https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e34345
Received: 02/12/2023 Accepted: 26/02/2024 Published: 24/05/2024
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Revista Científica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXIV, rcfcv-e34345
ABSTRACT
The This study evaluates the potential human health risks associated
with ve heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, and Cr) in Capoeta tinca sh. It
assesses the heavy metal burden in the muscle, gill, and liver tissues
of C. tinca, and estimates the potential health risks for consumers
by employing estimated daily intake (EDI) and standard hazard ratios
(THQ) related to heavy metal consumption. Fish and water samples
were taken from three different Regions as Sincan Brook (Sivas–Hak),
Habeş Brook (Sivas–Zara), and Tozanlı Brook (Sivas–Hak), Turkey. The
heavy metal concentrations in the brook water were found to be higher
than the established safe for safety threshold in all the sampling points.
Besides that, the values were observed to be lower than the allowed
limits. Considering the sh tissues, the Pb, Cd, and Cr concentrations
were found to be higher than the safe limits predicted by WHO. The
ndings indicate that the liver of C. tinca sh exhibited the highest
accumulation of heavy metals across all sampling areas. The highest
heavy metal concentrations found in sh muscles were found to be
(Cu) 2.51 ± 0.91 μg·g
-1
, (Cr) 0.45 ± 0.03 μg·g
-1
, (Cd) 0.88 ± 0.04 μg·g
-1
, (Pb)
2.04 ± 0.03 μg·g
-1
, and (Zn) 13.12 ± 1.08 μg·g
-1
. The descending order of
heavy metal accumulation in gills was found to be Zn > Cu >Pb > Cd >
Cr. Moreover, for each heavy metal, the Bio–concentration factor (BCF)
index, Acceptable Daily Intake, EDI, and THQ (<1) values were found to
be lower than the limits set in the international standards, indicating
that no elements posing a threat to public health were encountered,
thus not posing a short–term risk.
Key words: Water quality; sh quality; heavy metal; human health;
risk assessment
ABSTRACT
Este estudio evalúa los posibles riesgos para la salud humana
asociados con cinco metales pesados (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd y Cr) en el pez
Capoeta tinca. Evalúa la carga de metales pesados en los tejidos
musculares, branquias e hígado de C. tinca, y estima los riesgos
potenciales para la salud de los consumidores mediante el uso de
la ingesta diaria estimada (EDI) y las razones de riesgo estándar
(THQ) relacionadas con el consumo de metales pesados. Se tomaron
muestras de peces y agua de tres regiones diferentes: Arroyo Sincan
(Sivas–Hak), Arroyo Habeş (Sivas–Zara) y Arroyo Tozanlı (Sivas–Hak),
Turquía. Las concentraciones de metales pesados en el agua del
arroyo resultaron ser más altas que el umbral de seguridad establecido
en todos los puntos de muestreo. Además, se observó que los valores
eran más bajos que los límites permitidos. Considerando los tejidos de
los peces, las concentraciones de Pb, Cd y Cr resultaron ser más altas
que los límites seguros predichos por la OMS. Los resultados indican
que el hígado del pez C. tinca mostró la mayor acumulación de metales
pesados en todas las áreas de muestreo. Las concentraciones más
altas de metales pesados encontradas en los músculos de los peces
fueron (Cu) 2.51 ± 0.91 μg·g
-1
, (Cr) 0.45 ± 0.03 μg·g
-1
, (Cd) 0.88 ± 0.04 μg·g
-1
,
(Pb) 2.04 ± 0.03 μg·g
-1
y (Zn) 13.12 ± 1.08 μg·g
-1
. El orden descendente
de acumulación de metales pesados en las branquias resultó ser Zn
> Cu > Pb > Cd > Cr. Además, para cada metal pesado, se encontró
que los valores del índice de bioconcentración (BCF), la ingesta diaria
aceptable, la EDI y THQ (<1) eran más bajos que los límites establecidos
en las normas internacionales, lo que indica que no se encontraron
elementos que representaran una amenaza para la salud pública, por
lo tanto, no representan un riesgo a corto plazo.
Palabras clave: Calidad del agua; calidad del pescado; metal pesado;
salud humana; evaluación de riesgos
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Capoeta tinca sh and health risk
assessment
Bioacumulación de metales pesados en peces Capoeta tinca y evaluación de riesgos para la salud
Tuğba Demir
1
* , Ekrem Mutlu
2
, Necdet Gültepe
3
1
Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology. Sivas, Türkiye.
2
Kastamonu University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Geography. Kastamonu, Türkiye.
