https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e33295
Received: 21/07/2023 Accepted: 25/08/2023 Published: 27/09/2023
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Revista Científica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXIII, rcfcv-e33295
ABSTRACT
This research was carried out at the Santa Inés Farm of the Faculty of
Agricultural Sciences of the Universidad Técnica de Machala, El Oro
Province, Ecuador. The aim was to evaluate the effect of Plectranthus
amboinicus, commonly called oreganon, on the productive and
economic parameters of Cobb 500 broilers. For the well–being of the
birds, the management established for open house systems in the
area was used. A Completely randomized design was applied, where 6
treatments were used, each with 4 Experimental Units of 10 birds, for
a total of 240 chickens evaluated. The treatments arrangement was:
T1 or control which was based on a commercial type basal diet, while,
to the balanced diets of treatments T2, T3, T4 and T5, the dehydrated–
ground leaf of P. amboinicus was added at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00%,
respectively, in replacement of the Growth Promoter Antibiotic (GPA);
the T6 or blank, which did not contain GPA and dehydrated P. amboinicus
in the balanced mixture. The variables evaluated were live weight
gain (LWG), feed consumption (FC), accumulated water consumption
(AWC), feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality (M), productive eciency
factor (PEF), kg of standing meat per m
2
, economic expenses and
cost per kg of standing meat. For all the variables, an ANOVA was
used, previous assumptions of normality and homogeneity, and to
discriminate between the means, Tukey's honest signicant difference
(HSD) procedure was used, with a condence level of 95%. All data were
analyzed using the PROC GLM (General Linear Model) procedure of the
SAS statistical package. The results showed that oreganón could works
as a replacement alternative to the GPA in broilers, without harming
the productive and economic parameters.
Key words: Broilers; productive parameters; economic
parameters; Plectranthus amboinicus
RESUMEN
Esta investigación se realizó en la Finca Santa Inés de la Facultad de
Ciencias Agropecuarias de la Universidad Técnica de Machala, provincia
de El Oro, Ecuador. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de Plectranthus
amboinicus, comúnmente llamado oreganón, sobre los parámetros
productivos y económicos de pollos de engorde Cobb 500. Para el
bienestar de las aves se utilizó el manejo establecido para sistemas
de casa abierta en la zona. Se aplicó un Diseño Completamente al
Azar, donde se utilizaron 6 tratamientos, cada uno con 4 Unidades
Experimentales de 10 aves, para un total de 240 pollos evaluados. El
arreglo de tratamientos fue: T1 o testigo el cual se basó en una dieta
basal tipo comercial, mientras que, a las dietas balanceadas de los
tratamientos T2, T3, T4 y T5, fue adicionada la hoja deshidratada–
molida de P. amboinicus al 0,25; 0,50; 0,75 y 1.00 %, respectivamente,
en reemplazo del Antibiótico Promotor de Crecimiento (APC); el T6 o
blanco, que no contenía en la mezcla balanceada APC y P. amboinicus
deshidratado. Las variables evaluadas fueron: ganancia de peso
vivo (GPV), consumo de alimento (CA), consumo de agua acumulado
(CAA), índice de conversión alimenticia (ICA), mortalidad (M), factor
de eciencia productiva (FEP), kg de carne en pie por m
2
, gastos
económicos y costo por kg de carne en pie. Para todas las variables
se utilizó un ANOVA, previos supuestos de normalidad y homogeneidad,
y para discriminar entre las medias se utilizó el procedimiento de
diferencia significativa honesta (HSD) de Tukey, con un nivel de
confianza del 95 %. Todos los datos fueron analizados utilizando
el procedimiento PROC GLM (General Linear Model) del paquete
estadístico SAS. Los resultados mostraron que oreganón podría
funcionar como una alternativa de reemplazo del APC en pollos de
engorde, sin perjudicar los parámetros productivos y económicos.
Palabras clave: Pollos de engorde; parámetros productivos;
parámetros económicos; Plectranthus amboinicus
Use of Plectranthus amboinicus in chickens and its effect on productive and
economic parameters
Uso de Plectranthus amboinicus en pollos y su efecto en parámetros productivos y económicos
Angel Roberto Sánchez–Quinche
1
* , Adriana Mishel Ibáñez–Loja
2
, Dervin Bartolo Dean–Gutiérrez
3
1
Universidad Técnica de Machala. Faculty of Agricultural Sciences. Veterinary Medicine Career. Research Group on Food Production and Animal Health (GIPASA). Seedbed
for Animal Production Research (SIPA). Machala, El Oro, Ecuador.
