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Vol.39 N° 68
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Vol. 39, Nº 68 (Enero - Junio) 2021, 415-426
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Function of Criminal Analysis in
Modern Models of Police Activity
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3968.26
Maksym V. Korniienko *
Valentyna V. Horoshko **
Igor M. Gorbanov ***
Karen Yu. Ismailov ****
Abstract
The objective of the article is to conduct a study of the role of
criminal analysis in modern models of police activity. To achieve
this objective, several methods were used, namely: analysis of
ofcial documentation, scientic literature, logical analysis,
concrete-historical, dialectic, or empirical methods. The article
presents the most common classications of police models today,
as well as the interpretation of criminal analysis in them. It is concluded that a
relatively new model of intelligence-led surveillance needs to be implemented
in the police. Within the police model of social orientation, specic ways of
solving various problems are carried out by carefully and detailed analysis
of the causes of such problems, actors, and characteristics of the area, as
well as the prevention of serious crimes through the approach of police
work in places of concentration of minor infringements (model of “broken
windows”). It was noted that Comp Stat focuses on street crime and in series
with short-term responsibility for addressing new criminal challenges; for
its part, the intelligence-led surveillance (ILP) model includes a long-term
strategic component that can be applied to transnational organized crime
operations.
Keywords: information-analytical activity; analytical theoretical work;
management decision-making; law enforcement; model of
police action.
* Full Doctor in Law, Head of the Department of Administrative Activity of the Police, Odessa State
University of Internal Affairs, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6420-6169. Email:
korniienko2015@tanu.pro
** PhD in Law, Head of the Department of Criminology and Psychology, Odessa State University of
Internal Affairs, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1141-1975. E-mail: horoshko@
nuos.pro
*** PhD in Law, Professor at the Department of Criminology and Psychology, Odessa State University
of Internal Affairs, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0100-1107. Email: gor-i-gor@
uohk.com.cn
**** PhD in Law, Head of the Department of Cyber Security and Information Support, Odessa State
University of Internal Affairs, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5137-2507. Email:
0997060070@nuos.pro
416
Maksym V. Korniienko, Valentyna V. Horoshko, Igor M. Gorbanov y Karen Yu. Ismailov
Function of Criminal Analysis in Modern Models of Police Activity
Función del análisis criminal en modelos modernos
de actividad policial
Resumen
El objetivo del artículo es realizar un estudio de la función del análisis
criminal en modelos modernos de actividad policial. Para lograr este
objetivo, se utilizaron varios métodos, a saber: análisis de documentación
ocial, literatura cientíca, análisis lógico, concreto-histórico, dialéctico y
métodos empíricos. El artículo presenta las clasicaciones más comunes de
los modelos policiales en la actualidad, así como la interpretación del análisis
criminal en ellas. Se concluye que es necesario implementar en la policía un
modelo relativamente nuevo de vigilancia dirigida por inteligencia. Dentro
del modelo policial de orientación social, se llevan a cabo formas especícas
de resolver diversos problemas mediante el análisis cuidadoso y detallado de
las causas de dichos problemas, los actores y las características del área, así
como la prevención de delitos graves mediante el enfoque del trabajo policial
en los lugares de concentración de infracciones leves (modelo de "ventanas
rotas"). Se señaló que Comp Stat se centra en la delincuencia callejera y en
serie con responsabilidad a corto plazo para abordar los nuevos desafíos
delictivos; por su parte, el modelo de vigilancia dirigida por inteligencia
(ILP) incluye un componente estratégico a largo plazo que se puede aplicar a
las operaciones contra la delincuencia organizada transnacionales.
Palabras clave: actividad de información-analítica; trabajo teórico
analítico; toma de decisiones gerenciales; aplicación de
la ley; modelo de actuación policial.
Introduction
Given the history of criminal analysis and the emergence of the profession
of criminal analyst, which began in the 1800s, when the London City Police
began to use statistics, “hot spots”, “crime schemes”, and from the second
half of the nineteenth century the rst law enforcement concept, the model
of policing, the modus operandi (method of committing a crime) (Fosdick,
1916), had already begun to be separated. And later the classication of
offenders and crimes was formed on its basis, policing began to acquire
different models that are constantly evolving and require an extremely
complex balance in the eld of public safety, crime prevention, community
engagement and timely response. Police models cover both functional and
administrative functions, which usually include certain aspects of problem
identication, information ow, and analytical work for effective modern
crime control.
