Revista Cienca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
1 of 10
Recibido: 25/07/2024 Aceptado: 19/11/2024 Publicado: 18/02/2025
hps://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35497
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
UNIVERSIDAD
DEL ZULIA
Serbiluz
Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y
de Información
Biblioteca Digital
Repositorio Académico
Examinaon of meat, milk, and egg producon in Turkiye
using Trend models
Examen de la producción de carne, leche y huevos en Turquía
mediante modelos de Tendencias
Hakan SERİN1* , Sinan SİREN2
1 Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Biostascs, 42150, Konya, Türkiye
2 Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Physiology, 42150, Konya, Türkiye
*Corresponding author: hakan.461995@gmail.com Phone: +90 534 884 20 82
ABSTRACT
The rising global demand for animal products due to world
populaon growth highlights the need for taking signicant
steps in animal husbandry. Understanding the impact of ad-
vancements in animal husbandry on the producon of animal
products would help to idenfy sectoral deciencies and to
develop future strategies. The aim of this study was to deter-
mine variaons in the indicators of animal products in Turkiye
considering species and breed dierences using trend analysis.
The dataset covers data from 1991 to 2019 for milk and from
2001 to 2023 for egg producon, red meat, and white meat
producon, obtained from the Turkish Stascal Instute.
To determine trends in the me series of animal product pa-
rameters, the Nonparametric Modied Mann-Kendall (MMK)
test, Sen’s innovave (ST) trend test, Spearman’s rho (SR) test,
Wald-Wolfowitz (WW) test, Cox-Stuart (CS) trend test, and Ro-
bust Rank – Order Distribuonal (RR) test were employed. To
idenfy signicant change-points in the me series, the Pe
test was used. The results of the SR and MMK tests revealed
the presence of upward trends in red meat producon from
Cale, Sheep, Bualo, and Goat; white meat producon; egg
producon; as well as milk producon from Sheep (Merino),
Goat (Anatolian Black), Cale (Dairy) and Cale (Crossbred).
Furthermore, an increasing trend was observed in the SR
test for Goat (Anatolian Black) milk producon. The WW and
RR tests showed downward trends in the me series of milk
producon for Goat (Anatolian Black), Cale (Domesc), and
Bualo. Upward trends were idened using the ST and CS
methods in red meat producon from Cale, Sheep, and Goat;
white meat producon; and egg producon. The results sug-
gest that economic incenves and policies, as well as diseases,
are signicant factors for trends in animal husbandry. Conse-
quently, increasing incenves and policies for animal husband-
ry and expanding cooperaves are important to support ani-
mal husbandry pracces.
Key words: Trend analysis; meat producon; milk producon; produc-
on trends; livestock in Turkiye
RESUMEN
El aumento de la demanda mundial de productos animales
debido al crecimiento de la población mundial pone de relie-
ve la necesidad de tomar medidas importantes en la cría de
animales. Comprender el impacto de los avances en la cría de
animales sobre la producción de productos de origen animal,
ayudaría a idencar las deciencias del sector y a desarrollar
futuras estrategias. El objevo de esta invesgacion fue deter-
minar las variaciones de los indicadores de productos animales
en Turkia teniendo en cuenta las diferencias entre especies y
razas mediante el análisis de tendencias. El conjunto de datos
abarca datos de 1991 a 2019 para la producción de leche y de
2001 a 2023 para la producción de huevos, carne roja y carne
blanca, obtenidos del Instuto Turco de Estadísca. Para de-
terminar las tendencias en las series temporales de los pará-
metros de los productos animales se emplearon la prueba no
paramétrica de Mann-Kendall (MMK) modicada, la prueba de
tendencia innovadora de Sen (ST), la prueba rho de Spearman
(SR), la prueba de Wald-Wolfowitz (WW), la prueba de tenden-
cia de Cox-Stuart (CS) y la prueba de distribución robusta de
rango y orden (RR). Para idencar puntos de cambio signi-
cavos en las series temporales, se ulizó la prueba de Pe.
Los resultados de las pruebas SR y MMK revelaron la presencia
de tendencias al alza en la producción de carne roja de Bovino,
Ovino, Búfalo y Caprino; la producción de carne blanca; la pro-
ducción de huevos; así como la producción de leche de Ovino
(Merino), Caprino (Negro de Anatolia), Bovino (Lechero) y Bo-
vino (Cruzado). Además, se observó una tendencia creciente
en la prueba SR para la producción de leche de Cabra (Negra
de Anatolia), Vacuno (Domésco) y Búfalo. Con los métodos ST
y CS se idencaron tendencias al alza en la producción de car-
ne roja de vacuno, ovino y caprino; en la producción de carne
blanca; y en la producción de huevos. Los resultados sugieren
que los incenvos y las polícas económicas, así como las en-
fermedades, son factores signicavos de las tendencias en la
cría de animales. Por lo tanto, el incremento de incenvos y
policas para la cria animal y la expansion de cooperavas son
de importancia para soportar las praccas de cria animal.