2
Universidad Técnica de Machala. Faculty of Agricultural Sciences. Veterinary Medicine Career. Seedbed for Animal Production Research (SIPA). Machala, El Oro, Ecuador.
3
Universidad del Zulia. Faculty of Veterinary Sciences. Maracaibo, Zulia, Venezuela.
*Corresponding autor: arsanchez@utmachala.edu.ec
FIGURE 1. Temperature recording (7:30 a.m.) during the experiment, maximum
(orange color) and minimum (blue color), using a digital thermohygrometer
brand: LWH model: HTC–2 “China”
FIGURE 2. Humidity record (7:30 a.m.) during the experiment, maximum (orange
color) and minimum (blue color), using a digital thermo–hygrometer brand:
LWH model: HTC–2 “China”
Use of Plectranthus amboinicus in chickens / Sánchez-Quinche et al. ______________________________________________________________
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INTRODUCTION
Currently, the demand for animal protein continues to increase,
being directly proportional to the growth of the population, this
is explained by the demands of the market, which nally is what
makes the difference, showing an increasingly demand in quality and
safety of the products. This last factor faces some challenges, which
encourages the transformation of the productive matrix, especially in
the poultry industry, which under pressure from the Goverment, has
seen the need to improve management and genetics, make optimal
use of resources and in more extreme cases, remove chemicals that
were traditionally used in the feed consumed by animals, added to
the growing practice of sustainable and sustainable production [1]
In Ecuador, the poultry industry, has been one of the main bases
of food production of animal origin, and it growing, even though the
pandemic directly affected consumers and producers’ income [2]. On
the other hand, the growing trend of using alternative management
on farms has generated satisfactory results, as it does not remain
in the past, and regarding to food, research has demonstrated the
possibility of producing food free of articial chemicals, as well as
ecological, and with potential in the broiler industry [3].
The prohibition of the use of Antibiotics as Growth Promoters (AGP)
in the European Union caused a change in the productive structure, the
challenge was to produce protein of animal origin in the same quantity
and quality, free of these chemicals, which encouraged research on the
topic, but the controversy broke out, with the appearance of superbugs,
which, in the other hand, was an inevitable consequence of banning
of therapeutic or subtherapeutic use of AGP [4].
With this restriction on the use of AGP, researchers started to evaluate
alternative replacements, including those of natural origin, such as the
use of medicinal plants, like Plectranthus amboinicus, also known as
oreganón, which has similar properties to those of the common oregano
(Origanum vulgare), although it is a perennial herbaceous plant, robust,
with eshy and very fragrant leaves, easy to propagate and produce and
with characteristics that allow it to be used in the culinary art, as well
as, in the medicinal area, showing in the latter outstanding results [5].
The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of P. amboinicus
on the productive and economic parameters of Cobb 500 broilers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research location
The research was carried out at the "Santa Inés" farm of the Faculty
of Agricultural Sciences belonging to the Universidad Técnica de
Machala, Coastal Region of Ecuador, at kilometer 5 ½ via Machala–
Pasaje; Its geographic coordinates are: Longitude 79°54'05", Latitude
3°17'16", altitude 5 meter above sea levels (FIGS. 1 and 2).
House characteristics and bird management
Throughout the experiment, the birds were managed as described
by Agrocalidad [6] and González–Eras et al. [7] with the difference
that, the warehouse were adapted to house 240 broilers (galvanized
mesh cage, Protmec brand, MESH 3 model “Ecuador”; plastic drinkers
with a capacity of 4.0 liters, code AP–0570, and plastic feeders with a
capacity of 4.5 kg, code AP–0590, manufacturer Chempro “China”), with
an average weight of 46 g upon receipt, placing a total of 10 birds·m
2
o
Experimental United (EU). For those in which the weight was recorded,
a CAMRY brand electronic scale (model EK9332–F302 “China”) with a
maximum capacity of 5 kg and a margin of error of ±1 gram was used.
Formulation of the feed diet
To prepare the balanced formulas, the Excel Solver tool was used,
following the same procedure described by González–Eras et al.