3
Atatürk University, Fisheries Faculty, Department of Fisheries Fundamental Sciences. Erzurum, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: tugba@cumhuriyet.edu.tr
Health risk by heavy metals in Capoeta tinca / Demir et al. __________________________________________________________________________
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INTRODUCTION
Water bodies are subjected to the inuence of numerous pollutants,
among which heavy metals stand out as particularly hazardous
substances due to their elevated toxicity levels and carcinogenic
properties, posing signicant threats to both human health and
the environment [1, 2]. Since they are not biologically degraded, as
well as their bioaccumulation, persistence, and potential danger
for aquatic life, and humans, the heavy metal pollution in water is of
very signicant importance [3]. Heavy metals causing degradation
of water quality may be human–origin or nature–origin. The natural–
origin heavy metals in waters originate from bedrock/soil transfer,
erosion, volcanic eruption, and atmospheric precipitation. Human–
origin heavy metal content in waters originates mainly from mining,
industrial and agricultural activities, and domestic wastewaters
[4]. The toxicity of any pollutant and its negative effects on the
environment and humans depend on the concentration and exposure
ways of pollutants. The heavy metal accumulation in tissues arises
from the absorption of heavy metals in the aquatic environment by the
organisms and transfer to humans through the food chain [5]. Thus,
they may cause various diseases including life–threatening cancers.
It is an important threat for humans and a fundamental source of
concern. For this reason, water resources should be continuously
monitored for sustainable management of water quality [6].
The remarkable change in agricultural and industrial activities
in the last 30 years is one of the human–origin factors inuencing
the water and soil resources in Sivas (Turkey). Opening the lands
for agriculture, salt accumulation in soil, intense use of fertilizers,
erosion, and decrease in organic matter and plant diversity threaten
the water resources as the most important environmental problems
[2]. For this reason, the characteristics of waters from wetlands
protected within the scope of RAMSAR convention and planned for
aquaculture should be known and the ecological balance in waters
should be protected. In order to take the required measures, the
physical and chemical factors in the aquatic medium should be
periodically investigated. Determining the water quality and water
pollution is important especially for the media hosting intense aquatic
life and being protected.
Since it contains high–quality protein, a low level of saturated
fat, and vitamins and minerals, fish is an important food for a
healthy life [7]. Moreover, since it includes a high level of omega–3
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), sh plays an important role in the
human diet [8]. On the other hand, in parallel with the advancement
of technology and industry and growth of population, increasing
domestic and industrial wastes mix into waters through various
pathways, cause the pollution of water, and have many sea organisms
be exposed to many toxic matters [9].
In previous studies, it was emphasized that, due to the chemical
pollutants in sea products, the consumption of sh especially by
children and pregnant women may pose signicant health problems
[10]. Moreover, the accumulation of heavy metals in the tissues
and organs of shes varies depending on the parameters such as
species, metal, metal’s environmental concentration, activity time,
age, temperature, salinity rate, and pH [2, 11].
For this reason, the studies on determining the concentration of
heavy metals in sea creatures from various media drew signicant
interest Worldwide and it was always emphasized that risk analysis
should be periodically performed for this purpose. It was reported
in the literature that, when they exceed the daily tolerable intake
limit since they cannot be eliminated from the organisms through
natural physiological pathways, heavy metals such as cadmium, lead,
mercury, nickel, arsenic, and chromium causes toxic effects [12].
Capoeta tinca (Heckel, 1843; Anatolian Khramulya) is a species from
the Cyprinidae family and it has a wide distribution in western Asia.
In Turkey, it shows a wide dispersion in Northern and NorthWestern
Anatolia, and, from hydrological aspect, they live in the systems
that are connected to the Black Sea. C. tinca can easily adapt to the
changes in water regime. Since it lives in both lotic and lentic habitats,
it is a sh that is of economic value and found in natural and man–
made lakes. It is widely preferred by consumers for its delicious meat
[13, 14]. In a previous study, heavy metal concentrations (Ag, Cd, Co,
Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in C. tinca (muscle, skin, and liver) collected from
Çamlıgöze Dam Lake were analyzed and it was reported that the metal
concentrations of the shes widely consumed by the community
should be periodically monitored [13].
In the present literature review, no study examining the heavy metal
concentrations of C. tinca collected from Sincan Brook (Sivas–Hak),
Habeş Brook (Sivas–Zara), and Tozanlı Brook (Sivas–Hak) together
could be found. Besides the health risk assessment, relating the
heavy metal concentrations of C. tinca, which have been collected in
these three Regions, to the water quality parameters is the novelty
of the present study.
Within the purpose of this study, sh and water specimens were
collected from three regions namely Sincan Brook (Sivas–Hak),
Habeş Brook (Sivas–Zara), and Tozanlı Brook (Sivas–Hak). In this
parallel, the aim of this study is to:
1.
Assess the heavy metal burden (those posing a threat to public
health and the most risky ones) in the muscle, gill, and liver
tissues of C. tinca.
2.
Estimate the potential health risk for consumers regarding
heavy metal intake by using estimated daily intake (EDI) and
standard hazard ratios (THQ).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
For this research, approval certifcate was obtained from Kastamonu
University Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee (Decision
No: 19.12.2014/2014.10).
The study area consists of three stations. The first station is
located in Habeş (Arap) Brook, the second one in Sincan Brook,
and the third one in Tozanlı Brook. Habeş Brook the rst station
(40°16´53´´N | 37°19´14´´E) originates from the piedmont of Mount
Kösedağ, whereas Sincan Brook – the second station (39°52´59´´N
| 37°35´47´´E) from Mount Gülek and Tozanlı Brook the third station –
(39°27´53´´N | 37°52´41´´E) from the western shoulder of Mount Kösedağ.