Palabras clave: Análisis de tendencias; producción cárnica; produc-
ción lechera; tendencias de producción; ganadería en Turquía
Revista Cienca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
UNIVERSIDAD
DEL ZULIA
Serbiluz
Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y
de Información
Biblioteca Digital
Repositorio Académico
INTRODUCTION
The rising global demand for animal products, driven by
populaon growth, highlights the need for substanal advance-
ments in animal husbandry. Demand for animal products is ex-
pected to double aer 40 years. Consequently, increasing an-
imal producon and ensuring ecient resource consumpon
are essenal. While the animal husbandry industry in developed
countries is well-developed and capable of meeng demand,
the situaon in undeveloped and developing countries falls
short of the desired level [1 ,2]. In addion to meeng domesc
demand, animal husbandry has important roles such as generat-
ing employment, creang export opportunies, and supporng
industries with by-products including eece wool and leather
[3]. Furthermore, animal husbandry accounts for 40% of the in-
come generated in the agricultural sector globally [4].
Turkiye is a well-suited country for agriculture and animal
husbandry due to its advantageous geographical locaon, as well
as land and climate diversity [5]. Although Türkiye’s agricultural
producon can largely meet domesc demand, the situaon is
dierent in the red meat industry. The primary reason for this is
the relavely low share of animal husbandry, which accounts for
25% of overall agricultural producon. On the contrary, this rao
is typically 40% in the developed countries, Moreover, Turkiye’s
red meat producon has not reached the desired level due to
several factors including high producon costs, rural-urban mi-
graon, and markeng challenges. In addion, the low number
of raised cale breeds and insucient feeding of animals due to
high feed costs are among the factors contribung to this result
[6 ,7,8]. Small ruminant livestock, another source of red meat,
are typically raised in areas such as inferle pastures, mountain-
ous regions, and stubble elds in Turkiye. Carrying out small ru-
minant livestock pracces through tradional methods leads to
lower yields per unit in meat and milk producon compared to
developed countries [9 ,10].
While the small ruminant (Ovis aries and Capra hircus) and
bovine (Bos taurus and Bubalus bubalis) livestock sectors in
Turkiye have not reached the desired level, the poultry (Gallus
gallus domescus) sector has shown rapid development in par-
allel with global trends. Aer eorts to improve the white meat
sector, the producon cycle has been shortened, and integrated
facilies have become self-sucient [11]. Although the poultry
sector was disrupted by avian inuenza cases in 2005 – 2007, it
quickly recovered due to an eecve vaccinaon program and
modern facilies. Furthermore, the egg sector, like the white
meat sector, is one of the connuously developing sectors in
Turkiye. The egg sector in Turkiye can meet domesc demand
and generate foreign currency inow through exports [12].
Upward or downward trends in the indicators of agricultural
and livestock producon are crical parameters for countries;
due to this importance, many trends analysis studies have been
conducted in this eld. For instance, Oladimeji idened the
trends in sh producon and consumpon parameters in Nige-
ria from 1970 to 2014 using graphical methods and Pearson’s
correlaon coecient; They reported a linear increase in pro-
ducon and consumpon aer 1980 [13]. Aşkan and Dağdemir
(2017) [14] examined broiler chicken producon in Turkiye
from 2000 to 2015 using trend analysis and idened a linear
increase.
A literature survey revealed that no study has yet graphically
examined variaons in livestock producon parameters using six
dierent trend techniques simultaneously [15 ,16]. Accordingly,
this study aims to examine signicant variaons in long-term
livestock producon parameters in Turkiye using trend analysis,
taking into account species dierences. The results would be of
great importance for determining the paths that dierent live-
stock performance parameters follow over me. Plus, address-
ing the reasons for upward or downward trends is expected to
make a valuable contribuon to the current literature. By using
six dierent trend techniques together in the analysis of these
indicators and stascally determining the possible change-
points in the me series, this study is the rst of its kind in the
eld in Turkiye.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The dataset used consists of annual milk, egg, red meat,
and white meat producon data for various animal species and
breeds obtained from the Turkish Stascal Instute (TurkStat).
