https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e33287
Received: 23/06/2023 Accepted: 29/07/2023 Published: 08/08/2023
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Revista Científica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXIII, rcfcv-e33287, 1 – 5
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to determine proximate analysis and fatty acid
prole of whole body muscle tissue (WM) and muscles in different
parts of the body, including dorsal (D), ventral (V), and caudal (C)
regions, of the crimean barbel (Barbus tauricus), which is an species
caught from the Gelingüllü Dam. In whole body muscle the protein,
lipid, moisture, and ash contents of the sh were 18.61, 1.54, 78.49,
and 1.09% respectively. The lipid contents of crimean barbel varied
between 1.78 and 2.68%, with the highest and lowest percentages in
the C and V regions, respectively. There was a signicant difference
(P<0.05) in the fatty acid content present in the different parts of
the sh. The highest and lowest proportions of saturated fatty acids
(SFA) were found in WM (23.03) and D (21.94%) region, respectively.
The highest and lowest monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents
were found in the D muscle (36) and V muscles (33.73%), respectively.
The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was highest and
lowest in C (25.63) and D (22.62%) regions, respectively. The highest
eicosapentaenoic acid (4.11) and docosahexaenoic acid (12.98%)
contents were found in V and C regions, respectively. The results
showed that lipid content and composition of fatty acids may vary
in the different body parts of the sh.
Key words: Barbus tauricus; fatty acids; nutritional composition;
EPA; DHA
RESUMEN
Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el análisis proximal y el
perl de ácidos grasos del tejido muscular de todo el cuerpo (WM) y
los músculos en diferentes partes del cuerpo, incluidas las regiones
dorsal (D), ventral (V) y caudal (C), del barbo de Crimea. (Barbus tauricus),
que es una especie capturada en la Presa Gelingüllü. Los contenidos
de proteína, lípidos, humedad y cenizas del pescado fueron 18,61; 1,54;
78,49 y 1,09 %, respectivamente. Los contenidos de lípidos de del barbo
de Crimea. variaron entre 1,78 y 2,68 %, con los porcentajes más altos y
más bajos en las regiones C y V, respectivamente. Hubo una diferencia
signicativa (P<0,05) en el contenido de ácidos grasos presentes en las
diferentes partes del pez. Las proporciones más altas y más bajas de
ácidos grasos saturados (AGS) se encontraron en la región WM (23.03) y
D (21.94 %), respectivamente. Los contenidos más altos y más bajos de
ácidos grasos monoinsaturados (MUFA) se encontraron en las regiones
del músculo D (36 %) y los músculos V (33.73 %), respectivamente.
La proporción de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (PUFA) fue mayor y
menor en las regiones C (25.63) y D (22.62 %), respectivamente. Los
mayores contenidos de ácido eicosapentaenoico (4.11 %) y ácido
docosahexaenoico (12.98 %) se encontraron en las regiones V y C,
respectivamente. Los resultados mostraron que el contenido de grasa
y la composición de ácidos grasos varian en las diferentes partes del
cuerpo del pez.
Palabras clave: Barbus tauricus; ácidos grasos; composición
nutricional; EPA; DHA
Proximate analysis and fatty acid prole of muscle tissues in different body
parts of crimean barbel (Barbus tauricus Kessler, 1877)
Análisis proximal y perl de ácidos grasos de los tejidos musculares en diferentes partes del cuerpo
del barbo de Crimea (Barbus tauricus Kessler, 1877)
Esra Balikçi
1
* , Filiz Özcan
2
1
Yozgat Bozok University, Tourism Faculty, Gastronomy and Culinary Arts Department. Yozgat, Turkey.
2
Dicle University, Veterinary Faculty, Fisheries and Fisheries Diseases Department. Diyarbakır, Turkey.
*Corresponding Author: esra.balikci@bozok.edu.tr
FIGURE 1. The different portions (dorsal, ventral and caudal) of crimean barbel
(Barbus tauricus ) used in the analysis
Fatty Acid profile of Barbus tauricus / Balikçi and Özcan ____________________________________________________________________________
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INTRODUCTION
Fish is one of the natural sources of nutrients essential for tissue
development and body functions of the humans [1]. As shes have
high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential amino acids,
mineral substances, and vitamins that have multiple health benets
and are crucial part of a balanced diet [2], several studies have been
conducted to unveil the nutritional composition of shes. Lipids are
the most important energy sources for animals. Fat–soluble vitamins
in animals interact with proteins to form lipoproteins and affect blood
fat levels, and fatty acids form the building blocks of cell membrane
[3]. Moreover, sh and aquatic organisms are the largest dietary
source of ω–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are also known to
improve heart health and cognition; reduce risk of lung, prostate, and
colorectal cancer; and decrease risk of allergies in children [4, 5, 6].