[7], formulating 3 diets in every treatment, adjusting the nutrient
concentration according to the bird’s requirements in each growing
phase (TABLE I):
FIGURE 3. Distribution of Plectranthus amboinicus leaves on the trays of the turbo
food dehydrator
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TABLE I
Ingredients Diets (%) *
Ingredients
Starting Growth Finishing
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
L–lysine monohydrochloride 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.32 0.30 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.39 0.24 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.20
DL–methionine 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.39 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.36 0.34 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29
L–threonine 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
Soybean 38.55 38.60 38.70 38.78 38.78 38.51 35.13 35.19 35.29 35.36 34.96 35.10 31.59 31.64 31.74 31.84 31.84 31.56
Corn 49.80 49.49 48.97 48.47 48.03 50.01 55.45 55.13 54.59 54.13 54.18 55.66 57.41 57.09 56.56 56.02 55.97 57.61
Soybean oil 6.40 6.50 6.68 6.85 7.00 6.32 4.53 4.64 4.83 5.00 5.00 4.45 5.48 5.60 5.79 5.98 6.00 5.41
Robavio Max Advanced
1
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
MIKRO–MIX broilers 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Iodized salt 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29
Calcium carbonate 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.11 1.32 1.32 1.31 1,28 1.18 1.32 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.09 0.87 1.10
Dicalcium phosphate 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.60 1.58 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.18
Zinc bacitrazine 15% 0.05 0.05 0.05
LERBEK®
2
0.05 0.05 0.05
Dehydrated
P. amboinicus 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Zeolite 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
*Formulas designed by lead author
¹Enzyme preparation of endo–
1,4–xylanase, endo –1,3(4)–β–
Glucanase, 6–phytase enzyme.
²Coccidiostat: Clopidol 20% +
methylbenzoquate 1.67%
Nutritional values provided for all diets: 2860.00
Kcal·kg
-1
ME; 212.00 CP; 33.20 CF; 9.80 Ca; 6.60 P;
1.90 Na; 2.95 Cl; 13.80 Lys; 10.20 Met + Cys y 9.00
Thr; all expressed in g·kg
-1
Nutritional values provided for all diets: 2990.00
Kcal·kg
-1
ME; 200.00 CP; 32.37 CF; 9.50 Ca; 5.80 P;
1.70 Na; 2.50 Cl; 12.50 Lys; 9.50 Met + Cys y 8.30
Thr; all expressed in g·kg
-1
Nutritional values provided for all diets: 3050.00
Kcal·kg
-1
ME; 185.00 CP; 30.70 CF; 8.50 Ca; 5.60 P;
1.60 Na; 2.28 Cl; 11.30 Lys; 8.60 Met + Cys y 7.50
Thr; all expressed in g·kg
-1
Starting diet: fed from day 0 to 21. Growth diet: fed from day 22
to 28. Finishing diet: fed from day 29 onwards. At all times, it was
guaranteed that the treatments received isoproteic and isoenergetic
formulations depending on their phase.
Preparation and dehydration of P. amboinicus leaves
For the elaboration of this natural additive, fresh leaves without
petiole of 52 days old plants were harvested according to the
recommendation of Ayala et al. [8], were weighed using a CAMRY
brand electronic scale (model EK9332–F302 “China”), washed, drained
and then placed in the trays of the food dehydrator ("Ronco®" EZ–
Store 5 trays, USA), at a temperature of 62°C., for 24 h, obtaining
a 5.60% (with 0.11 SD) of partially dry matter (PDM), samples were
removed and allowed to stabilize for 48 h in the environment, in a
sealed container, after this time it was subjected to two grindings
and packed in oxygen–free sealed bags (FIG. 3).
Evaluated variables
All were quantitative and those of weight expressed in kg.
Live weight gain
These data were obtained from the difference between the
weekly live weight and the arrival weight of the baby chicks, up to
day 35 (Week 5), registering a total of approximately 1200 data (6 "T"
Treatments × 4 EU × 10 Chickens "C" × 5 weeks "w").
FIGURE 4. Distribution of the 6 treatments, randomly, in each replicate
Use of Plectranthus amboinicus in chickens / Sánchez-Quinche et al. ______________________________________________________________
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Cumulative feed intake
Data was recorded weekly, a total of 120 data (6T × 4EU × 5w) were
generated.