Collection of samples
Water samples
Water samples were collected on a monthly basis in years 2017 and
2018. A total of 72 water samples were examined. The samples were
collected using 1 L polyethylene bottles (bottles were rinsed twice using
deionized water) and transferred to the laboratory by using a portable
icebox (Icepeak 300083 Icebox, 26L, Asorti, Turkey). The ltered water
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samples bottled in 100 mL were digested at 100°C with concentrated
HNO
3
(20 mL). The digested water samples were cooled to room
temperature, diluted, and then ltered using Whatmann–42 lter paper.
Fish samples
Throughout the study, we collected C. tinca species, which are
extensively captured in the Region, on a monthly basis. It was formed
three distinct groups, with each group consisting of 17 samples.
The collected samples were carefully placed in polyethylene bags
and transported to the laboratory under ice storage conditions. In
the laboratory, the samples were subjected to various procedures
including biometrics, dissection, and collection of sh tissue for
heavy metal analysis. To ensure surface cleanliness, the samples
were washed using tap water. Following the cleaning process, the
sh tissue was isolated and nely diced using a stainless steel knife
(North Knife). Afterward, the tissues underwent an additional cleaning
process using deionized water and were left to air dry, allowing for the
removal of excess water and debris. Subsequently, the dried tissues
were homogenized in a food processor (Karaca Pro–Multimax 2000 W,
Turkey), and a specic amount of 200 g of tissue was carefully stored
(Nüve Fr 290,Turkey) at a temperature of -20°C for preservation. 5 g
identied tissue (dry) was digested in analytical grade HNO
3
:HClO
4
: HCl
(3:2:9) for 4–6 hours on a hot plate. Following digestion, the samples
were cooled down and passed through lter paper for ltration. To
prepare the samples for analysis, they were then diluted with distilled
water up to a volume of 50 mL [6].
Experimental analysis
Measurements were carried out on atomic absorption spectrometer
(AAS, AA 800 Series, Germany) equipped with a graphite furnace
autosampler. AAS was used to measure Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, and Cr in
the samples [(water and sh] collected. The purity of standard and
acetylene gases was 99.99 to 99.99%, respectively. Atomic signals
for Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, and Cr were measured in peak area mood. The
concentration of heavy metals in water sample was calculated using
the following formula.
()
Heavymetal concentration
mL
g
Volume of thesamplemL
AAS reading V
#
n
=
dn
where, V = volume of dilution solution
The concentration of heavy metals in sh tissue was calculated
using the following formula;
()
Heavymetal concentration
mL
g
Weight of thesampl
eg
AAS reading V
#
n
=
dn
where, V = volume of dilution solution
Quality assurance and quality control
Heavy metal analysis followed the World Health Organization
(WHO)
standards. The calibration curve was guaranteed with the correlation
coecient (R
2
), where, Pb
0.9992
,Cr
0.9999
,Cu
0.9996
,Cd
0.9988
.
Bioaccumulation factor
The bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are the ratio of heavy metals
concentration in sh organ to that in water. BAF was determined
using the formula suggested by Maurya et al. [6].
BAF
Concentrationofheavy metals in water
Concentrationofheavy metals in fish
=
Quantitative health risk assessment
The sh muscles are mainly consumed by the human population
as food. Therefore, In this study used sh muscles for evaluating the
human health risk through an estimated daily intake (EDI) of metals
and target hazard quotients (THQ) [15].
Estimated daily intake of metals
The estimated daily intake of heavy metals was calculated using
the following equation.
EDI
BW
CV
#
=
where, C is the mean heavy metals concentration in sh muscle
(μg·g
-1
) of dry weight basis. For conversion from dry weight to wet
weight, 4.8 conversion factor is taken [16]. FIR (Food Ingestion Rate)
is the daily consumption of freshwater sh (gram per day: g·day
−1
) per
capita. The average FIR was 0.019 g person
−1
day
−1
(FAO, 2016). BW is
the average body weight, 70 kg for adults [17, 18].
Target hazard quotient (THQ)
The THQ is the estimate of non–carcinogenic risk level due to heavy
metals exposure. It was calculated using the following equation [17].
.
THQ
RfD BW ATn
EfrEDFIR C0001
##
## ##
=
where Efr (Exposure frequency) is 365 day
−1
, and ED (Exposure Duration)
is 70 years (as set for this study). RfD (Reference Dose) assesses the
health risk of consuming sh, and ATn is the time of average exposure
for non–carcinogenic (365 day × no. of exposure year) [2, 19].
Statistical analysis
The data were statistically analyzed using the statistical package
SPSS (version 16.0). The mean ± standard deviations of the metal
concentration in fish species were calculated. Regarding the
correlation coecient level, if P<0.05, it was evaluated as there
was a statistically signicant difference between the groups.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Analysis of water quality and physicochemical parameters
The results of the physicochemical qualities of Brook water samples
gathered from Sivas (Hak, Divrigi, Zara) in three different sites
(Tozanli Brook, Sincan Brook, Habes Brook) are shown in FIG.1. In the
aquatic environment, temperature stands out as a crucial parameter
due to its signicant impact on various physico–chemical factors.
