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_________________________ Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXIII, Supl. Esp., 60 - 61, 2023, https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-wbc006
OUR EXPERIENCE OF BUFFALO IMPROVEMENT IN INDIA: LAST 50 
YEARS JOURNEY
Nuestra experiencia de mejora del búfalo en India: viaje de los últimos 50 años
T. K. Datta
Director, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar – 125001 (Haryana), India 
*Corresponding e-mail: T.K. Datta (director.cirb@icar.gov.in; tirthadatta@gmail.com). 
of superior germplasm, developing improved feeding modules 
for  ecient  production  while  reducing  the  methane  emission 
and capacity enhancement of bualo farmers, young entrepre-
neurs, and researchers. Alongside the dairy sector, bualoes 
have  a signicant  role  in  India’s  meat  production  and export 
system. Total Bualo meat production in the country is 1584.65 
thousand  Tonnes,  which  is  being  exported  to  more  than  70 
countries in the world. Though there are particular challenges 
for the overall development of bualo production in India, the 
present-day progress and the future opportunities for scientic 
interventions through collaborative eorts have the potential to 
open new avenues for bualo development and make this spe-
cies the most economical food animal.
Keywords: Murrah, genetic improvement, bualoes, milk, In-
dia.
RESUMEN
El hombre siempre ha estado buscando un Elixir que lo libere 
de todo sufrimiento. Aunque no están seguros de la existencia 
de tal elixir, las antiguas escrituras de la India lo han identica-
do como “Leche”. La historia de la India como mayor productor 
de leche está llena de acontecimientos. Hubo una fase en la 
que la producción de leche del país alcanzó un mínimo históri-
co, apenas 17 millones de toneladas en 1950. En 1970, con la 
Operación Flood bajo el liderazgo de Verghese Kurien, la India 
se embarcó en un viaje para crear historia replicando las coo-
perativas lácteas, marcando  el comienzo de una transforma-
ción en el sector conocida popularmente como la ‘revolución 
blanca’. En 2022, India produjo un récord de 221 toneladas de 
leche. En la India, el 31,58% de la producción total de leche la 
aportan los búfalos nativos (caracterizados), y los búfalos sin 
caracterizar contribuyen  al 13,49%  de la  producción  total de 
leche del país, lo que hace un total del 45,07% solo de búfa-
los. Está bien documentado que los búfalos son productores 
ecientes de leche y  el animal preferido sobre el  ganado en 
ABSTRACT
Man has always been searching for an Elixir to free him from all 
suering. Though unsure of the existence of such an elixir, In-
dia’s ancient scriptures have identied it as ‘Milk’. India’s story 
as the largest producer of milk is eventful. There was a phase 
when the country’s milk production hit an all-time low, a mere 
17 million Tonnes (mT) in 1950. In 1970, with Operation Flood 
under the leadership of Verghese Kurien, India embarked on a 
journey to create history by replicating the dairy cooperatives, 
ushering  in  a  transformation  in  the  sector  popularly  known 
as the ‘white revolution.’ In 2022, India produced a record of 
221 mT of milk. In India,  31.58% of the total  milk  production 
is contributed by Indigenous Bualoes, and non-descript buf-
faloes contribute to 13.49% of the total milk production in the 
country,  making  it  a  total  of  45.07%  by  bualoes alone.  It  is 
well  documented  that  bualoes  are  ecient  milk  producers 
and the most preferred animal over cattle in many parts of the 
country owing  to their superior  quality of  milk, disease resis-
tance, longer productive life, and higher milk productivity. India 
holds the world’s largest bualo population, with 109.85 million 
headcounts, constituting 20.45% of the livestock population. In-
dia has a rich genetic diversity of bualoes with 20 registered 
breeds, with Murrah as the most prominent breed (42% of the 
total bualo population). However, it faces challenges concern-
ing  low  articial  insemination  (AI)  coverage  (~40%  of  breed-
able females),  demand gap  of frozen  semen  doses, realized 
genetic  gain,  scarce  fodder  availability, and  market  linkages. 
With the small-holder farming system ( ≤ 10 cows & bualoes/ 
unit)  being  the most  popular  in  India,  the  joint  eorts  by  the 
Government of India, ICAR institutes such as CIRB, National 
Dairy institutes, and various research organizations have led to 
the science-driven transformation of the dairy sector. Research 
at ICAR-CIRB continuously emphasizes essential dimensions 
like genetic improvement of prominent breeds of bualo, dis-
semination of high genetic merit germplasm to farmers, use of 
advanced reproduction biotechnologies for faster multiplication