The dataset covers data from 1991 to 2019 for milk producon
and from 2001 to 2023 for egg, red meat, and white meat pro-
ducon [17]. The meat producon parameters were presented
in tons, while egg producon was measured in pieces (units).
While selecng variables, both producon and consumpon
quanes across the country, as well as their added value to the
naonal economy, were considered. (TABLE I).
A trend refers to the upward or downward progression of a
dependent variable over a given me series. A trend can follow
a linear or curvilinear path. Trend analysis, on the other hand, is
the examinaon of whether a given trend in a me series is sta-
scally signicant [18]. To idenfy trends in the livestock per-
formance indicators, the Nonparametric Modied Mann-Kend-
all (MMK) test, Sen’s innovave (ST) trend test, Spearman’s rho
(SR) test, Wald-Wolfowitz (WW) test, Cox-Stuart (CS) trend test,
and Robust Rank-Order Distribuonal (RR) tests were employed.
In addion, to idenfy signicant breakpoints in the me series,
the Pe test was conducted. All stascal analyses were per-
formed with R stascal programming language (version 4.2.1;
The R Foundaon for Stascal Compung, Vienna, Austria;
hps://www.r-project.org) [19].
2 of 10
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
Examinaon of producon in Turkiye using Trend models / SERİN et. al.
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
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Modied Mann-Kendall (MMK) trend test
The MMK method is a nonparametric test used to idenfy
trends in a given me series. In this method, if the examined
dataset is higher (lower) than the subsequent one, -1 (+1) is
added to the Mann–Kendall (MK) stascs (S) (1). Where (i) var-
ies from 1 to n-1 and (j) varies from i+1’den to the data length n.
This operaon is repeated for the enre dataset and the sum of
S stascs is computed (2):
(1)
(2)
S is assumed to have a normal Probability Distribuon Func-
on (PDF) with a mean of zero and a specied variance (3 and
4). Furthermore, the null hypothesis H0 assumes that there is
no trend in the given me series. If H0 is rejected, it indicates
that the alternave hypothesis H1 is signicant, which suggests
that there is a trend in the me series. This decision is based
on specic values of the test stascs z and the chosen signi-
cance level (5). If the calculated z value, Zcal, exceeds the tabu-
lated normal distribuon value, Ztab for the signicance level (𝛼),
the trend in the me series is considered stascally signicant
[20 ,21].
(3)
(4)
(5)
Sen trend (ST)
This approach involved spling the given me series into
two series. In ascending order, the rst half of the series is plot-
ted on the horizontal axis and the second half on the vercal
axis with a 1:1 (45°) straight line. The distribuon of the data
above the 1:1 line indicates a monotone upward trend, whereas
if the distributed data is below the 1:1 line there is a monotone
downward trend. On the other hand, scaering of the data on
or around the 1:1 line indicates there is no signicant trend in
the me series (FIG. 1). The data range on the horizontal axis can
be split into subcategories as low, moderate, and high [22 ,23].
TABLE I.
Stascal properes of the performance indicators
Performance Indicators Type (Species) Min. Max. SD M Period
Meat Cale (Bos taurus) 488.556 1.670.606 389.056 871.475
2001 – 2023
Bualo (Bubalus bubalis) 3.785 15.386 3.082 6.247
Sheep (Ovis aries) 186.121 569.066 100.262 263.389
Goat (Capra hircus) 42.845 128.989 23.144 67.736
Poultry meat Chicken (Gallus gallus) 614.745 2.417.995 583.256 1.571.618
Egg Chicken 10.575.046 20.637.732 3.504.693 15.474.554
Dairy Producon
Sheep (Domesc) 645.465 1.449.350 210.357 927.993
Sheep (Merino) 11.922 72.104 16.679 26.587
1991–2019Goat (Anatolian Black) 190.285 573.785 113.180 317.731
Goat (Angora) 1.924 12.655 2.827 4.609
Cale (Culture) 1.913.438 12.544.507 3.454.214 5.378.857
Cale (Crossbred) 3.867.656 7.473.386 973.387 5.143.999
Cale (Domesc) 764.030 2.514.575 492.373 1.505.344
Bualo 8.670 161.348 38.548 71.852
Min.: Minimum Max.: Maximum SD: standard deviaon M: Mean
3 of 10
Revista Cienca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 20 40 60 80
Second half
First half
Data Point
Trendless line
Increasing Trend
Decreasing Trend
FIGURE 1. Illustraon of increasing, decreasing, and no trends in the ST method
Inially, trend slopes are interpreted graphically but later Şen
introduced a mathemacal method [24]. A trend slope is calcu-
lated using Equaon (6), where n represents the data length of
the primary me series and x (y) rst (second) average half-me
series. The trend curve is ploed using Equaon (7). Condence
limits (CL) for ST can be computed using trend slope, SST, expec-
taon for no trend (E(SST) = 0), and standard deviaon (SD) of
two halves (𝜎x= 𝜎y= 𝜎 √n); where 𝜎represents the standard
deviaon of primary me series. SD of trend slope, 𝜎s is com-
puted by Equaon (8), where pxy , represents the cross-correla-
on coecient between the rst and second half series. CL is
calculated using Equaon (9), where, Scri is the crical standard
deviaon for standardized me series at ±1.96 (1.65) for 95%
(90%) signicance (𝛼) [25].