Accumulated water consumption
All the water consumption during every week was measured and
summarized to obtain the corresponding data, thereby generating
120 data (6T × 4EU × 5w).
Feed conversion
This data was recorded weekly, obtaining 120 data (6T × 4EU × 5w).
Mortality
For this data, the number of deceased birds during the entire
investigation was recorded, it was expressed as a percentage.
Productive eciency factor (PEF)
This data was obtained at the end of the production of the animals,
this allows the ock to be qualied, the larger it is, the better its
productivity. To obtain it the following formula was applied:
""
"%
""
"
PEF
FCRage days
viabilityfinal weight kg
100
#
#
#
=
dn
Kg of standing meat per m
2
This data was obtained by adding the nal live weight of the birds
that were in the EU, expressed in kg and in a square meter of space.
Economic expenses
To obtain this data, the reference for the experiment, the sum of
all the material and equipment expenses was made, and nally the
cost of feed consumed by the birds in each one of the EU. To obtain
it, the following formula was applied:
coscos
Expenses
EU
material andequipment tper EU todfeedconsumed
=+
/
Cost per kg of live meat
This data was the result of the difference between the handling
cost (without taking into account the equipment of the pens), and
the kg of live weight obtained per m
2
, it is expressed in US Dollars
and it is obtained with the following formula:
""
""
intos
Expenses
kg
totalliveweightkgm
EU ma enance ctUSDm
2
2
$
$
=
Experimental design
A completely randomized design (CRD) was applied, where 6
treatments were used, each with 4 EU of 10 birds, for a total of 240
chickens evaluated (FIG. 4). The T1 or control was a basal diet with
AGP (Bacitrazine zinc 15%) and coccidiostat (LERBEK® "Clopidol 20%
+ Methylbenzoquate 1.67%"), while, to the balanced diets of treatments
T2, T3, T4 and T5, the dehydrated–ground leaf of P. amboinicus was
added at 0.25; 0.50; 0.75 and 1.00%, respectively, in replacement of the
Growth Promoter Antibiotic (GPA); the T6 or blank, which did not contain
GPA and dehydrated P. amboinicus in the balanced mixture (TABLE I).
Statistical analysis
An ANOVA was used to analyzed the data obtained, previous
assumptions of normality and homogeneity, and to discriminate between
the means, Tukey's honest signicant difference (HSD) procedure was
used with a condence level of 95%. All data were analyzed using the PROC
GLM (General Linear Model) procedure of the SAS statistical package [9].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Productive variables
Live weight gain (kg)
TABLE II shows the results obtained weekly on the average weight
gain for every treatment, recorded throughout the investigation (week,
day 35: T1: 2.24, T2: 2.21, T3: 2.26, T4: 2.21, T5: 2.15 and T6: 2.19), no
signicant effects were detected among treatments. These results
are similar to those found by Hosseinzadeh et al. [10], in broilers of the
Ross 308 line, who evaluated the effect of "Plectranthus amboinicus
and rosemary (Rosmarinus ocinalis L.) essential oils, on performance,
antioxidant activity, intestinal health, immune response, and plasma
biochemistry", where they used essential oil of P. amboinicus (100
mg·kg
-1
of food and 200 mg·kg
-1
of food) and R. ocinalis (100 mg·kg
-1
of food), not nding signicant differences in the study variable,
contrasting the groups (P. amboinicus "100 mg": 2.51, P. amboinicus
"200 mg": 2.37 y R. ocinalis "100 mg": 2.35) with those who received
a normal basal diet (control: 2.33), said experiment lasted 42 d. They
differ from the ndings made by Languido et al. [11], in Bounty Fresh
chickens, in their experiment "Performance of Bounty Fresh Broiler
Chicken Fed Diet supplemented with Oregano (P. amboinicus L.) Leaf
Meal", who reported that the diet containing 6% P. amboinicus (1.96),
at week 7, presented the best weight gain when compared to the other
treatments (control: 1.74, 3% P. amboinicus: 1.85 and 9% P. amboinicus:
1.82), which showed a signicant difference, demonstrating in this
study that all the diets that included oreganon differ from the control,
pointing out that they use a higher percentage from P. amboinicus.