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Vol. 39 Nº 68 (Enero - Junio 2021): 414-426
Today, only with a clear strategy of functioning and development, the
police will be able to proportionally repel modern challenges and threats,
primarily hybrid, which are due to the inuence of a complex of socio-
demographic, economic, political, legal, psychological, and technological
factors. Moreover, the role of analytical work of police units in combating
crime is currently being strengthened, as stated in the Strategy for the
Development of the System of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine
until 2020 (Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, 2017). Thus, in
the framework of combating crime, attention was paid to the low level of
use of analytical tools by police in combating crime and forecasting relevant
threats, to overcome which, the same Strategy states that it is necessary to
implement the concept of the Ministry of Internal Affairs based on various
sources of information (Intelligence Led Policing (ILP)), comprehensive
implementation of modern criminal analysis systems, including the
EUROPOL methodology (Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine,
2017).
International experience in the use of preventive measures, which is
currently used by law enforcement agencies, shows that criminal analysis
is a key tool for national security. The essence of criminal analysis is to
identify and determine as accurately as possible the internal links between
information (information, data) relating to criminal offenses, and any other
data used in the interests of operational and investigative and investigative
activities, their analytical support, as well as the development of tactical
and strategic measures to combat crime. From a methodological point of
view, criminal analysis is a set of methods used to collect, evaluate, analyze,
and implement information in the investigation of criminal offenses, as well
as to use them in developing tactical and strategic principles in combating
crime (Korystin et al., 2016).
Today we are already observing the creation of new analytical units of
the National Police of Ukraine (Criminal Analysis Department of NPU)
and the gradual transition of other police units to the use of modern
information-analytical software and investigative methods (SOCTA), which
certainly improves the effectiveness of the activities of police bodies and
units during the execution tasks for the protection of human rights and
freedoms and combating crime. Thus, implementing a model of proactive
activity that replaces the dominant paradigm of reactive policing. Thus,
with the introduction of new modern information technologies and highly
intelligent software into police activity, a new eld is emerging, where the
issue of ensuring human rights and freedoms in the model of Intelligence
Led Policing (ILP) is not yet discussed enough at the scientic level and at
the legislative level, that is why this issue becomes relevant today (Ismailov,
2019). The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the function
of criminal analysis in various modern models of policing.
418
Maksym V. Korniienko, Valentyna V. Horoshko, Igor M. Gorbanov y Karen Yu. Ismailov
Function of Criminal Analysis in Modern Models of Police Activity
1. Literature Review
Before we move on to consider the function of criminal analysis in
different models of policing, let us briey nd out what scientists and
practitioners invest in the concept of policing. Yes, K.S. Belskyi emphasizes
that policing in a broad sense should be understood as a special type of
public administration activity aimed at protecting public order, ensuring
public (as well as any other) security, and related to the use of state coercion
(Belskyi, 2004). According to V.M. Shadrin, policing is a special type of
social, public administration activity carried out based on law and in the
interests of society, aimed at protecting and maintaining public order,
ensuring public safety by means of coercion (Shadrin, 2003). O.S. Pronevich
proposes to consider policing as a coercive activity to restore public order
and ensure the safety of citizens (Pronevich, 2009).
The Declaration on the Police (1979) adopted by the Council of Europe
Assembly on 08.05.1979, states that the meaning of policing is to protect
citizens and society from violence, robbery, and other socially dangerous
acts, and pays special attention to the priority of in-depth training of police
personnel, on social issues, democratic rights and human freedoms. As we
see, all these denitions of policing are based on the general principles of
protection of human rights and freedoms based on law and further in the
text, but they do not contain a specic model (form) of law enforcement or
several complementary law enforcement models.
Other scholars note the following, Professor A.V. Movchan in his
writings analyzes the current problems of implementation in the bodies of
the National Police of Ukraine model of intelligence-led policing (Movchan,
2018). In the monograph “Organizational and legal support of analytical
work in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine (law
enforcement and security aspects)” Professor O.Ye. Korystin examines the
fundamental rights, principles, and content of basic elements in the system
of analytical intelligence (Korystin et al., 2019).
To fully disclose the question of what function criminal analysis plays in
the activities of various modern models of policing, as well as how exactly
criminal analysis can be used in each of these models, we present several
of their classications. And here it should be noted that the following
models do not have clear boundaries, as each of them has different strategic
goals, strengths and weaknesses and can complement others and be used
simultaneously. Thus, researchers in the methodology of law enforcement
reveal ve models of policing (Bell and Congram, 2013; OSCE Guidebook
Intelligence-Led Policing, 2017; Korystin et al., 2019): Traditional Policing;
Community Policing or Community-oriented Policing; Problem-Oriented
Policing (POP); Computer Statistical Model (CompStat); Intelligence Led
Policing (ILP).