Temperature plays a vital role as it directly inuences the metabolism
and growth of shes, which are ectothermic animals.
Being cold–blooded creatures, sh adapt their body temperature
in response to the surrounding environment, thereby affecting their
physiological processes [20]. The temperature of the brook water was
observed in the range between 22.70–5.80°C with an average temperature
of 14.16°C. Temperature changes were parallel to seasonal transitions.
Temperature data are compatible with other rivers of the Region [21].
Various research reports have documented that the construction of
dams and barrages can lead to water blockage, consequently causing
alterations in water temperature. The presence of dams/barrages has
been associated with signicant changes in the thermal characteristics
of the water bodies, as reported in scientic studies [22].
FIGURE 1. Seasonal water quality parameters of water samples taken from three stations (Sincan, Tozanli, Habes). DO: Dissolved oxygen (mg·L
-1
), Saltiness (%), pH, EC:
Electrical conductivity, SSM: Suspended solid matter (mg·L
-1
), COD: Chemical oxygen demand (mg·L
-1
), NO
2
:Nitrite (mg·L
-1
), Cl: Chloride (mg·L
-1
), PO
4
: Phosphate (mg·L
-1
),
SO
4
: Sulfate (mg·L
-1
), Na: Sodium (mg·L
-1
), K: Potassium (mg·L
-1
), CaCO
3
: Total hardness (mg·L
-1
), TA: Total alkalinity (mg·L
-1
), Mg: Magnesium (mg·L
-1
), Ca: Calcium (mg·L
-1
),
Fe: Iron (mg·L
-1
), AN: Ammonium nitrogen (mg·L
-1
), NO
3
: Nitrate (mg·L
-1
), SO
3
: Sulde (mg·L
-1
),T°C: Temperature
Health risk by heavy metals in Capoeta tinca / Demir et al. __________________________________________________________________________
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FIGURE 2. Inter–elemental correlation matrix of metals in the sh of the three
stations (Sincan, Tozanli, Habes). Cl: Chloride (Cl
–
), Cd: Cadmium (Cd
2+
), Cu: Copper
(Cu
2+
), Pb: Lead (Pb
2+
), Zn: Zinc (Zn
2+
), Cr: Chromium (Cr
3+
), Fe: Iron (Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
), Ca:
Calcium (Ca
2+
), Mg: Magnesium (Mg
2+
), K: Potassium (K
+
), Na: Sodium (Na
+
)
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The pH values of the samples ranged from 8.32 to 8.97 with a mean
value of 8.68. In same sites another study, Sereye Dam pH was
observed ranging from 7.83 to 8.27 and with an average of 8. The
pH values of this study are in line with the standards. Studies have
interpreted changes in pH values differently.
In the river, it was consistently observed that the pH values of water
near sewage discharge points were generally lower compared to
those measured in other sections of the river. This nding indicates
a notable disparity in pH levels between the water samples collected
at sewage discharge points and elsewhere along the river [6]. When
assessing the quality of Brook water, the pH value emerges as the
second most crucial parameter. Additionally, the survival and growth
of aquatic organisms predominantly transpire within a limited range
of water pH, underscoring its signicance. Fish have a tolerance
threshold for pH, with their survival typically within the range of 6.7
to 9.5. However, for optimal growth, sh thrive in an ideal pH range
that spans from 7.5 to 8.5. The pH of water is extremely sensitive
to changes in CO
2
ratio and nature of sediments. The pH of water is
inuenced by two main factors: the concentration of carbon dioxide
(CO
2
) dissolved in the water and the nature of sediments in aquatic
environments. When CO
2
dissolves in water, it forms carbonic acid
(H
2
CO
3
), lowering the pH and making it more acidic. Conversely, when
CO
2
is released from water, the pH tends to rise, making it more
alkaline. Sediments can affect pH by releasing ions from weathered
bedrock, such as calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate, which can
buffer pH and prevent large uctuations. However, the composition
of sediments varies, and some may increase acidity while others
contribute to alkalinity. Additionally, organic matter in sediments
can inuence pH through processes like decomposition, releasing
acidic compounds. Fluctuations in these factors can impact the
pH of water bodies, which in turn affects the survival and growth
of aquatic organisms.Studies indicate that the alkalinity of water
experiences uctuations during both winter and summer seasons
due to signicant biological activity and the presence of ions from
weathered bedrock on the water's surface, particularly in areas
with slow ow rates [6]. The total alkalinity of the Brook water was
observed in the range between 215–112 mg·L
-1
with an average value
of 160.250 mg·L
-1
(FIG. 1).