According to the terrestrial and inland water ecosystems
biodiversity inventory and monitoring result report of Yozgat Province,
it has been observed that crimean barbel (Barbus tauricus) is naturally
found in Yozgat inland waters and its population density is very low.
It is generally found in low–pollution, fast–owing, pebbly, rocky
and oxygen–rich areas [7]. Moreover, Kırankaya and Ekmekçi [8, 9]
reported in their studies that crimean barbel (Barbus tauricus) was
found in the local ichthyofauna of Gelingüllü dam lake. The spawning
period usually starts in april and lasts until july [10]. Females have a
higher growth rate than males detected by some researchers [11].
Gelingüllü Dam is located approximately 40 km south of Yozgat city
center (39°36'30''N, 35°03'20''E) in the Central Anatolia Region. The
most important water sources feeding the dam, which is located at
an altitude of 1,050 m above sea level, are Kanak Stream and Eğriöz
Stream [12]. However, there is no report of nutritional and fatty acid
compositions of the endemic crimean barbel (Barbus tauricus Kessler,
1877) species caught from Gelingüllü Dam. Therefore, the nutritional
and fatty acids compositions of the crimean barbel caught in this
dam were described for the rst time in this study. These data are
important for both consumers and the processing facilities to select
the most appropriate methods for processing the product. The aim
of this study was to determine the nutritional composition in crimean
barbel and identify and compare the fatty acid prole of the whole
muscle tissue (WM) as well as the dorsal (D), ventral (V), and caudal
(C) muscle tissues.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Material
Crimean barbel (Barbus tauricus) samples were obtained from local
shermen who shed in Gelingüllü Dam in February 2019. Ten sh
samples with an average body weight and length of 350 ± 0.20 g and
33cm were taken from Gelingüllü Dam, brought to the laboratory
in ice–filled Styrofoam boxes, and analyzed for their nutritional
composition and fatty acid content. Samples were taken from the
WM, D, V, and C regions (FIG. 1). The protein content of the sh was
analyzed using Kjeldahl method [13]. Percentage of protein was
determined using the Kjeldahl conversion factor (N × 6.25). Lipid
content was determined using the method described by Bligh and
Dyer [14]. AOAC methods 920.153 [15] and 950.46 [16] were applied
for the determination of ash and moisture content, respectively.
Fatty acid methyl ester analyses
Fatty acid methylester analysis of the lipid obtained according
to the Bligh and Dyer method was performed using the method of
Ichihara et al. [17]. The fatty acid composition was determined using
gas chromatography Clarus 500 device (Perkin–Elmer, USA) equipped
with a ame ionization detector and fused silica capillary SGE column
(60 m × 0.32 mm ID BPX70 × 0.25 μm, USA or Australia). Fatty acids
were identied depending on their arrival times of the FAME mixture
(Supelco) consisting of 37 standard components (Supelco 37 FAME
Mix C4–C24 Component, Catalog No. 18919).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Analysis of the nutritional composition revealed that protein,
moisture, and ash contents in sh were 18.61, 78.49, and 1.09%,
respectively (TABLE I). Different lipid content was observed in
muscle tissue samples taken from D, V, and C regions. The highest
lipid content of 2.68% was found in C region, whereas the lowest
lipid content of 1.54% was found in WM. Lipid content in the D and V
regions were 2.34 and 1.71%, respectively (TABLE I).
TABLE I
Proximate composition (%) of the muscle tissue of crimean
barbel (Barbus tauricus) in Gelingüllü Dam Lake
Name of sh Composite Whole (WM) Dorsal (D) Ventral(V) Caudal(C)
Crimean barbel
(
Barbus tauricus)
Protein 18.61
± 0.60
Lipid 1.54
± 0.07 2.34 ± 0.33 1.71 ± 0.06 2.68 ± 1.76
Moisture 78.49
± 0.14
Ash 1.09
± 0.10
Data are shown as mean
± standard deviation (SD)
The protein content was 18.61% in this study. In studies conducted
on other Barbus species and freshwater shes revealed the protein
content of 19.74 in Carasobarbus luteus [1], 15–21.6 in Arabibarbus
grypus [18] and 15.78–22.50% in Chelon auratus [19], respectively, and
13–13.71% in female and male Pangasianodon hypophthalmus [20], 25
in Piaractus mesopotamicus, 20.73 in Colossoma macropomum and
16.79% in Piaractus brachypomus [21]. The main ingredients of sh
meat are protein, lipid, and water. Generally, this composition includes
14–20 protein, 0.1–22 lipid, 66–84, water, and 0.8–2.0% minerals [19],
respectively. The ndings of the present study agree these values.