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Vol. 39 Nº 68 (Enero - Junio 2021): 414-426
In its training materials, the International Association of Criminal Analysts
(IACA) in describing the terminology, concepts and processes of criminal
analysis provides the following classication of police (law enforcement)
business models (Bruce et al., 2004): law enforcement activities based on
operational data; law enforcement activities based on forecasts; Data-Driven
Policing (DDACTS); Accountability model; law enforcement activities
focused on the needs of communities; Problem-Oriented Policing (POP);
prevention of serious crimes by concentrating the work of the police in
places of concentration of minor offenses (model “Broken Windows”);
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED); centralized and
decentralized models.
There are other classications of policing models given by both national
experts and international organizations and scholars, which have slightly
different names but are similar in content. Therefore, we do not set the task
to distinguish between different concepts in form and the same content, as
this will go beyond our study, so some models of policing will have different
names.
2. Materials and Methods
The study was conducted on the example of the organization of
professional activities of police ofcers of the Department of Criminal
Analysis of the National Police of Ukraine, as well as the implementation
of the educational process in higher education institutions with specic
training conditions that train police ofcers. The tools used included
analysis of relevant theoretical and methodological sources, as well as
generalization of experience in managing the educational process as Head
of the Department of Cybersecurity and Information Support and Head
of Research Laboratory on Criminal Analysis, Head of Forensics, Head of
Department of Police Administration of Odessa State University cases on
preparation of educational materials and teaching disciplines: “Information
technologies”, “Criminal analysis”, “Information support of professional
activity”, “Information-analytical support of law enforcement activity”,
“Criminalistics” to applicants for higher education. And considering the
experience gained during the accreditation of the educational (professional)
program “Criminal Analysis” of the second level of higher education,
Master’s degree in 124 “System Analysis” in the eld of knowledge 12
“Information Technology”.
To achieve this goal, a number of methods were used, namely: theoretical
– for the study and analysis of ofcial documentation, scientic and
methodological and educational literature, generalization of information
to determine the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study;
logical analysis – to formulate the basic concepts and classication;
420
Maksym V. Korniienko, Valentyna V. Horoshko, Igor M. Gorbanov y Karen Yu. Ismailov
Function of Criminal Analysis in Modern Models of Police Activity
concrete-historical – to demonstrate the dynamics of the development of
the function of criminal analysis in different models of policing; dialectics
– to establish the content and features of the constituent elements of the
implementation and application of criminal analysis in policing; empirical
methods – to summarize practical experience, observation and discussion.
3. Results and Discussion
Traditional policing is the best-known model of policing and remains
the standard style of law enforcement. This applies to the reactive and
incidental style in which police ofcers respond to crime and provide
services or respond accordingly. Answering calls, receiving complaints,
patrolling public places, creating the appearance of a police presence,
and uncovering crimes that have occurred in the past or are only being
committed are the essence of traditional policing. Because the traditional
policing model views security issues and public safety as a police task,
community policing focuses on the partnership between the police and the
public, actively addressing security issues (OSCE Guidebook Intelligence-
Led Policing, 2017).
The use of criminal analysis is carried out mainly in combating
organized crime, especially economic, transnational crime, and cybercrime.
Thus, today the traditional model of policing faces the ght against
modern dangers and threats with increasing mobility and migration, rapid
technological and communication changes, free movement of goods and
services and growing income inequality. In addition, violent extremism
and radicalization leading to terrorism, as well as terrorist acts in recent
years, emphasize the need to share, integrate and centrally analyze relevant
data and information (operational materials) at all levels in accordance
with national legislation, international human rights standards and
OSCE commitments. Therefore, the most modern, promising and most
integrated in various models of policing is the model of law enforcement
based on operational data (model of policing based on operational data and
information), or a more modern and meaningful denition of this activity –
policing, guided by Intelligence Led Policing (ILP).
Intelligence Led Policing is an organizational model and management
philosophy in which criminal analysis and criminal intelligence are
key tools in achieving a goal by implementing an objective and effective
countermeasure decision-making mechanism and preventing crime through
strategic management and effective law enforcement, techniques aimed at
neutralizing particularly dangerous crimes for society (Kardashevskyi et
al., 2019; Allalyev, 2019).