Cumulative feed intake (kg)
When contrasting the average data obtained across all treatments
showed in TABLE III, were not observed statistical differences week
by week, nor at the end of the experiment, the treatment that presents
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the lowest feed intake was the one containing 1% oreganon (3.00)
compared to the Treatment containing the GPA (3.07). Similar results
were found by Hosseinzadeh et al. [10], on their ndings (Control:
4.06, P. amboinicus "100 mg": 4.25, P. amboinicus "200 mg": 4.18 y R.
ocinalis "100 mg": 4.16) and by Chiriboga Chuchuca et al. [5], who in
their research, where they experimented with the addition of vinegar
(Acetic acid) and infusion of 10% oreganon to the drinking water (T1
"vinegar": 2.52, T2 "vinegar + infusion of 10% P. amboinicus": 2.39, T3
"infusion of 10% P. amboinicus": 2.60 and T4 "control": 2.40), they found
no relevant differences in the feed intake. However those differed from
the research carried out by Languido et al. [11], in which the treatments
that received 3% (4.65) and 6% (4.75) inclusion of P. amboinicus in the
feed showed differences when compared with the control (4.54), the
interesting fact in this research is that 9% (4.51) did not present it.
Mortality
Although no mortality was recorded in the treatments that received
0.25 and 1.00% of P. amboinicus, there was no signicant difference
despite the fact that those that carried AGP and T6 (free of GPA and
oreganon) obtained 5% mortality, although, the difference in mortality
presented by the treatments that use oreganon is notorious (FIG. 5).
Similar ndings are shown by Sanchez et al. [12] who did not register
mortality for which they did not report signicant differences in
this variable.
Productive eciency factor
It can be seen that in FIG. 6, there are no signicant differences
with respect to the PEF obtained in each treatment; however,
mathematically, it can be noted that the treatment with 0.50%
oreganon (471.6) presents the best result, clarifying that all the
treatments were excellent, higher than the standard of 300 according
to what was shown by Itzá [13], in his article “Parámetros productivos
en la avicultura” (FIG. 6).
TABLE II
Weekly live weight gain expressed in kg, obtained by discounting
the live weight of the baby chick at the time of its reception
Week T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 CL Sig.
1 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.01
NS
2 0.45 0.45 0.43 0.45 0.43 0.45 0.02
3 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.94 0.96 0.04
4 1.71 1.64 1.74 1.64 1.59 1.69 0.16
5 2.24 2.21 2.26 2.21 2.15 2.19 0.13
Week 1, 2, 3, 4, 5: Weeks of the experiment. Treatments: T1 feed with APC; T2, T3, T4, T5 feed
with 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00% of
P. amboinicus respectively and T6 feed without APC or P.
amboinicus
. CL: Condence limit. Sig. NS o *: statistically signicant difference (P< 0.05)
TABLE III
Average weekly cumulative feed consumption expressed in kg/week
Week T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 CL Sig.
1 1.51 1.58 1.54 1.56 1.47 1.53 0.08
NS
2 5.13 5.28 5.13 5.21 4.92 5.13 0.25
3 11.41 11.74 11.79 11.87 10.88 11.55 0.61
4 19.40 20.56 20.60 20.39 19.31 20.01 1.48
5 30.71 31.31 31.42 30.79 30.03 30.42 2.40
Week 1, 2, 3, 4, 5: Weeks of the experiment. Treatments: T1 feed with APC; T2, T3, T4, T5 feed
with 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00% of
P. amboinicus respectively and T6 feed without APC or P.
amboinicus. CL: Condence limit. Sig. NS o *: statistically signicant difference (P< 0.05)
TABLE IV
Average weekly accumulated water consumption expressed in kg
Week
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 CL Sig.
1
3.82 4.17 4.12 4.20 4.20 4.09 0.29
NS
2 12.12 12.49 12.38 12.86 12.59 12.99 0.56
3 27.21 27.59 27.72 28.76 27.89 28.15 0.99
4 50.56 51.44 51.51 53.18 52.07 51.94 2.00
5 83.52 86.54 86.10 88.39 87.76 86.59 4.42
Week 1, 2, 3, 4, 5: Weeks of the experiment. Treatments: T1 feed with APC; T2, T3, T4, T5 feed
with 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00% of
P. amboinicus respectively and T6 feed without APC or P.
amboinicus
. CL: Condence limit. Sig. NS o *: statistically signicant difference (P< 0.05)
TABLE V
Average weekly feed conversion ratio
Week
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 CL Sig.