______________________________________________________________________Revista Cientifica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXIII, rcfcv-e33287, 1 – 5
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It was found that different lipid contents in different body parts
of the sh. The highest and lowest lipid contents were 2.68 in C and
1.54% in WM regions, respectively (TABLE I). In previous studies, lipid
content of Barbus species were reported as 5.07 in Carasobarbus
luteus [1], between 1.34–4.57 in Luciobarbus capito capito [22], 1.13
in Luciobarbus xanthopterus [23] and 2.0–5.3% in Arabibarbus grypus
[18]. Lipid contents vary depending on the species, sex, age, season,
nutritional status, and living environment of the sh [19]. The lipid and
protein content may vary, as they vary with muscle movement and
nutritional composition [24]. The study conducted by Thammapat
et al. [24] supported in this investigation, and they divided the sh
body into seven parts: cranial–dorsal, central–dorsal, caudal–dorsal,
cranial–ventral, central–ventral, and caudal–ventral. They found that
the lipid content in these parts was different due to varying muscle
movements and the movement of the sh. Moreover, lipids are not
homogeneously distributed in the sh. Lean shes store most lipids
in the abdominal or liver tissue, whereas fat shes store lipids in the
form of globules between muscle tissues. While most lipids are used
as energy sources, some portion of lipids participates in physiological
events in different parts of the body [25].
The fatty acid composition of WM and different parts of the muscle
tissues of crimean barbel (Barbus tauricus) caught from Gelingüllü Dam
is given in TABLE II and FIG 2. The fatty acid composition of crimean
barbel (Barbus tauricus) varied in muscle tissues of different body parts
(P<0.05) from 21.94 to 23.03% for saturated fatty acid (SFA). The highest
and lowest SFA levels were found in the WM and D regions, respectively.
Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content varied between 33.73%
and 36%, with the highest and lowest MUFA contents in the D and V
regions, respectively. PUFA contents were 23.10, 22.62, and 24.24%
in the WM, D, and V regions, respectively, and C region had the highest
PUFA content of 25.63%. The highest EPA (4.11) and DHA (12.98%)
contents were found in the V and C regions, respectively.
The total MUFA content was higher than total SFA and PUFA values
in different muscle tissues and WM of crimean barbel (Barbus tauricus)
(P<0.05). The highest total MUFA content of 36.0% was found in the
D region (TABLE II and FIG. 2). Oleic acid (C18:1n9), palmitoleic acid
(C16:1), and cis–vaccenic acid (C18:1n7) were the most abundantly
present MUFA in all groups. The highest amount of oleic acid and
palmitoleic acid was found in the D region. Total MUFA detected in this
investigation is similar those reported for freshwater sh, including
Arabibarbus grypus (35.2–44.2), Luciobarbus capito capito (19.3–23.4),
Luciobarbus xanthopterus (33.79), Salmo trutta macrostigma (between
22.17–37.48), Scardinius erythrophthalmus (30.33), and Anguilla anguilla
(47.28%) [18, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28].
The maximum and minimum values of the main SFAs were palmitic
acid (C16:0; 13.63% in C; 14.15% in V), stearic acid (C18:0; 3.74 in D;
4.87% in WM), followed by myristic acid (C14:0; 1.90 in V; 2.13% in
D) in whole and different parts of the sh. The highest and lowest
total SFA levels were found in the WM (23.03) and D (21.94%) regions,
respectively. Total SFA values detected in this study were similar
those reported for freshwater shes, including Arabibarbus grypus
(29.1–34.4), Luciobarbus capito capito (14.7–23.6), Luciobarbus
xanthopterus (33.17), Salmo trutta macrostigma (29.26–35.75), Chelon
auratus (24.74–33.95), Chelon labrosus (30.27–33.67%), and Tinca tinca
(29.59–33.71%) [18, 19, 26, 27, 29].