The model of policing based on operational data and information is
designed in response to these growing problems, based on and with the
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 39 Nº 68 (Enero - Junio 2021): 414-426
help of which it is possible to reorient law enforcement activities from the
traditional response to anticipation. It has proven to be an effective tool for
combating organized crime, more rational use of resources and targeted
identication and solution of priority tasks. A proactive and forward-looking
approach helps to prevent, reduce, and eliminate crime. A key element in
the model is the systematic collection and analysis of information and data
related to the prevention, reduction, prevention, and elimination of crime,
which is the development of operational data. On this basis, sound and
promising policy and management decisions can be made and resources
allocated to the most pressing security issues, threats, types of crime and
criminals.
Thus, criminal analysis plays an important role in this model, helping
to bring critical information to the attention of decision-makers so that
they can properly dispose of their forces and means. Analysts in the law
enforcement environment work with a variety of data based on operational
data, which is systematically and quickly synthesized into useful information
for operational and investigative units. Also, the actions of analysts are
aimed at anticipating, stopping, and deterring criminal activity. Analytical-
driven policing is increasingly being used to strengthen socially oriented
policing by providing specic processes, communication procedures, and
governance structures for the collection, analysis, and dissemination of
data and information.
Next, we will consider a socially oriented model of policing, which
aims to strengthen trust and strengthen communication between the
police and the public, conditionally includes such law enforcement models
as: law enforcement activities focused on the needs of communities; law
enforcement activity, which is focused on certain issues. Although these
models are intertwined, they are not identical. Community-oriented law
enforcement is a broader organizational philosophy that incorporates
the principles of community-based law enforcement and provides for
the development of external partnerships with community stakeholders.
Community policing programs include the creation of community forums
involving representatives of various community groups and institutions,
where security issues are discussed and addressed, including offenses and
individual crimes in the region.
During problem-oriented policing, identication and analysis of the
“problem” is carried out, which is the focus of police work, and not a specic
crime, case, challenge, or incident. In this model, special attention is paid
to the problem of crime and security in general. The police are actively
developing preventive strategies, in an attempt to solve the problem,
rather than simply responding to its harmful effects (OSCE Guidebook
Intelligence-Led Policing, 2017).
422
Maksym V. Korniienko, Valentyna V. Horoshko, Igor M. Gorbanov y Karen Yu. Ismailov
Function of Criminal Analysis in Modern Models of Police Activity
Criminal analysis plays an integral role in community-based law
enforcement – it is a source of information needed for better understanding
of the various community problems that arise in communities. From
an operational point of view and depending on the level of technical
equipment, criminal analysis is a source of statistics on crime and public
disorder, which can be used to interpret data at certain geographical levels,
such as census districts, groups of census districts, neighborhoods, street
sections that need increased attention from the police. Criminal analysts
may recommend organizing police meetings with a specic community,
during which the police can visually demonstrate information about the
criminal situation in the area and provide additional information on police
actions in the specied criminogenic situation (Bruce et al., 2004).
Criminal analysis in problem-oriented law enforcement addresses
common crime issues, response measures and tools used in practice, such
as grafti, burglary, forgery of prescriptions, car theft and car theft in
parking lots, teenage hooliganism in public. The problem considered by the
analyst is medium-term, so the information analysis phase is crucial before
acting. Because solving a problem in one area, such as increasing patrol
routes, can lead to crime moving to another area or a return to the problem
after the transfer of police resources to another part of the city. As part of a
problem-oriented law enforcement model, specic ways to address a range
of different police issues arise through careful and detailed analysis of the
causes of such problems, stakeholders, and local characteristics. The model
prevents the commission of serious crimes by concentrating the work of
the police in places of concentration of minor offenses related to antisocial
behavior, violation of public order (model “Broken Windows / Broken
Windows”).
The role of criminal analysis in the “broken windows” model is to
focus on minor incidents of public disorder that can lead to an increase
in organized crime. Minor offenses include grafti, vandalism, antisocial
behavior, and drug possession. Police efforts include working more closely
with the community to disrupt public order, as well as ensuring greater
community participation in the proper maintenance of public facilities and
private property and planning a set of measures to prevent the spread of
criminal activity and its spread in the territory of abandoned households.
Crime Prevention Model: Crime Prevention Through Environmental
Design (CPTED). This model focuses on managing physical planning and
the use of a man-made environment to reduce crime and fear of crime, as
well as improve quality of life. The elements of the model are access control
in the form of closed entrances, surveillance in the form of video surveillance
cameras, territorial delimitation in the form of fencing of certain objects
and structures (Movchan et al., 2018).