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
Spearman’s rho (SR)
Spearman’s rho (SR) is a nonparametric measure of rank-or-
der correlaon coecient between two variables. SR test is a
simple method with monotonic power for idenfying linear and
nonlinear trends[26]. In this method, rejecng H0 indicates the
presence of an increasing or decreasing trend[27]. SR test stas-
c is dened as D (10) and standardized test stascs ZSR (11):
(10)
(11)
Where Ri represents the rank of the Xi measure and n is the
length of the me series. A posive ZSR value indicates the pres-
ence of an increasing trend in the me series, whereas a nega-
ve value indicates a decreasing trend. When |ZSR|> ,
H0 is rejected, and the trend in the mes series is considered
signicant. is the crical value of t in the Student’s
t-distribuon table for the 5% signicance level [28].
Cox-Stuart (CS) Trend
CS is a nonparametric trend test like the MK test. This meth-
od evaluates increasing or decreasing trends without assuming
linearity. Despite its limited applicaon, CS is a powerful test for
idenfying trends in datasets. The theorecal basis of the test is
the binomial distribuon [29 ,30]. For conducng a CS test, rst-
ly, the me series is divided into three sub-series. It is checked
whether the data in the rst part are higher than the data in the
nal part. For n > 30, the test stasc of the Cox-Stuart trend
test is given in Equaon (12):
(12)
Where S represents the maximum number of the data points
either signed as + or –. The z-stascs is normally distributed.
For n30, a connuity correcon of –0.5 is added to the de-
nominator [31].
Robust Rank-order distribuonal (RR)
The non-parametric RR test is conducted to idenfy dier-
ences in locaon within the dataset when the assumpon of
variance homogeneity is not sased. The RR test is less aect-
ed by non-normal distribuon and the presence of outliers [32].
X and Y represent two samples of a connuous variable with
sizes nx and ny (13). Inially, the merged sample is arranged in
4 of 10
Examinaon of producon in Turkiye using Trend models / SERİN et. al.
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
UNIVERSIDAD
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de Información
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ascending order. sxi and syj represent the numbers of Y (X) values
with a lower rank than xi (yj) (14). The mean numbers are given
in Equaon (13):
(13)
Variance:
(14)
Test stasc:
(15)
|z|> z1-𝛼/2 indicates that the two samples have signicantly
dierent locaon values Equaon (15) [33].
Wald-Wolfowitz (WW)
The Wald-Wolfowitz (WW) test is a nonparametric method used
to evaluate the similarity between two datasets [34]. R indicates
test stascs of WW. The test stasc for this method is calcu-
lated as follows:
The expected value [E(R)] of R is:
(16)
The expected variance:
(17)
st stasc of me series (t) with:
(18)
For n > 10, the stasc is normally distributed:
(19)
Where x1, x2, ….., xn represent the sample data. Test stasc
computes p-values for the two-sided scenario from the standard
normal distribuon Equaons (16-19).
Pe Test
This test is introduced by Pe to determine a change-point
in a given me series. This test can idenfy change-points in
monthly or annual scales. The null hypothesis suggests that the
me series follows a random distribuon, while the alternave
hypothesis suggests the presence of a breakpoint. The Pe
test is a non-parametric rank test. The ranks r1…rn of the Y1…
Yn are used for the stasc given in Equaon (20) [35]:
(20)
If there is a change-point in year K, the stasc is minimum or
maximum near the year k = K:
The stascal signicance for a given α level is calculated as fol-
lows:
If XK values are above the crical values, H0 is rejected [35].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This study examined indicators for milk, egg, red meat, and
white meat producon using ST, MMK, SR, WW, RR, and CS non-
parametric trend analysis methods. The results are presented
in TABLE II. The ndings of the SR method are presented as rho
and p-values. In ST, MMK, WW, RR, and CS methods, the crical
values for the test stascs and p-values were set at a 95% con-
dence interval. While evaluang the results, Z or s values above
the crical value indicate the presence of a signicant trend in
meat, milk, and egg performance indicators. The direcon of a
trend is determined by the sign of the Z or s value. A posive
sign indicates an increasing trend, while a negave sign means
a decreasing trend.