The measurement of dissolved oxygen serves as a vital indicator
of water purity. The quantity of dissolved oxygen present in water
serves as a gauge for assessing the biological activity within aquatic
environments, making it an essential parameter in water quality
research and the regular functioning of water treatment facilities
[2, 6]. The dissolved oxygen of the Brook water was observed in the
range between 13.920–8.520 mg·L
-1
with an average value of 11.198
mg·L
-1
(FIG. 1). When FIG. 1 is examined in detail, the total hardness
is high in the summer season (192.340 ± 20.286). It is thought to be
caused by metal concentration in the water. Metal concentration can
typically increase water hardness because hardness measures the
total dissolved mineral ions in water. Metal ions, especially calcium
and magnesium, can elevate water hardness by increasing the levels of
total hardness. Therefore, the association of high total hardness values
with water is directly linked to an increase in metal concentration in
the water. On the other hand, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate, sulde,
nitrite, phosphate and sulfate ratios are affected by temperature
and pH changes.
FIG. 2 illustrates the metal concentrations found in the water
samples collected from three specic stations at the selected sites.
The mean heavy metals load in the brook water of stations were in the
following order Tozanli> Habes> Sincan. The mean heavy metals load in
the all brooks were in the following order: Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd >Cr. Within
the scope of this study, it was determined that all of the selected
heavy metals, with the exception of zinc (Zn), were found to fall within
the permissible limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO).
On the other hand, the lowest Cu concentration was observed at
Sincan. The highest Pb concentration was found at Tozanli station
followed by Habes, while the lowest Pb concentration was observed
at the Sincan. The highest and lowest levels Cd concentrations were
recorded at the Tozanli and Sincan sampling sites, respectively.
Highest and lowest Cr concentrations were observed at the Habes
and Sincan stations, respectively.
Literature studies have revealed that the environmental transport
of heavy metals is predominantly governed by their interactions with
water, sediments, and aquatic organisms, as well as their interplay
with other metals and various environmental conditions. These
intricate reactions play a pivotal role in shaping the dynamics of
heavy metal transport within ecosystems [23, 24].
Based on the data presented in FIG. 2, it is evident that the cadmium
(Cd) levels in all the analyzed samples were found to be below the
maximum permissible limits set by both the Turkish Standards
(0.1 mg·kg
-1
) and the EU commission (0.05 mg·kg
-1
) for Cd concentration
[24, 25, 26]. The water metal concentrations observed in this study were
attributed to anthropogenic waste, industrial residue discharge, and
the use of agricultural chemicals. These factors contribute to seasonal
water pollution with heavy metals, posing a signicant risk to the sh
population due to the accumulation of these persistent pollutants.
Analyses of heavy metal concentrations in sh tissue
The concentrations of heavy metals in the C. tinca sh specy was
in the magnitude order of liver >gill > muscle (F–1; Sincan, F–2; Habes,
Health risk by heavy metals in Capoeta tinca / Demir et al. __________________________________________________________________________
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F–3; Tozanli). Fish muscles are widely consumed as a primary source
of food Worldwide. The consumption of sh muscle is prevalent across
the globe due to its nutritional value and culinary versatility. Fish
muscle is preferred in canned food in the food industry. C. tinca sh
consumed thought Region people. Coastal ecosystems in Regions
characterized by intensive industrial and agricultural activities often
exhibit elevated metal concentrations, as highlighted by Naser [27].
Within these ecosystems, aquatic organisms have a tendency to
accumulate these metals within their bodies, further emphasizing
the potential impacts of metal pollution on the marine food web.
Consequently, we specically selected C. tinca sh species for
this study and conducted analyses to assess their exposure to
various heavy metals. Among the studied water stations, the highest
concentration of zinc (Zn) was consistently observed, with Tozanli,
Sincan, and Habes stations displaying progressively lower Zn levels.
The hevy metal concentration trend was Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd>Cr in almost
all sh groups.
The ndings of our study align with the results reported in the
literature, specifically corroborating the findings presented by
Maurya et al. [6]. The presents study's outcomes provide additional
support to the existing body of research, further strengthening the
validity and reliability of the reported results in relation to the topic
under investigation [6, 19]. Furthermore, signicant disparities in
heavy metal levels were observed across various water stations, as
depicted in FIG. 2. Previous studies have identied that the variations
in heavy metal concentrations can be attributed to factors such as
sh species, sh age, seasonal uctuations, and the overall quality
parameters of the aquatic environment. These ndings underscore
the complex interplay of multiple factors inuencing heavy metal
accumulation in aquatic ecosystems [28].
Moreover, it is crucial to consider metal speciation, pH levels, and
temperature as key factors when examining metal accumulations
within aquatic systems. The interplay between metal speciation,
pH, and temperature plays a pivotal role in determining the extent of
metal accumulation and its potential impact on aquatic ecosystems.