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Vol. 39 Nº 68 (Enero - Junio 2021): 414-426
The function of criminal analysis in the crime prevention model by
changing the surrounding infrastructure is not to study where crimes take
place or who commits them, but rather to consider the following questions:
“what?” and “why?”. That is, why do crimes happen in one place and not
in another? What elements of the environment contribute to attracting
criminal activity? What changes can be made in the immediate and
environment to reduce violations of public order. As for the technologies
that an analyst can use, it is 3D mapping that dynamically imagines the
crime rate from a multidimensional point of view (Rengert et al., 2001).
The computer statistical policing model or “comparing statistics”
(CompStat) is a management system that develops a model in which
minor crimes are an element in reducing more serious ones. As part of a
performance management system that includes analysis of data on crime
and public disorder, strategic tools, and a clear accountability structure
(Wakeeld and Fleming, 2009). The model emphasizes the dependence
on accurate and timely analysis to identify patterns of crime and problems
with the subsequent rapid allocation of personnel and resources to take
targeted response measures.
Criminal analysis is critical to the CompStat model because it depends
heavily on accurate and timely statistics and information. Although the
emphasis on statistics is detrimental to the proactive component of criminal
analysis and problem solving, the CompStat model helps police ofcers
keep pace with the most pressing issues of crime and disorder, which are
assessed through geospatial analysis.
It should be noted that what is the unit of criminal analysis of law
enforcement agencies – centralized or decentralized, affects the quantity,
quality and volume of analytical products needed by other police units. If
the unit is centralized, then all analysts are gathered in one department,
usually located in the central ofce of law enforcement, and all requests
pass through this department. In the case of a decentralized unit of criminal
analysis, analysts are based in the relevant territorial units or units in
activity to which they are assigned.
Properties that are inherent in a centralized unit of criminal analysis:
located in a clearly dened place; higher level; regular interaction between
the analyst and the command and administrative staff of the police;
ease of gaining new knowledge about technology and modern software;
working together, analysts can share knowledge from different elds and
acquire additional skills; there will be no duplication of work. Instead, the
decentralized model provides for the appointment of analysts to various
units in the law enforcement agency, which provides the necessary analytical
support. The decentralized model is usually used in large units, divided by
territory. Analysts in the decentralized model are fully aware of the affairs
of their units, including types of crime, demographics, hotspots and more.
424
Maksym V. Korniienko, Valentyna V. Horoshko, Igor M. Gorbanov y Karen Yu. Ismailov
Function of Criminal Analysis in Modern Models of Police Activity
Conclusion
The study presents some of the most common classications of police
models today, as well as reveals the functional features of criminal analysis
in each of these models. Thus, in the plane of normative uncertainty of the
basic concepts of information-analytical activity, such as “analytical work”,
“analytical activity”, “analytical document”, “criminal analyst”, this activity
does not cease to exist in the professional activity of law enforcement
agencies. Given the modern informatization of all processes in society, the
traditional model of policing can no longer provide a high level of public
safety, especially against the encroachments of stable organized groups,
so it is necessary to introduce a relatively new model of policing, guided
by analytical intelligence, a key element of which is systematic collection
and analysis of information and data related to the prevention, reduction,
prevention, and elimination of crime.
As for the model of computer statistical policing, it is based on the analysis
of statistics of crimes committed at the local level and the development of
early response measures. It should be noted that Compstat focuses mainly
on street and serial crimes with short-term accountability in the process of
solving new criminal challenges, and the model of policing led by analytical
intelligence includes a long-term strategic component that can be applied
in operations to combat transnational organized crime, that is Compstat
focuses on crime, and ILP – on the identication of threats.
When considering the socially oriented model of policing, which aims to
strengthen trust and strengthen communication between the police and the
public, it was found that it includes such law enforcement models as: law
enforcement focused on community needs and law enforcement activities
focused on specic issues. Within the socially oriented model of policing,
specic ways to solve various problems are carried out by careful and detailed
analysis of the causes of such problems, stakeholders, and characteristics of
the area, as well as prevention of serious crimes by concentrating police work
in places of concentration of minor offenses (model “Broken windows”). All
these policing models do not have clear boundaries, as each has different
strategic goals, strengths and weaknesses and can complement and be used
simultaneously. The materials presented in the article will be useful for
acquaintance and study by students, cadets, graduate students, associate
professors, teachers, judicial and law enforcement ofcers.
Acknowledgements
The study was conducted within the framework of Scientic research
work No. 0116U006767 “Legal and administrative principles of cybercrime”
of the Department of Cyber Security and Information Assurance, Faculty of
Training for Criminal Police of Odessa State University of Internal Affairs.
425
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 39 Nº 68 (Enero - Junio 2021): 414-426
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
en enero de 2021, por el Fondo Editorial Serbiluz,
Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela
Vol.39 Nº 68