5 of 10
Revista Cienca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
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TABLE II .
Results of the trend analysis for me series of producon indicators
Method Signicant trends Increasing trends Decreasing trends No trends
SR
RED MEAT PRODUCTION (Cale, Sheep,
Bualo, and Goat)
WHITE MEAT PRODUCTION
EGG PRODUCTION
MILK PRODUCTION (Sheep Merino, Goat
Angora, Goat Anatolian Black, Bualo, Cale
Domesc, Cale Culture, and Cale Cross-
bred)
RED MEAT PRODUCTION (Cale, Sheep,
Bualo, and Goat)
WHITE MEAT PRODUCTION
EGG PRODUCTION
MILK PRODUCTION (Sheep Merino,
Goat Anatolian Black, Cale Culture,
and Cale Crossbred species)
MILK PRODUCTION
(Goat Angora, Cat-
tle Domesc, and
Bualo)
MILK PRODUCTION
(Sheep Domesc)
MMK
RED MEAT PRODUCTION (Cale, Sheep,
Bualo, and Goat)
WHITE MEAT PRODUCTION
EGG PRODUCTION
MILK PRODUCTION (Sheep Merino, Goat An-
gora, Bualo, Cale Domesc, Cale Culture,
and Cale Crossbred)
RED MEAT PRODUCTION (Cale, Sheep,
Bualo, and Goat)
WHITE MEAT PRODUCTION
EGG PRODUCTION
MILK PRODUCTION (Sheep Merino,
Cale Culture, and Cale Crossbred
species)
MILK PRODUCTION
(Goat Angora, Cat-
tle Domesc, and
Bualo)
MILK PRODUCTION
(Sheep Domesc
and Goat Anatolian
Black)
ST
RED MEAT PRODUCTION (Cale, Sheep,
Bualo, and Goat)
WHITE MEAT PRODUCTION
EGG PRODUCTION
MILK PRODUCTION (Sheep Merino, Goat
Angora, Goat Anatolian Black, Bualo, Cale
Domesc, Cale Culture, and Cale Cross-
bred)
RED MEAT PRODUCTION (Cale, Sheep,
Bualo, and Goat species)
WHITE MEAT PRODUCTION
EGG PRODUCTION
MILK PRODUCTION (Sheep Merino,
Goat Anatolian Black, Cale Culture,
and Cale Crossbred species)
MILK PRODUCTION
(Goat Angora, Cat-
tle Domesc, and
Bualo)
MILK PRODUCTION
(Sheep Domesc)
CS
RED MEAT PRODUCTION (Cale, Sheep, and
Goat)
WHITE MEAT PRODUCTION
EGG PRODUCTION
MILK PRODUCTION (Sheep Merino, Goat
Angora, Goat Anatolian Black, Cale Culture,
Cale Crossbred, and Cale Domesc spe-
cies)
RED MEAT PRODUCTION (Cale, Sheep,
and Goat species)
WHITE MEAT PRODUCTION
EGG PRODUCTION
MILK PRODUCTION (Sheep Merino,
Goat Anatolian Black, Cale Culture,
and Cale Crossbred species)
MILK PRODUCTION
(Goat Angora and
Cale Domesc)
RED MEAT PRO-
DUCTION (Bualo)
MILK PRODUCTION
(Sheep Domesc
and Bualo)
RR
RED MEAT PRODUCTION (Cale, Sheep,
Bualo, and Goat)
WHITE MEAT PRODUCTION
EGG PRODUCTION
MILK PRODUCTION (Sheep Merino, Goat
Angora, Goat Anatolian Black, Bualo, Cale
Domesc, Cale Culture, and Cale Cross-
bred species)
RED MEAT PRODUCTION (Cale, Sheep,
Bualo, and Goat)
WHITE MEAT PRODUCTION
EGG PRODUCTION
MILK PRODUCTION (Sheep Merino,
Goat Anatolian Black, Cale Culture,
and Cale Crossbred species)
MILK PRODUCTION
(Goat Angora, Cat-
tle Domesc, and
Bualo)
WW
RED MEAT PRODUCTION (Cale, Sheep,
Bualo, and Goat)
WHITE MEAT PRODUCTION
EGG PRODUCTION
MILK PRODUCTION (Sheep Merino, Goat
Anatolian Black, Goat Angora, Bualo, Cale
Domesc, Cale Culture, and Cale Cross-
bred species)
RED MEAT PRODUCTION (Cale, Sheep,
Bualo, and Goat)
WHITE MEAT PRODUCTION
EGG PRODUCTION
MILK PRODUCTION (Sheep Merino,
Goat Anatolian Black, Cale Culture,
and Cale Crossbred species)
MILK PRODUCTION
(Goat Angora, Cat-
tle Domesc, and
Bualo)
SR= Spearman’s rho test; MMK= Nonparametric Modied Mann-Kendall test; ST= Sen’s innovave trend test; CS= Cox-Stuart trend
test; RR= Robust Rank-Order Distribuonal tests; WW= Wald-Wolfowitz test.