Therefore, these factors warrant signicant attention and consideration
in studies pertaining to metal accumulation dynamics. In this study
chromium (Cr) levels among the selected area of sh tissue ranged
from 0.27–0.45 µg·g
-1
. Levels of the Cr concentrations in muscle were
recorded as 0.31 ± 0.02 µg·g
-1
in C. tinca (Sincan), 0.33 ± 0.08 µg·g
-1
(Tozanli) and 0.45 ± 0.03 µg·g
-1
(Habes), in C. tinca, respectively. European
Union Commission suggested the daily tolerable Cr concentration to
be 1 mg·kg
-1
[25], WHO and Federal Environmental Protection Agency
(FEPA) commissions were suggested 0.15 mg·kg
-1
[19, 29]. The Turkish
Standards do not provide specic information regarding the maximum
permissible intake of chromium (Cr) in sh. The regulatory guidelines
for sh consumption in relation to chromium levels are not explicitly
outlined in the Turkish Standards [30]. Additionally, in all samples Cr
concentrations in muscle, gills and liver’s are below the legal limit of
EU commission [31]. In the literature, Jayaprakash et al. reported that
the obtained Cr concentrations were 1.09 mg·kg
-1
Sillago sihama, which
were caught from the coast of India [32].
Copper (Cu) plays a vital role in the synthesis of hemoglobin and
certain enzymes in the human body, highlighting its essentiality.
However, excessive intake of copper can lead to adverse effects on
the liver and kidneys, potentially causing damage to these vital organs.
Copper (Cu) is vital for various physiological processes, including
hemoglobin synthesis and enzyme function. While necessary in small
amounts, excessive intake can lead to toxicity, primarily affecting
the liver, kidneys, and nervous system. Hepatic effects may include
hepatitis or cirrhosis, while renal damage can lead to tubular necrosis.
Neurological symptoms like tremors and cognitive impairment may
also occur. Excessive copper levels have been linked to oxidative
stress and chronic diseases. Maintaining a balanced diet is crucial to
avoid toxicity, especially for individuals with conditions like Wilson's
disease. It is important to maintain a balanced and appropriate intake
of copper to ensure its benecial effects while avoiding potential
harm [33]. The lowest Cu concentration was observed in the (Habes
Brook) C. tinca with 2.14 ± 0.82
μ
g·g
-1
in it is muscle, while the highest
levels was found in C. tinca (Sincan Brook) 5.32 ± 1.02 μg·g
-1
in it is gills.
These ndings indicate that the levels of copper (Cu) did not surpass
the permissible limit recommended by international agencies, such as
the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The Cu concentrations
observed in the study were within the acceptable range dened by the
FAO, demonstrating compliance with the established guidelines set
for safe consumption [34]. According to the World Health Organization
(WHO) and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives
(JECFA), the persistent elevation of copper (Cu) levels in the Brook
ecosystem presents a signicant and alarming health risk to human
consumers through the consumption of sh. The continuous rise
in Cu concentrations poses a serious threat to human well–being,
underscoring the urgent need for mitigation measures to safeguard
Public Health [35].
In the study, the Cadminium (Cd) concentrations in the muscle
of C. tinca was determined to be between 0.61–0.88
μ
g·g
-1
; in the
gills Cd levels were determined to be 0.81–1.07 μg·g
-1
; in the liver
Cd concentrations were determined to be 0.86–1.19 μg·g
-1
. TABLE
I shows, that the Cd concentrations of all examined samples were
below the maximum allowed Cd levels by Turkish Standards which is
0.1 mg·kg
-1
[24] and EU commission’s allowed Cd concentration, which
is 0.05 mg·kg
-1
[26]. Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic and concerning
contaminant that can be found in various sources and is transported
through both water and air pathways. It poses a signicant threat
due to its detrimental effects on environmental and human health.
Cd is known to be a serious pollutant with harmful implications,
emphasizing the importance of monitoring and addressing its
presence in the environment [18].
The lead (Pb) concentration ranged from 1.67 ± 0.02 μg·g
-1
to 2.18 ± 0.23
μg·g
-1
(same value Sincan Brook and Tozanli Brook) among the C. tinca
from the study areas. The highest Pb concentrations were detected
in liver for Sincan Brook and Tozanli Brook. The lowest Pb levels of
gills tissue were detected in Tozanli Brook (2.04 ± 0.05
μ
g·g
-1
) (TABLE
I). According to the Turkish Food Codex [36], TABLE I presents the
recommended maximum tolerable concentrations of lead, set at 0.3
mg·kg
-1
. These guidelines serve as a reference for assessing lead levels
and ensuring compliance with regulatory standards in relation to food
safety and public health. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
and the World Health Organization (WHO) have recommended a limit
of 0.5 μg·g
-1
for lead (Pb) in food, whereas the Federal Environmental
Protection Agency (FEPA) has set a value of 2.0 μg·g
-1
. In several
literature studies focusing on Iskenderun Bay, metal analyses were
performed on a variety of sh species, revealing lead levels in the
muscle and skin of Solea lascaris ranging from 0.39 to 2.09 mg·g
-1
.
These findings highlight the importance of assessing lead
contamination in sh and considering the variations observed across
different species [37]. The obtained ndigs are appropriated with
literature ndings.
_____________________________________________________________________________Revista Cientifica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXIV, rcfcv-e34345
7 of 10
Zinc (Zn) plays a vital role in the functioning of crucial enzymes
(carbonic anhydrase, transferrin, ferritin) in all living organisms.
