from football, but this does not mean that the environment of fans has
decreased, especially those who belong to the “football hooligans”. Online
cheering (in bars, pubs, houses, apartments, parks, streets) is a reality of
2020-2021, which, unfortunately, is also not free from committing criminal
oenses, including hooliganism.
Moreover, the issue of sanctions, or liability in sport, is not given
enough attention by the legal environment to be considered as having an
institutional framework for legal regulation (Bolokan et al., 2021).
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Viktor Boiarov, Mikhail Larkin, Oleh Kyrychenko, Sergey Penkov y Oleh Kruhlov
Features of the investigation of hooliganism committed by football fans
In this regard, I would like to dwell on the analysis of certain features of
the investigation of crimes committed by football fans.
The object of research is the peculiarities of the investigation of
hooliganism committed by football fans. The subject of the study is
the features of hooliganism committed by football fans, the specic
characteristics of the investigation of crimes committed by football fans.
1. Methodology of the study
During the writing of the article, such scientic methods were used as
observation, analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, extrapolation,
modeling, and information approach.
The observation method provides a general description of such a
phenomenon as football hooliganism, an overview of its current state, the
state of investigation of violations that occur during football matches, and
in connection with the very fact of commitment to a particular football club.
Additionally, an investigation of trends in football hooliganism,
highlighting the positive experience of foreign countries in the prevention
of football hooliganism, found that criminal fan groups have now departed
from traditional actions (hooliganism) and become criminal groups of
extremist nature, having a certain ideological role. These actions are the
result of using such a method as analysis.
Accompanying the method of analysis, the method of synthesis is
applied, which is to combine the individual aspects of the study into a single
whole. In particular, based on the use of types of groups of football fans,
their role in shaping the system of prevention and investigation of crimes
committed by football fans was highlighted. It should be noted that the use
of such types of synthesis as direct and reverse at dierent stages of the
study acquainted with the general features of the object under study and to
understand its essence.
Further, the method of comparison was used to highlight the
characteristics of certain groups of football fans, which in turn allowed to
development of guidelines for improving the legal regulation of relations
arising during the investigation of crimes committed by football fans.
Besides, extrapolation method, which consists of spreading the
conclusions about one part of the object under study to another part as a
result of observation. Thus, the actions of the investigator in conducting
a pre-trial investigation of crimes committed by football fans, with the
investigation of hooliganism as such, were interrelated.
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The method of generalization helped to recognize the main proposals for
maintaining public order during football matches, to identify the feasibility
of expanding existing methods of combating violations by football fans.
The application of the historical method made it possible to consider the
object of research from the point of view of the peculiarities of development,
which signicantly enriches scientic research, testies to the reliability of
its results and conclusions, and conrms scientic objectivity.
A relatively new general scientic method is the information approach,
according to which the study of any object or phenomenon reveals the most
characteristic aspects of data. Thus, among a large number of scientic
papers on the characteristics of football fans, the information was used that
corresponds to the stated topic and is of practical value for the investigation
of crimes committed by football fans.
The method of modeling was expediently utilized in the formulation
of methods of counteracting and preventing crimes committed by football
fans. Thus, modeling the proposed proposals, it is considered useful to use
them in practice, having previously analyzed the theoretical aspects of such
crime and international experience.
2. Analysis of recent research
During the writing of the article, international legal acts, works of
domestic and foreign scholars were analyzed.
Among the international documents relevant in the context of this
study is the European Convention on Spectator Violence and Misconduct
during Sports Events and, in particular, Football Matches of August 19,
1985 (Council of Europe, 1985), and the Law of Ukraine “On Ratication of
the European Convention on Spectator Violence and Misconduct”. during
sports events, and in particular football matches” No. 2791-III of November
15, 2001.
The BBC News (Parkinson,2016) also drew attention to the problem of
the spread of crimes committed by football fans. According to BBC News
methods of preventive nature in the eld of public order during football
matches are proposed. In particular, the position on the ban on the sale of
alcohol on the day and before the match is relevant.