6 of 10
Examinaon of producon in Turkiye using Trend models / SERİN et. al.
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
UNIVERSIDAD
DEL ZULIA
Serbiluz
Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y
de Información
Biblioteca Digital
Repositorio Académico
The results of the SR test revealed the presence of increasing
trends in red meat producon for Cale, Sheep, Bualo, and
Goat species; white meat producon; egg producon; as well
as milk producon for Sheep (Merino), Goat (Anatolian Black),
Cale (Dairy) and Cale (Crossbred) species. On the contrary,
decreasing trends were idened in milk producon for Goat
(Angora), Bualo, and Cale (Domesc). However, no trend was
observed in Sheep (Domesc) milk producon. According to
the MMK test results, increasing trends were idened in Beef,
Sheep, Bualo, and Goat meat producon; white meat produc-
on; egg producon; as well as in milk producon from Sheep
(Merino), Cale (Dairy), and Cale (Crossbred). Addionally,
decreasing trends were observed in milk producon from Goat
(Angora), Bualo, and Cale (Domesc). However, no trend was
observed in milk producon from Sheep (Domesc) and Goat
(Anatolian Black). The SR test yielded a similar nding as the
MMK test. Although an increasing trend in Anatolian Black goat
milk producon was observed in both the SR and MMK tests,
this trend was not stascally signicant in the MMK test (TABLE
II).
Both WW and RR methods yielded the same results. The trends
observed in the me series for performance indicators were
signicant in both methods. For milk producon, decreasing
trends were observed for Goat (Angora), Cale (Domesc), and
Bualo, whereas increasing trends were idened for Sheep
(Domesc), Sheep (Merino), Goat (Anatolian Black), Cale (Cul-
ture), and Cale (Crossbred). In addion, increasing trends were
found in Beef, Bualo, Sheep, and Goat meat, white meat, and
egg producon.
The CS method results indicated the presence of increasing
trends in Beef, Sheep, and Goat meat producon; white meat
producon; and egg producon. For milk producon, posive
trends were observed for Cale (Crossbred), Cale (Culture),
Goat (Anatolian Black), and Sheep (Merino) species. On the con-
trary, decreasing trends were found in the Goat (Angora) and
Cale (Domesc) milk producon. However, no trend was ob-
served in the me series of bualo meat producon, as well as
bualo and sheep milk producon. The results obtained by the
ST method were similar to those obtained by the CS technique.
However, while no signicant trend was observed in bualo milk
producon with the CS technique, a downward trend was iden-
ed using the ST method (TABLE II). It is believed that discussing
the results obtained through trend analysis methods in relaon
to the literature would oer valuable informaon about eco-
nomic incenves and implemented policies in animal husband-
ry, as well as disease trends. A decreasing trend was observed
in Bualo meat and milk producon unl 2010, followed by an
increasing trend aer 2010. The Turkish Ministry of Agriculture
and Forestry has increased support and incenves for bualo
producon. Addionally, producers shied to intensive produc-
on driven by rising demand. These factors have played a signif-
icant role in the increase in Bualo producon [36]. There was a
decrease in sheep and goat breeding from 2007 to 2009 due to
factors such as severe drought, reduced feed raw material pro-
ducon, and higher prices. However, in 2007, the establishment
of Breeding Sheep and Goat Breeders’ Associaons and the im-
plementaon of the Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Forest-
ry’s naonal “Improvement in Animal Breeding through Public”
project led to a rapid upward trend in both meat and milk pro-
ducon from sheep and goat starng in 2010 [37]. The reasons
underlying the increasing trend in the poultry sector were ana-
lyzed, and it was understood that the poultry sector developed
much faster compared to other sectors with the rise in modern
producon facilies in Turkiye during the 1990s and the tran-
sion to European producon standards in the 2000s. Despite
the disrupon in the sector in 2005 due to the avian inuenza
outbreak in Turkiye, the industry showed a rapid recovery and
maintained its upward trend [38]. As a result of the support and
incenves provided by the Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and
Forestry for cale breeding, a decreasing trend in the number
of domesc breed cale and increasing trends in the number
of crossbred and dairy cale were observed. However, due to
inadequate producon condions, misguided policies, high feed
raw material costs, and the oligopolisc market structure, red
meat and milk producon in Turkiye have not reached the de-
sired levels [39].