1
0.83 0.90* 0.85 0.84 0.86 0.85 0.03 *
2 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.04 1.03 1.05 0.04
NS
3 1.15 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.11 1.15 0.03
4 1.13 1.22 1.16 1.21 1.18 1.16 0.08
5 1.34 1.39 1.36 1.37 1.37 1.40 0.08
Week 1, 2, 3, 4, 5: Weeks of the experiment. Treatments: T1 feed with APC; T2, T3, T4, T5 feed
with 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00% of
P. amboinicus respectively and T6 feed without APC or P.
amboinicus. CL: Condence limit. Sig. NS o *: statistically signicant difference (P< 0.05)
Accumulated water consumption
TABLA IV shows the accumulated water consumption. No signicant
differences were observed among treatments, however, the treatment
that carries GPA (83.52 kg) in week 5, presents the lower consumption,
for the discussion of this variable, no investigations were found that
measure it.
Feed conversion ratio (FCR)
TABLE V shows that there is no signicant statistical difference
in the variable analyzed, although in the rst week it should be noted
that Treatment 1 showed the highest conversion, but with the passage
of time this difference disappeared, as such, results similar to those
found by Languido et al. [11], and by Sanchez et al. [12] who in their
research included different percentages of P. amboinicus in the
feed (0.25, 0.50, 0.75) in 49–day–old fattening pigs (F1. crosses Topic
Landrace + Pietrain), being evaluated for 8 weeks, without nding
signicance in this variable.
FIGURE 5. Final mortality recorded by treatment FIGURE 7. Kilograms of live weight obtained at the end of the experiment per m
2
FIGURE 8. Cost data expressed in US Dollars obtained by the Experimental Unit
according to treatments
FIGURE 6. Results of the PEF by treatments
Use of Plectranthus amboinicus in chickens / Sánchez-Quinche et al. ______________________________________________________________
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Kilograms of standing meat per m
2
FIG. 7 shows the total amount of kilograms of standing meat
without discounting the initial weight of the baby chick, obtained in
each treatment, expressed per square meter, in which no statistical
differences are recorded, but it can be observed that, the groups that
contain oreganon in the feed, recorded the best data at the end of the
experiment on d 35, indicating that all of them are good, since they
exceed what was reported by Yucailla et al. [14], who in their article
“Evaluación de parámetros productivos de pollos Broilers Coob 500
y Ross 308 en la Amazonía de Ecuador”, obtain for the Cobb 500 line
about 19.97 kg of meat per square meter and being evaluated for 49 d
Economic Variables
Economic expenses
FIG. 8 shows the average cost reported by each experimental unit in the
research, taking into account animals, inputs, materials and equipment,
there was no statistically signicant difference, although, the treatment
that carries GPA (USD 91.1) resulted be the most expensive.
Cost per kg of live meat
FIG. 9, recorded the average result of the cost of 1 kg of live chicken,
there was no signicant difference, although the treatments that use
P. amboinicus stand out, being the most economical, which would
result in a better economic margin at the time of product sale.
FIGURE 9. Cost in US Dollars to produce one kg of live chicken meat according
to treatment
______________________________________________________________________Revista Cientifica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXIII, rcfcv-e33295
7 of 7
CONCLUSIONS
The inclusion of P. amboinicus leaf meal does not have a detrimental
neither harmful nor benecial on the productive parameters and is
even benecial, because it does not affect the economic parameters.
However, the use of oreganon showed better results, although not
statistically signicant in the variables mortality, kg of standing meat
per m
2
, economic expenses and cost per kg of live meat.
The most notorious thing is that according to the results obtained,
doses of 0.25 to 1.00% work as an alternative to GPA replacement, this
is interesting, since it is possible to work with low doses compared
to other published reports.
The result obtained in the group of animals that did not receive GPA
or oreganon is interesting, since it shows that acceptable results can
be obtained in normal breeding.
The results open up the possibility of transferring the research to a
larger number of animals and observing the effects on a large scale.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
To the authorities of the Universidad Técnica de Machala for
the support in doctoral training and, to the Faculty of Agricultural
Sciences for the facilities given for the development of this research.
Conıct of ınterest
There is no conict of interest between the authors.
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