https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e34441

Received: 21/04/2024 Accepted: 25/07/2024 Published: 19/10/2024

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Revista Científica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXIV, rcfcv-e34441

ABSTRACT

Sheep farming in arid and semi-arid regions of Algeria is confronted

with large uctuations in the availability of fodder, which is all the

more restrictive for pregnant ewes whose needs are at a maximum

and constitute a major obstacle to the development of this sector.

This study aims to evaluate the inuence of the physiological stage

on the energy, nitrogen and mineral status of Ouled-Djellal ewes

living in arid zones (Biskra), by determining the plasma levels of

glucose, cholesterol, urea and calcium. Blood samples were taken

from 40 ewes divided into two groups according to their physiological

stage (pregnant and empty). The obtained results showed that the

physiological stage had a signicant inuence only on blood glucose,

being higher in empty sheep than in pregnant sheep (P<0.05), whereas

for the other blood parameters: cholesterol, urea, and the plasma

concentrations of calcium do not seem to be influenced by the

physiological stage.

Key words: Sheep; Ouled-Djellal breed; blood metabolites;

physiological stage; arid zone

RESUMEN

La cría de ganado ovino en las regiones áridas y semiáridas de Argelia

se enfrenta a grandes uctuaciones en la disponibilidad de forrajes,

lo que resulta aún más restrictivo para las ovejas gestantes, cuyas

necesidades son máximas y constituyen un obstáculo importante

para el desarrollo de este sector. Nuestro estudio tiene como objetivo

evaluar la inuencia del estado siológico sobre el estado energético,

nitrogenado y mineral de ovejas Ouled-Djellal que viven en zonas

áridas (Biskra), mediante la determinación de los niveles plasmáticos

de glucosa, colesterol, urea y calcio. Se tomaron muestras de sangre

de 40 ovejas divididas en dos grupos según su estado siológico

(preñada y vacía). Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que el estado

siológico tuvo inuencia signicativa sólo en la glucemia, cuando

es muy mayor en ovejas vacías que en ovejas preñadas (P<0,05),

mientras que para los demás parámetros sanguíneos: colesterol,

urea y concentraciones plasmáticas de calcio no parecen estar

inuenciados por el estado siológico.

Palabras clave: Oveja; raza Ouled-Djellal; metabolitos sanguíneos,

estado siológico, zona árida

Variation in blood glucose, cholesterol, urea and calcium levels according to

the physiological stage in Ouled-Djellal ewes in Algerian arid zone

Technical note

Variación de los niveles de glucosa, colesterol, urea y calcio en sangre según el estado siológico en

ovejas Ouled-Djellal en la zona árida de Argelia

Nota técnica

Nezar Adili

* , Naoual Guehiliz

, Chak Djebiret

, Kahramen Deghnouche

University of Batna 1 – Hadj Lakhdar, Institute of Veterinary Sciences and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Veterinary Sciences. Batna, Algeria.

Directorate of Agricultural Services of Biskra Governorate. Biskra, Algeria.

University of Biskra – Mohamed KHIDER, Faculty of Exact Sciences Natural and Life Sciences, Department of Agricultural Sciences. Biskra, Algeria.

*Corresponding author: nezar.adili@univ-batna.dz

Biochemical parameters in Ouled-Djellal ewes / Adili et al. __________________________________________________________________________

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INTRODUCTION

Sheep farming in Algeria ranks among the most traditional activities

and holds a very signicant position in the eld of animal production. It

constitutes the country’s primary supplier of red meat. Sheep (Ovisaries)

herd in Algeria is estimated at 18 million heads, of which 63% are of the

breed Ouled-Djellal [1]. The majority of herds are concentrated in steppe

regions, high plateaus, and a portion is exploited in the Saharan regions.

The Ouled-Djellal breed represents between 54-63% of the ovine herd

[2]. Sheep farming in Algeria is managed traditionally in the vast majority

of private farms and some state-owned farms. It faces challenges of

climatic, nutritional, and pathological hazards. The low production of

herds is linked to poor management of reproduction and feeding, which

are often extensive in nature [3].