International experience in combating violations of the law by relatively
new actors, such as football fans, draws attention, in particular, in the
works of such scholars as Tkachenko (2015) and Borodavko (2011). Thus,
these scholars have studied the European experience in combating crimes
committed by football hooligans. On the example of Great Britain, Germany,
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Viktor Boiarov, Mikhail Larkin, Oleh Kyrychenko, Sergey Penkov y Oleh Kruhlov
Features of the investigation of hooliganism committed by football fans
and Italy, it can be stated, that the creation of specialized police (detectives),
video surveillance of football fans during matches, and studying the
database of potential violators, etc. is considered quite an eective action
by the state.
The following scientists were engaged in the theoretical basis of studying
the peculiarities of the behavior of football fans: Aristarkhova (2016),
Granik (2014), Ille (1999), Tromov (2015), Vayle (2012), Meitin (2003),
Larkin (2018, 2019abc), Golovchenko (2004) and Rudik (2019).
In their works, the beginning of the formation of groups of football fans
and the character of their development is investigated (Ille (1999), Meitin
(2003), and Vayle (2012)). Thus, with the emergence of such a sport as
football in the XIX century, there were also its fans, who later began to be
called football fans. In the scientic literature, more and more attention
was paid to the division of fans into types, which allowed to formulate the
specics of their activities and to develop appropriate ways to combat illegal
activities in this area (Rudik (2019).
Due to the spread of violations of the law by football fans, there were
proposals to prevent them and punish the perpetrators. This topic was
actively studied by such scientists as Boiarov (2017ab), Larkin (2018,
2019abc), Rudik (2019), and Masalitin (2019ab).
Primary, Boiarov (2017ab) considered some issues of tactics of
interrogation of suspects (football fans). In particular, theoretical
preparation for interrogation is essential for the investigator, as the subject
of suspicion is characterized by specic behavioral characteristics, such as
enjoyment of the game and its expression in the aggressive actions, various
mental health disorders, etc.
Further, Larkin (2018, 2019abc) and Masalitin (2019ab) have
contributed to the development of scientic thought on the structure of
forensic characteristics of hooliganism committed by football fans, the
personality of a football hooligan, the practical signicance of studying this
topic.
Also, Rudik (2019) directly investigated the prevention of crimes
committed by football fans.
A promising area of research and applied research of our stated
problems is the development of guidelines for the investigation of football
hooliganism, in particular, the basic methodology. The tactics of conducting
an inspection of the scene, interrogation, search, taking into account the
latest trends in practice, are to be studied. The use of special knowledge in
the investigation of football hooliganism is subject to detailed analysis. Also,
many signicant issues related to the legal features of this criminal oense,
the criminal law qualication of the relevant actions remain unexplored.
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Given the wide range of issues related to the activities of football fans
around the world, it is advisable to further explore the relationship of
football club management with football fans, to create a theoretical basis
for the legal regulation of liability of all legal entities involved in football
matches, etc.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Football hooliganism: current status and trends
Football fans appeared almost simultaneously with the emergence of
football – in the XIX century in England, after which mass ghts between
fans of rival teams is a traditional phenomenon that accompanies football
matches.
In the following years, typical manifestations of illegal behavior of football
fans are ghts with fans of the opposing team; hooliganism in stadiums and
places where fans spend their leisure time; intentional iniction of bodily
harm, resistance to law enforcement ocers, vandalism, etc.
It should be noted that unlike members of traditional youth criminal
groups, the behavior of football fans has a completely dierent psychological
component. In the initial stage, it is associated with the need to obtain
certain emotions (strong emotional feelings), and only later, as a result
of radicalization and politicization, aggression is added to this need, as a
result of which the behavior becomes uncontrollable. In particular, crimes
may be committed based on racial, national, or religious hatred or discord.
At the same time, the motivation of football fans is, sometimes, seen as
a kind of motive for committing a crime against the rights and legitimate
interests of man and citizen - hatred (prejudice) or hostility towards
members of a competing sports team or society (football fans). These crimes
are especially dangerous because of their mass character (Aristarkhova,
2016).
The subculture of football fans can be seen as a youth subculture of
teenagers who live a normal life and “return” to this subculture during
matches. It is a subculture of leisure that sets a pattern for behavior only
concerning a football match and / or relationships with other football fans.