As shown in FIG. 2, increasing trends were observed in Beef,
Bualo, Sheep, and Goat meat producon, as well as for white
meat and egg producon curves. However, a Pe test was
conducted to idenfy the presence of a change-point in the
performance indicators. Accordingly, signicant change-points
were idened in the me series for Bualo, Sheep, and Goat
meat producon as well as for egg producon. These signicant
change-points were observed in 2013 for Bualo meat pro-
ducon (U=88, α=0.05, P=.016), 2011 for Sheep meat produc-
on (U=108, α=0.05, P=.001), 2012 for Goat meat producon
(U=108, α=0.05, P=.001), and 2011 for Egg producon (U=108,
α=0.05, P=.001).
FIGURE 2. Time series and trend curves for species-based red meat producon, white
meat producon, and egg producon
Trend curves for Sheep (Domesc), Sheep (Merino), Goat (Ango-
ra), Goat (Anatolian Black), Cale (Culture), Cale (Crossbred),
Cale (Domesc) and Bualo milk producon are given in FIG. 3.
The graphs for Sheep (Domesc), Sheep (Merino), Goat (Anato-
lian Black), Cale (Culture), and Cale (Crossbred) milk produc-
on show a general increase, while an overall decreasing trend
is observed in milk producon from Cale (Domesc), bualo,
and Goat (Angora). Furthermore, the Pe test revealed the
presence of change-points in the me series for Sheep (Domes-
c), Goat (Anatolian Black), Goat (Angora), Cale (Crossbred),
Cale (Domesc), and Bualo milk producon. According to the
Pe test, signicant change-points were observed in 2010 for
Sheep (Domesc) milk (U=152, α=0.05, P=.008), 2009 for Goat
(Anatolian Black) milk (U=178, α=0.05, P=.001), 2005 for Goat
(Angora) milk (U=204, α=0.05, P<.001), 2009 for Cale (Cross-
bred) milk (U=188, α=0.05, P<.001), 2007 for Cale (Domesc)
milk (U=192, α=0.05, P<.001), and 2001 for Bualo milk (U=182,
α=0.05, P<.001) producon.
Çiçek and Doğan [40] analyzed producer prices for livestock feed
and beef in Turkiye between 1988-2017 using Linear, Quadrac,
Exponenal, and S-curve trend models. Their ndings revealed
7 of 10
Revista Cienca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
UNIVERSIDAD
DEL ZULIA
Serbiluz
Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y
de Información
Biblioteca Digital
Repositorio Académico
that the cale populaon exhibited a rapid increase between
2003-2009 and 2010-2016, whereas the number of ovine ani-
mals showed a downward trend unl 2010. In the current study,
on the other hand, species- and breed-based analysis enabled
the idencaon of which species or breed contributed most
signicantly to the downward or upward trends. According to
the obtained results, the cow milk demand was predominantly
met by domesc cale unl 2000 but aer this period, a notable
shi was observed and the share of dairy cale in milk produc-
on displayed a rapid increase.
FIGURE 3. Time series and trend curves for species-based milk producon
In the ST curves given in FIG. 4, the data points for Cale, Buf-
falo, Sheep, Goat, and Chicken meat producon, as well as egg
producon are accumulated on the upper side of the 1:1 line.
Consequently, the increasing trends observed in the me series
of Cale, Bualo, Sheep, Goat, and Chicken meat producon, as
well as egg producon according to the ST method.