Understanding the metabolic prole of ewes is important to clarify

their nutritional status as well as to prevent metabolic disorders that

lead to disruptions in production and reproduction [4]. Additionally,

the serum levels of minerals and various biochemical indicators in

sheep have been widely discussed [5, 6]. However, a limited number

of studies have reported the inuence of reproductive status in

different sheep breeds as important elements for the interpretation

of biochemical indicators in ewes [7, 8].

The main objective of this investigation is to analyze the inuence

of physiological stage on the variations or evolution of the following

biochemical parameters: blood glucose, blood cholesterol, blood

urea, and blood calcium levels. This analysis aims to evaluate the

metabolic state and identify which of these parameters could be

used as indicators for predicting the metabolic status of the ewe

according to its physiological stage.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Ethical approval and statement

Adequate measures were taken to minimize pain or discomfort

in accordance with the International Animal Ethics Committee. The

study was approved by the committee framed for the research by

the university authority. During the study visits, the researchers

introduced themselves and explained the objective and methodology

of the study to all animal breeders.

Region of the study and animals

This study was conducted in Biskra governorate, it is a semi-arid

region, located in the south-eastern part of Algeria, at 440 Km from

the capital city Algiers at an altitude of about 110 m of the sea-level,

a latitude of 34°51' North and a longitude of 5°43' East.

Farm presentation

The farm extends over an area of 27 hectares and is organized into

two main components:

○

Crop production: of which cereal farming, namely wheat

(Triticum aestivum) and oats (Avena sativa), is the primary

activity, followed by the cultivation of forage crops of barley

(Hordeum vulgaris) in second place.

○

Animal production: this consists mainly of about 220 ewes

managed in an extensive system, along with 4 dairy cows. Milk

production is reserved solely for self-consumption.

Animals

The ewes included in this study are from the same farm described

above. They are Ouled-Djellel breed ewes (Ovis aries), which is the

predominant breed in this region. A total of 40 clinically healthy,

multiparous ewes aged between 2 and 5 years were selected. The

animals were divided into two groups based on their physiological stage:

○ 20 gestating ewes in their last trimester;

○ 20 non-gestating ewes in maintenance.

The farming method employed is extensive, with the sheep grazing

on the pasturelands available in the region, locally referred to as ‘Watn’.

Supplementary feed is provided during favorable seasons, especially

to pregnant ewes in the last trimester of gestation. This feed mainly

consists of barley and straw (Imperata cylindrica) produced on the farm.

In this arid region, supplemental feeding is provided for almost three-

quarters of the year during dry periods; in particular, concentrated

energy foods (wheat, corn, beets in pulp form) provided in daily rations

of approximately 0.25 to 1 kg per head. Mineral supplements (calcium,

phosphorus) and vitamins can also be provided; they are made freely

available to the animals, in the stable, in the form of a block of mineral

salts that breeders call the lick stone. In the summer, the herd migrates

to neighboring provinces such as Khenchela and Oum El-Bouaghi to

graze on cereal stubbles.

Blood sampling

Blood samples were collected using the protocol described by

Polizopoulou [9]. The samples were taken in the morning before

feeding (fasted) after disinfecting the area. They were drawn from the

jugular vein using a single-use needle into vacutainer tubes containing

lithium heparin. After collection, the samples were divided into two

batches and transported in a cooler (Haier Biomedical brand, HZY

SERIES, China). The rst batch was sent to the laboratory of the local

public health facility in Zéribet El-Oued. There, they were immediately

centrifuged with BioSan centrifuge (model LMC-3000 22005, Latvia)

at 1008 G and then frozen at 25°C in Haier Biomedical* (China) freezer

until analysis for blood glucose levels, blood cholesterol levels, and

blood urea levels, carried out by a spectrophotometer SECOMAM

model PRIM 500 (France). The second batch of samples was sent to

the laboratory of Ben Badis polyclinic in Biskra specically for the

analysis of blood calcium levels.

Analytical methods

The commercial kits used were manufactured by Biomaghreb (Spain):

○

Glucose Assay: by enzymatic method (GOD-PAP). Result is

done using spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 505nm

○

Cholesterol Assay: by colorimetric enzymatic test (CHOD-PAP).