It has developed special standards of appearance and behavior (they are
conditional and optional) (Granik, 2014).
Fan groups are formed mainly of teenagers, for whom being among the
fans, including in the fan groups, is an attempt to enter adult life, to get rid
of the lack of attention to themselves. It is this environment with the help of
social practices mandatory for fans (marches, speeches, ash mobs, making
520
Viktor Boiarov, Mikhail Larkin, Oleh Kyrychenko, Sergey Penkov y Oleh Kruhlov
Features of the investigation of hooliganism committed by football fans
banners, etc.), and common to a group of specic slang, symbols, and
attributes is the socialization of adolescents who thus enter into adulthood.
In criminology, fans are divided into several groups (Rudik, 2019). The
most active and aggressive are members of the fan movement, which is
part of the so-called ghting wing. They are in a group of 20-30 and up
to 100-200. These are football hooligans (who are already an integral part
of the world’s fan culture), who often claim the status of the elite of the
fan movement, and therefore have to take part in many ghts. To maintain
their status, these groups are obliged to make a signicant number of trips
each year with the team to other settlements (cities), where the movement
of local fans is hostile to them.
Other groups of fans include:
- “football fans”, which are characterized by a pronounced subculture;
- “football fans”, who enjoy the game;
- Ordinary spectators who consider watching football matches as a
form of leisure.
The politicization of the football fans’ movement in the 1960s signicantly
changed the nature of social ties in the environment, turning them into a
public organization, with the choice of an ideology (for example, for “ultras”
(fan style, which appeared in Germany after 1990) – left, right or far-right
views). To identify them as fans, they have a uniform, and since the mid-70’s
the concept of “fan” was replaced by the concept of “football fan”. It should
be emphasized, football fanaticism, designed to unload the fan emotionally,
is often used for extremist purposes.
Former UEFA head Michel Platini once tried to assess the current
situation in modern football, in particular, he stated that”… in the stadiums,
there is a growing trend of nationalist and extremist sentiments…” (Sports.
ru, 2015).
In recent years, there has been a signicant transformation of the fan
movement. Researchers of this phenomenon suggest considering it either
as a social movement, or as a social group, or as carriers of a specic
subculture, believing that the fan (youth) subculture is characterized by
a tendency and willingness to violence, made them an ideal actor in the
mechanism of unconstitutional change of power (Ille, 1999).
Consider this phenomenon also as an element of the extremist
environment (Tromov, 2015); as a kind of street gangs (Vayle, 2012), or as
a “protest group”, or a youth group (in which the business component is of
great importance) (Kolomoets et al., 2017).
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Researchers of illegal activities of football fans note the presence
in the environment of such negative trends as increasing the number of
serious and especially serious crimes committed in conditions of increased
organization and politicization of football fans from among young people
who are “mass extremist” (Vayle, 2012) with the perception of race and
nationalist ideology (Meitin, 2003); their business component is becoming
increasingly important in the activities of fan groups, although such groups
were created as protest groups (Kolomoets et al., 2017).
Recently, among some football hooligans, the stratagem movement has
become widespread – voluntary abstinence from alcohol, cigarettes, drugs,
casual sex, for the most consistent – vegetarianism (Negodchenko, 2010).
3.2. Problems of football hooliganism investigation
The presence of a suciently structured and self-organizing group
(group) of football fans requires the investigator during the investigation
to establish the features of the functioning, organization, nancing of
the structure and particular persons (including persons suspected of
committing crimes), who are members of the group of football fans, and
about their place, and role in the group.
The most powerful European football fan organizations have direct
contact with the top management of their football clubs and, as has
happened many times, have inuenced the club’s policy. It even happened
that the ultras decided issues in favor or against some players and so on.
In Italy, almost all major clubs consult with the leaders of their ultras on
all issues that can cause some resonance in the stands. In addition, nearly
all European ultras have some kind of commercial relationship with the
club. The club helps nancially or gives the ultras to earn on the same
paraphernalia, tickets (Negodchenko, 2010). Therefore, quite often the
leadership (management) of football clubs does not help to identify and
punish hooligan fans from the fan environment.