Among all the heavy metals analyzed, zinc consistently exhibited
the highest levels across all stations. This finding underscores
the prominence of zinc as an essential element and highlights its
prevalence within the studied aquatic environment.
The highest (19.22 ± 1.05 μg·g
-1
) and lowest (10.12 ± 0.88 μg·g
-1
)
concentration of Zn was observed in the liver and muscle of C. tinca
(Sincan Brook), respectively (TABLE I). The highest Zn in the muscle
(13.12 ± 1.08
μ
g·g
-1
) and gills (18.28 ± 1.12
μ
g·g
-1
) were observed in C. tinca
(Tozanli Brook and Habes Brook), respectively. The FAO proposed a
limit of 30 μg·g
-1
for Zn in food.
In a separate study, the concentration of zinc (Zn) revealed a
heterogeneous pattern of heavy metal accumulation within various
sh tissues, potentially attributed to the feeding behavior exhibited
by different sh species [6]. Notably, some literature ndings have
reported exceptionally high levels of zinc concentration. However,
our ndings align with established standards limits, demonstrating
compliance with regulatory guidelines and providing reassurance
regarding the safety of the observed Zn concentrations.
Determination of bioconcentration factor and correlation analysis
of heavy metal in C. tinca tissues
Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) in various sh tissues represent
the relationship between the concentrations of heavy metals found in
the tissues and the corresponding indicators of the surrounding water.
These BCF values serve as ratios that provide insights into the extent of
heavy metal accumulation within different sh tissues, shedding light
on the potential bioaccumulation dynamics and the interaction between
the sh and their aquatic environment [20] (TABLE II). In this study, BCFs
of heavy metals in the C. tinca species and different station (Tozanli,
Sincan, Habes Brooks) and different sh tissues (muscle, liver, gill). The
analysis of C. tinca sh organ tissues revealed notable variations in the
bioaccumulation of different heavy metals. Among the selected brooks
(Tozanli, Sincan, Habes), the gills exhibited higher bioconcentration
factors (BCFs), while the liver and muscle displayed lower BCF values.
These ndings suggest that the transfer of heavy metal concentrations
from water to sh tissues occurs across all the studied areas. Overall,
the BCF values, as shown in TABLE II, indicate that the levels of heavy
metals in sh tissues follow the order of gill>liver>muscle. Consistent
with the existing literature [38], metabolically active tissues such as
gills, liver, and kidneys tend to exhibit higher accumulations of heavy
metals compared to other tissues like skin and muscle.
TABLE I
Concentrations of heavy metals (μg·g
-1
wet weight) in some organs of sh species collected from the three stations (Sincan, Habes, Tozanli)
Cu Cr Cd Pb Zn
Muscle Gills Liver Muscle Gills Liver Muscle Gills Liver Muscle Gills Liver Muscle Gills Liver
F–1 2.51 ± 0.91 5.32 ± 1.02 4.63 ± 1.23 0.31 ± 0.02 0.39 ± 0.01 0.28 ± 0.01 0.78 ± 0.03 1.02 ± 0.08 1.08 ± 0.02 2.04 ± 0.03 2.16 ± 0.02 2.18 ± 0.02 10.12 ± 0.88 16.13 ± 1.16 19.22 ± 1.05
F–2 2.14 ± 0.82 3.12 ± 1.15 3.12 ± 1.08 0.45 ± 0.03 0.38 ± 0.03 0.41 ± 0.02 0.61 ± 0.09 0.81 ± 0.02 0.86 ± 0.05 1.86 ± 0.08 2.06 ± 0.04 2.14 ± 0.03 11.17 ± 1.12 18.28 ± 1.12 20.12 ± 0.98
F–3 2.28 ± 0.86 3.08 ± 1.21 3.88 ± 1.24 0.33 ± 0.08 0.27 ± 0.02 0.38 ± 0.03 0.88 ± 0.04 1.07 ± 0.03 1.19 ± 0.06 1.67 ± 0.02 2.04 ± 0.05 2.18 ± 0.07 13.12 ± 1.08 17.63 ± 0.86 19.21 ± 1.13
FAO 30 1 0.5 0.5 30
WHO 30 0.15 * 0.5 40
FEPA * 0.15 * 2 *
CCFAC * * 0.5 0.2 *
TFC 20 * 0.05 0.3 50
(Mean ± SD),
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organisation, WHO: World Health Organization, FEPA: Federal Environmental Protection Agency, CCFAC: Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants,
TFC: Turkish Food Codex, F–1: Sincan, F–2: Habes, F–3: Tozanlı
TABLE II
Bio–concentration factor (BCF) index of the selected
Capoeta tinca in dierent heavy metals
Tissue F–1 F–2 F–3
Cu
Muscle 0.533 0.454 0.484
Gills 1.130 0.662 0.654
Liver 0.983 0.662 0.824
Cr
Muscle 0.764 1.108 0.813
Gills 0.961 0.936 0.665
Liver 0.690 1.010 0.936
Cd
Muscle 0.848 0.663 0.957
Gills 1.109 0.880 1.163
Liver 1.174 0.935 1.293
Pb
Muscle 1.207 1.101 0.988
Gills 1.278 1.219 1.207
Liver 1.290 1.266 1.290
Zn
Muscle 0.638 0.704 0.827
Gills 1.017 1.153 1.112
Liver 1.212 1.269 1.211
F–1: Sincan, F–2: Habes, F–3: Tozanli
The correlation analyses, as illustrated in the Pearson's correlation
matrix (FIG. 2), unveiled a statistically signicant relationship between
lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) concentrations (r = 0.78; P<0.05). This robust
correlation indicates a potential interplay between the accumulation
patterns of these two heavy metals within the samples of C. tinca
collected from Sincan Brook and Tozanli Brook. The observed co–
accumulation of Pb and Cu across various tissues suggests a complex
interaction, possibly inuenced by anthropogenic activities such as
chemical–intensive industries and their associated waste discharge.