Reading is carried out at a wavelength of 505 nm.

○

Urea Assay: with modied urease + Berthelot method. Reading

is carried out at a wavelength of 590 nm.

○

Calcium Assay: by colorimetric method. Reading is done

spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 570 nm.

Statistical analysis

For a better analytical treatment of the recorded results, statistical

analysis was conducted using the MedCalc 2017 software (version

TABLE I

Variation in blood glucose levels according

to physiological stage (g·L

-1

)

Physiological stage M ± SD

Non-gestating ewes (n = 20) 0.61 ± 0.11*

Gestating ewes (n = 20) 0.43 ± 0.06

M: Mean, SD: Standard deviation, *:

P–Value <0.05

TABLE II

Variations in blood cholesterol levels

according to physiological stage (g·L

-1

)

Physiological stage M ± SD

Non-gestating ewes (n = 20) 1.54 ± 0.24

Gestating ewes (n = 20) 1.48 ± 0.24

M: Mean, SD: Standard deviation,

P–Value >0.05

TABLE III

Variations in blood urea levels according

to physiological stage (g·L

-1

)

Physiological stage M ± SD

Non-gestating ewes (n = 20) 0.31 ± 0.08

Gestating ewes (n = 20) 0.28 ± 0.06

M: Mean, SD: Standard deviation,

P–Value >0.05

_____________________________________________________________________________Revista Cientifica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXIV, rcfcv-e34441

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and useful statistical tool, designed and developed for researchers in

biology and medical eld. The main test used is the Student’s t-test

for comparing the means of two independent samples (groups).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The biochemical characterization of animals is of particular interest

for evaluating the nutritional and/or metabolic status of the animal

through the exploration of the results of the biochemical prole as

well as the understanding of factors that can inuence the plasma

concentrations of some blood metabolites [10].

Blood glucose levels

Results indicated in TABLE I shows that blood glucose is

signicantly higher in non-gestating ewes than in gestating ewes

(P<0.05 by Student’s t-test).

Blood cholesterol levels concentration in ruminants could be

inuenced by several factors: breed, age, sex, physiological stage,

dietary composition and season [19, 22, 23]. It could also be an

indicator of thyroid function because hypothyroidism is generally

associated with hypercholesterolemia [21, 23, 24]. Furthermore, the

obtained results are consistent with those demonstrated by Varanis

et al. [13]

who concluded that there is no signicant difference in

blood cholesterol levels concentrations between gestating ewes

and non-gestating ewes.

Moreover, a signicant decrease in total cholesterol at the end of

gestation has been reported in other species: cows [25], goats [26]

and mares [27]. This is likely related to the role of this metabolite in

the synthesis of ovarian steroids, so total cholesterol concentrations

are under the control of complex factors. Iriadam [28] described

variations in blood cholesterol levels during estrus and gestation as

precursors to steroid hormones.

Blood urea levels

In the TABLE III are presented the results of the inuence of the

physiological stage of ewes on the blood levels of urea. After comparing

the averages using the analytical test Student T, it appears that

there is no signicant difference between the two batches of ewes

(with P>0.05).

The blood glucose levels obtained in this study are within the lower

limit of the reference values for gestating ewes (0.50 – 0.80 g·L

-1

) as

reported by Dubreuil et al. [11], Frye et al. [12] and Varanis et al. [13],

and within the upper limit for non-gestating (0.41 – 0.65 g·L

-1

) ewes

as reported by Dubreuil et al. [11]. They also fall within the range of

reference values reported by Kaneko et al. [14] and Sarmin et al. [15].

Additionally, the recorded results were higher than those obtained

by Nedeva et al. [16], Abdelsattar et al. [17], Nedeva et al. [18] and

Xulu et al. [19].

The low blood glucose levels observed in ewes at the end of gestation

could be explained by the abundant use of maternal glucose by the

fetus(es). The development and rapid growth of the fetus(es) in the

last trimester of gestation require energy input that the mother should

satisfy [20]. The results obtained in the present study demonstrate that

physiological stage has a signicant inuence on blood glucose levels,

which is consistent with the ndings reported by Varanis et al. [13] and

Hamadech et al.