If earlier the investigation was faced mainly with hooliganism of
fan groups before, during, and after a football match; then an eective
mechanism was created to combat this phenomenon - conditions were
created to record the illegal actions of fans and identify the culprits
among them, in particular, by installing the necessary number of outdoor
surveillance cameras (under Article 3 of the European Convention on
the part of spectators during sporting events and, in particular, football
matches (adopted in August 1985) (Council of Europe, 1985), the state is
obliged “..to ensure the involvement of sucient resources to protect public
order and combat outbreaks of violence and misconduct, both on the areas
and stadiums directly adjacent to the stadiums, and on the paths used by
the spectators..”.
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Viktor Boiarov, Mikhail Larkin, Oleh Kyrychenko, Sergey Penkov y Oleh Kruhlov
Features of the investigation of hooliganism committed by football fans
In other words, criminal fan groups have now moved away from
traditional actions (hooliganism) and are turning into criminal groups of
an extremist nature, having an ideological component in their activities.
This raises many issues related to the restructuring of the ght against this
phenomenon, and, hence, the need to use other means that will help law
enforcement agencies to more eectively conducting public and covert
investigative, investigative, and other procedural actions) to overcome
the problems of preventing crimes committed by youth football groups in
Ukraine.
Among the ways of committing illegal acts, it is possible to single out the
following (Tromov, 2015; Yakuba, 2015; Sundiev, 2012):
- visual (production of brochures, grati, etc. of an extremist nature);
- verbal (proclamation of “strings” that aect human dignity, for
example, concerning race, skin color);
- special (prepared with the use of items that are allowed to carry to
the sports arena and which have a narrow purpose, such as bananas),
and;
- combat actions (active violence against opponents).
Special attention should be paid to the development of guidelines for the
detection and investigation of hooliganism committed by football fans. In
particular, the information basis of the investigation (Larkin, 2018).
In order to create a methodology for investigating crimes committed
by football fans (basic methodology), it is necessary to move away from
traditional methods used to investigate mass (group) hooliganism of young
people. First of all, we must proceed from the fact that in modern realities,
football fanfare is qualitatively changing and transforming. Thus, all crimes
committed by football groups are divided into four groups: “pre-match”
(committed before a football match); “stadium” (during a football match);
“post-match” (after the football match), and initiative (not related in time
to the football match, but basically have a “football” motivation), and this
should aect the structure of the investigation methodology.
The tactics of the inspection of the scene, interrogation, taking into
account the latest trends in practice (Boiarov et al., 2020; Larkin, 2019c;
Larkin, 2019b, Masalitin, 2019b) are subject to study. The use of special
knowledge in the investigation of football hooliganism is subject to detailed
analysis (Larkin, 2019a; Boiarov, 2017a; Larkin et al., 2020).
The interrogation of an informal suspect is a theoretical training of the
investigator, which includes a comprehensive study of the criminal case,
which is to systematize the facts about the event, the suspect’s identity,
identify inconsistencies and gaps in the investigated materials. There may
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Vol. 39 Nº 69 (Julio - Diciembre 2021): 513-529
also be a need to consult a specialist who studies the activities of various
youth informal organizations.
As for the tactics of interrogation, the tactics of interrogation can be
based on the use of personal data of the suspect with the activation of his
positive qualities (in particular, when the suspect is a minor); explaining
to him the positive consequences of cooperation with the investigation, the
available compromise procedures. To establish psychological contact, the
investigator uses the help of psychologists, etc. (Boiarov, 2017b).
The place of the crime can be (Kononenko, 2006):
- stadiums (49%);
- stands (sectors) of stadiums (44%);
- sports complexes (5%);
- educational institutions (schools, universities, vocational schools)
(9%);
- adjacent territories (streets, squares, squares near stadiums, sports
complexes, schools) (27%);
- venues for sports events (7%), and;
- other places (1%).
This classication makes it possible to focus law enforcement ocers on
the most probable places of hooliganism in connection with sports events.