FIGURE 4. ST curves for red meat, white meat, egg producon
a) Cale x104, b) Bualo x102, c) Sheep x104, d) Goat x103, e) Chicken x104, f) Egg x105
In the ST curves for milk producon given in FIG. 5, increasing
trends were observed in Sheep (Merino), Sheep (Domesc),
Goat (Anatolian Black), Cale (Culture), and Cale (Crossbred)
milk producon. On the contrary, decreasing trends were iden-
ed in Goat (Angora), Cale (Domesc), and Bualo milk
producon. According to the results of the ST method, the in-
creasing trends in Sheep (Merino), Goat (Anatolian Black), Cale
(Culture), and Cale (Crossbred) milk producon were signi-
cant. Moreover, decreasing trends idened in Goat (Angora),
Cale (Domesc), and Bualo milk producon were also signif-
icant. However, the increasing trend in Sheep (Domesc) was
not signicant.
Erdal et al., [41] examined the number of cale, sheep, goat,
and bualo species in Türkiye between 1996 and 2014 using
trend analysis. They determined a signicant increase in the
number of animals except for domesc cale aer 2004 with
the Quadrac trend model. However, in the present study, meat
and milk producon parameters were considered instead of
focusing only on animal count, and this methodology allowed
determining more detailed trends. Due to the government in-
cenves for crossbred and dairy cale breeds, domesc cale
exhibited a downward trend. However, a similar decline has not
been observed in domesc sheep breeds due to inadequate
geographical condions and insucient government incenves
for high-yielding sheep breeds. Sevinç et al., [42] examined the
number of sheep and goat in Turkiye between 2002 and 2021
using the Linear trend method and reported stascally signif-
icant upward trends in both sheep and goat counts . Although
the results of this study are consistent with the exisng litera-
ture, it provides more detailed ndings. Plus, the examinaon
of me series for producon parameters using various nonpara-
metric trend analysis methods (MMK, ST, SR, WW, CS, RR), more
objecve ndings were obtained.
FIGURE 5. ST curves for milk producon from Sheep (Merino), Sheep (Domesc), Goat (Anato-
lian Black), Goat (Angora), Cale (Culture), Cale (Crossbred), Cale (Domesc), and Bualo
(a) Sheep (Merino) x103, (b) Sheep (Domesc) x104, (c) Goat (Anatolian Black), x104, (d)
Goat (Angora) x102, (e) Cale (Culture) x105, (f) Cale (Crossbred) x104, (g) Cale (Domes-
c) x104, (h) Bualo x103
CONCLUSIONS
As the world’s populaon has grown rapidly, the demand for
animal products has also increased. Therefore, Turkey, like other
countries, supports producers with eecve policies to meet
the demand for animal products. As a result of these policies,
the supply of animal products has increased to dierent levels
over the years. However, animal producon parameters in Turki-
ye have shown dierent levels of decrease due to various factors
such as epidemics in certain periods, changes in consumpon
8 of 10
Examinaon of producon in Turkiye using Trend models / SERİN et. al.
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
UNIVERSIDAD
DEL ZULIA
Serbiluz
Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y
de Información
Biblioteca Digital
Repositorio Académico
habits, and insucient support and incenves. The increasing
demand for staple foods such as milk, eggs, and red and white
meat has led to breeding pracces for specic animal species,
including cale, sheep, goats, and chickens. Consequently, spe-
cies or breed-based annual producon has shown signicant
changes.
Considering the supply of animal products by year, the rate of
increase in the producon of bualo, sheep and goat meat was
lower than in the producon of beef, white meat and eggs. In
addion, a decreasing trend was detected in the producon of
Cale (Domesc), Goat (Angora) and Bualo milk. Inadequate
support for ovine breeding and the inability of high-produc-
vity sheep and goat breeds to adapt to the country’s condi-
ons have resulted in this situaon. In addion, although sup-
port and incenves for bualo producon have been increased,
bualo producon has not reached the targeted levels due to
drought and environmental condions. In conclusion, the nd-
ings showed that annual chicken meat and egg producon in
Turkiye has signicantly developed and now meets the demand
in the country. However, it was found that the increase in red
meat and milk producon was insucient to meet the growing
demand and per capita consumpon of animal products. To ad-
dress these problems, it is recommended to increase support
and incenves for animal producon, expand cooperaves,
eliminate the oligopoly market structure, and ensure that pro-
ducers can sell their products at fair prices.
This study presents an exemplary methodology to the literature
by evaluang producon parameters based on both breed and
species using mulple trend analysis methods. Future studies
may examine products from animals with dierent economic
values using these and other trend analysis methods. Accord-
ingly, it can be determined how government incenves and sup-
ports contribute to producon indicators on an annual basis.
Conict of interest
Authors declare that they have no conict of interest.
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9 of 10
Revista Cienca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
UNIVERSIDAD
DEL ZULIA
Serbiluz
Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y
de Información
Biblioteca Digital
Repositorio Académico
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