FIG. 3 shows that Scatterplot matrix of metals in the sh of the
three stations (Sincan, Tozanlı, Habes).
Health risk assessment
TABLE III demonstrates that the average concentrations of
chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in the
muscle, gills, and liver of C. tinca (Tozanli, Sincan, Habes Brooks) were
FIGURE 3. Scatterplot matrix of metals in the sh of the three stations
Health risk by heavy metals in Capoeta tinca / Demir et al. __________________________________________________________________________
8 of 10
TABLE III
Target hazard quotient (THQ) estimated for individual heavy metals through consumption of from dierent area to Capoeta tinca
Heavy metals Fish species
Average
concentration
Recommended daily allowance
mg·day
-1
·70 kg
-1
body weight
EDI 70 kg
-1
body weight
RfD
μg·kg
-1
·day
-1
Target hazard
quotient
(THQ)
Cr
F–1 0.35
0.230
0.085 0.003
0.0469
F–2 0.48 0.116 0.003
F–3 0.39 0.094 0.003
Cu
F–1 4.15
35
0.251 0.040
0.1813F–2 5.10 0.314 0.040
F–3 4.88 0.301 0.040
Cd
F–1 0.893
0.067
0.403 0.001
0.1723F–2 0.911 0.395 0.001
F–3 0.982 0.434 0.001
Pb
F–1 2.036
0.248
0.287 0.0035
0.0392F–2 2.073 0.237 0.0035
F–3 2.101 0.240 0.0035
Zn
F–1 16.168
70
2.311 0.300
0.1519
F–2 15.215 2.173 0.300
F–3 16.205 2.340 0.300
F–1: Sincan, F–2: Habes, F–3: Tozanli
_____________________________________________________________________________Revista Cientifica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXIV, rcfcv-e34345
9 of 10
signicantly lower than the maximum allowable levels set by prominent
regulatory bodies such as FAO, WHO, FEPA, EU, and Turkish Standards.
These ndings indicate that the studied sh specimens are within
the permissible limits for heavy metal concentrations, providing
reassurance regarding their safety and compliance with established
guidelines. The accumulation of heavy metals in fish poses an
immediate concern, necessitating a thorough health risk assessment,
particularly for sh sourced from contaminated environments. Given
the toxicity of heavy metals and their potential impact on human
health, various methods have been developed to evaluate the potential
health risks associated with their consumption. These methods aim
to assess and mitigate the risks posed by heavy metal exposure to
individuals who consume these contaminated sh, ensuring the
safety and well–being of the population [39].
TABLE III presents the calculated Target Hazard Quotient (THQ)
values for each heavy metal, reecting the potential health risks
associated with the consumption of C. tinca from different areas.
The THQ values serve as indicators of the extent to which the intake
of these heavy metals may pose hazards to human health. The
acceptable guidline value for THQ is 1 [17]. The estimated daily intake
of Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn were below the guideline references doses
of 0.003, 0.040, 0.001, 0.0035 and 0.3, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Based on the findings of this study, it has been identified that
the study area encompassing Sincan, Tozanli, and Habes Brooks
is subject to signicant pollution pressure. In accordance with the
guidelines outlined in the RAMSAR convention, it is imperative that
strict implementation of protective laws is carried out to mitigate
ecological degradation and restore the ecological balance of these
regions. Despite the overall good water quality observed in all three
sampling regions, the biological accumulation of heavy metals in C. tinca
specimens surpassed the maximum limits established by prominent
regulatory bodies including FAO, WHO, FEPA, CCFAC, TFC, and EC,
particularly for Cd and Pb. To prevent further pollution of the analyzed
water resources and maintain the natural ecological balance comprising
native fish populations and other aquatic organisms, periodic
monitoring is essential. Implementing a comprehensive monitoring
program that incorporates thorough data analysis would offer valuable
insights for effective water quality management in the lake.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Institutional review board statement
Not applicable.
Informed consent statement
Not applicable.
Data availability statement
The data are available by the corresponding author upon.
Conicts of interest
The authors declare no conict of interest.
Sample availability
Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.
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