[20], who concluded that blood glucose levels are lower

in gestating ewes compared to those in lactation or non-gestating ewes.

Blood cholesterol levels

Regarding the parameter of blood cholesterol levels, statistical

analysis did not reveal a signicant difference (P>0.05) between the

two physiological stages (TABLE II).

In the current study, the cholesterol levels observed in both

physiological stages are higher than those reported by Dubreuiletal.

[11] (0.52 – 0.76 g·L

-1

for non-gestating ewes; and 0.50 – 1.39 g·L

-1

for

gestating ewes); however, the reported results are lower than those

recorded in studies conducted by Nedeva et al. [18]

and Vicente et al. [21].

The blood urea levels obtained in this study for both groups fall

within the range described by several authors [11, 14, 15], it appears

that there is no signicant difference between the two experimental

batches; indeed, uremia is subject to large uctuations linked to

the importance of protein intake in the ration, it constitutes a good

indicator of nitrogen intake in sheep and goats. Contrary to the current

results, Varanis et al. [13]

and Sarmin et al. [29] found a signicant

difference in blood urea between non-gestating and gestating ewes,

they observed higher urea levels in gestating ewes compared to

non-gestating or lactating ewes.

TABLE IV

Variations in blood urea levels according

to physiological stage (mg·L

-1

)

Physiological stage M ± SD

Non-gestating ewes (n = 20) 103.80 ± 8.46

Gestating ewes (n = 20) 96.82 ± 10.61

M: Mean, SD: Standard deviation,

P–Value >0.05

Biochemical parameters in Ouled-Djellal ewes / Adili et al. __________________________________________________________________________

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Blood calcium levels

Results indicated in TABLE IV shows that blood calcium levels

are slightly higher in non-gestating ewes compared to gestating

ewes; however, this difference does not appear to have a signicant

inuence on this parameter (with P>0.05).

RECOMMENDATIONS

However, further research with larger sample sizes is needed to

establish specic reference values for Ouled-Djellal ewes in arid zones

and to assess the impact of challenging climatic conditions on the

general metabolism and reproductive performance of the animals.

Conict of interests

The authors declared no potential conicts of interest with respect

to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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Regarding the blood calcium levels, the comparative analysis of

the results did not reveal a signicant inuence of the physiological

stage on calcium levels (P>0.05) between the two groups studied;

this finding was also demonstrated by Sarmin et al. [29] and

Aksoyet al. [30]. Tanritanir et al. [31], did not report any signicant

difference in this element between ewes in the pre – and post-partum

periods. On the other hand, Abdelrahman [32] reported that calcium

requirements increase with the progression of gestation and noted

that the reproductive stage has a very considerable inuence on

serum mineral concentrations, which is inconsistent with our results.

Physiological stage is a variable factor which is included in our

study, and the different results observed, as well as those from other

studies, may have different interpretations based on:

Experimental protocol: which varies among studies, particularly

in terms of blood sampling for each physiological stage,

that is to say, the day of sampling relative to the exact date

of the physiological stage (non-pregnant, early pregnancy,

mid-pregnancy, late pregnancy), and the sampling days are

not identical for all studies.

» Use of animals relative to physiological stage; some studies

use a batch of ewes for each physiological stage, while

others track the same group of animals through different

physiological stages.

Feeding; different studies on Ouled-Djellal ewes use feed rations

based on the forage availability in the region, whereas forage

composition and nutritional value vary from one region to

another Season; there is a seasonal effect (climate, temperature,

photoperiod: long days, short days) on some biochemical

parameters as reported by some studies, and additionally, the

relief shows a signicant effect of altitude on blood parameters.

CONCLUSIONS

The study of the influence of physiological stage on various

blood biochemical parameters in Ouled-Djellal ewes living in the

challenging conditions of arid zones has shown that the physiological

state significantly affects blood glucose levels (P<0.05), while

other parameters such as blood cholesterol, urea, and calcium

concentrations do not seem to be affected by the physiological stage.

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