To prevent the commission of crimes related to the activities of football
fans, it is necessary to know the preconditions for their occurrence. Based
on the study of the behavior of football fans, it is possible to identify the
following situations that precede the commission of relevant crimes: the
emergence of provocative situations (these include: mistakes of players,
referees, actions of enemy fans, etc.); conditions, in which there are no
reasons for conict (in this case, fans provoke spectators, other fans, law
enforcement ocials to commit acts of violence; the reason for these actions
may be the defeat of a favorite team) (Larkin, 2019c).
Given the awareness of the possible causes of illegal behavior of football
fans, it is possible to nd mechanisms to prevent it. For example, these
could be:
- additional check of things that spectators can bring with them to the
stadium. It is seen, that such an inspection can be carried out not
only by the sta of the organizer of the matches but also by the police;
- placement of spectators depending on their commitment to a
particular team. This proposal is reected in Art. 4 (b) of the
524
Viktor Boiarov, Mikhail Larkin, Oleh Kyrychenko, Sergey Penkov y Oleh Kruhlov
Features of the investigation of hooliganism committed by football fans
Convention on Spectator Violence and Misbehaviour at Sports
Events and in particular at Football Matches (Council of Europe,
1985), which provides for the need to eectively separate groups of
fans of rival teams and to place groups of fans arriving from other
places in separate stands when they attend matches.
To regulate the behavior of football fans and, accordingly, public order
during football matches, ideas were put forward to ban the sale of alcohol
on match days and the day before. This approach has a rational basis, but in
practice, does not eliminate the problem. Thus, this idea was rst tested in
1990 during the World Cup. The introduction of a ban on the sale of alcohol
has led to clashes between football fans and the police. We agree with Je
Pearson, a professor of criminal law at the University of Manchester, that
the ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages could provoke a violent reaction
from fans and the search for alternative sources of drinking. Another
positive aspect of such a ban may be the impossibility of using bottles as
weapons (Parkinson, 2016).
Law enforcement agencies play a signicant role in stopping football
hooliganism. It is possible to distinguish the following methods of prevention
of public order violations during football matches on the example of Great
Britain and Germany (Tkachenko, 2015):
- creation of a separate police unit that specializes in law enforcement
during football matches. It is advisable to authorize such units to
conduct video surveillance of approaches to the stadium before the
match; using the appropriate database to detect known hooligans.
The very presence of such police ocers in the environment of
matches stimulates law-abiding behavior of fans;
- to avoid provocations, disputes, and mass riots, law enforcement
agencies should detain violators of the order only during breaks or
after football matches, and;
- theoretical training of police ocers before football matches, in
particular, on the methods of communication with football hooligans,
the study of tactics to combat resistance from violators.
In addition, in Italy, to facilitate the identication of persons who violate
public order during football matches, the sale of registered tickets has been
introduced. Thus, you must provide proof of identity when purchasing
tickets. Also, the responsibility of football clubs for the behavior of football
fans in the form of nes was introduced. The amount of nes diers
depending on the nature of the oense (Borodavko, 2011).
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Vol. 39 Nº 69 (Julio - Diciembre 2021): 513-529
Conclusions
Thus, based on the above, it is possible to conclude that the study of
such a phenomenon as football fans, allowed us to nd mechanisms for
investigating crimes and preventing them.
The methods of prevention:
1. Sale of registered tickets and prediction of seating of spectators
depending on commitment to playing teams.
2. Special training of law enforcement ocers on the methods of
communication with football hooligans.
3. Increasing the responsibility for committing crimes not only by
fans, but also by the owners of football teams. And,
4. Prohibition of the sale of alcoholic beverages on the eve and on
the day of a football match and strengthening the level of control
over the presence of prohibited items that can be transferred to the
stadium.
The methods of investigation:
1. Raising the level of special knowledge of people who investigate
crimes by football fans.
2. Study of the specics of the crime scene.
3. Isolation of typical traces of crime and mechanisms of their
formation (footprints, hands, various biological substances – blood,
human life results, instruments of crime, etc.). And,
4. Establishment of specialized police departments, which are
empowered to investigate such crimes, giving them the right to
cooperate with local governments in terms of video surveillance at
the venues of matches, declassication of condential information
about the organizers of matches, their connections with football
fans.
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