Total PUFA contents of crimean barbel (Barbus tauricus) were 23.10,
22.62, 24.24, and 25.63% in the WM, D, V, and C regions, respectively.
The highest and lowest total PUFA values were found in the C and D
TABLE II
Total (%) fatty acid compositions in different part body muscle tissues of
the crimean barbel (Barbus tauricus ) caught from Gelingüllü Dam Lake
Fatty acids
Whole muscle
(WM)
Dorsal
(D)
Ventral
(V)
Caudal
(C)
C12:0 0.09 ± 0.01
ab
0.10 ± 0.01
a
0.08 ± 0.01
c
0.09 ± 0.08
bc
C14:0 2.09 ± 0.05
a
2.13 ± 0.04
a
1.90 ± 0.09
b
1.92 ± 0.11
b
C15:0 0.93 ± 0.03
a
0.94 ± 0.02
a
0.84 ± 0.02
b
0.86 ± 0.03
b
C16:0 14.05 ± 0.21
a
14.04 ± 0.12
a
14.15 ± 0.17
a
13.63 ± 0.05
b
C17:0 0.52 ± 0.02
ab
0.53 ± 0.00
a
0.50 ± 0.01
b
0.50 ± 0.01
b
C18:0 4.87 ± 0.09
a
3.74 ± 0.27
b
4.85 ± 0.17
a
4.80 ± 0.38
a
C20:0 0.29 ± 0.01
a
0.27 ± 0.01
a
0.26 ± 0.03
a
0.28 ± 0.02
a
C22:0 0.10 ± 0.01
b
0.11 ± 0.01
b
0.12 ± 0.01
a
0.10 ± 0.01
b
C24:0 0.09 ± 0.01
a
0.07 ± 0.01
a
0.07 ± 0.02
a
0.09 ± 0.03
a
ΣSFA 23.03 ± 0.39
a
21.94 ± 0.28
c
22.76 ± 0.06
ab
22.25 ± 0.25
bc
C14:1 0.39 ± 0.01
ab
0.40 ± 0.01
a
0.35 ± 0.03
bc
0.34 ± 0.03
c
C15:1 0.33 ± 0.02
ab
0.35 ± 0.01
a
0.29 ± 0.02
b
0.29 ± 0.04
b
C16:1 9.86 ± 0.14
b
10.57 ± 0.30
a
9.50 ± 0.50
b
9.51 ± 0.45
b
C17:1 0.32 ± 0.01
a
0.32 ± 0.00
a
0.29 ± 0.03
a
0.29 ± 0.04
a
C18:1n9 15.50 ± 0.32
ab
16.15 ± 0.38
a
15.17 ± 0.33
b
14.81 ± 0.41
b
C18:1n7 6.17 ± 0.06
a
5.95 ± 0.23
a
5.87 ± 0.31
a
6.28 ± 0.14
a
C20:1n9 1.74 ± 0.04
a
1.73 ± 0.04
a
1.72 ± 0.02
a
1.77 ± 0.05
a
C22:1n9 0.48 ± 0.01
a
0.47 ± 0.01
a
0.48 ± 0.02
a
0.49 ± 0.03
a
C24:1n9 0.05 ± 0.01
a
0.06 ± 0.01
a
0.05 ± 0.01
a
0.09 ± 0.06
a
ΣMUFA 34.84 ± 0.47
ab
36.00 ± 0.92
a
33.73 ± 0.87
b
33.86 ± 1.01
b
C18:2n6 3.50 ± 0.09
a
3.62 ± 0.06
a
3.36 ± 0.11
a
4.39 ± 1.63
a
C18:3n6 0.43 ± 0.01
a
0.43 ± 0.02
a
0.39 ± 0.01
b
0.40 ± 0.02
b
C18:3n3 2.15 ± 0.10
ab
2.26 ± 0.04
a
1.99 ± 0.08
c
2.05 ± 0.09
bc
C20:2 cis 0.08 ± 0.08
ab
0.04 ± 0.02
b
0.13 ± 0.07
ab
0.17 ± 0.02
a
C20:3 n6 0.87 ± 0.02
ab
0.89 ± 0.02
a
0.83 ± 0.03
b
0.86 ± 0.03
ab
C20:4 n6 0.67 ± 0.02
a
0.66 ± 0.03
a
0.63 ± 0.03
a
0.67 ± 0.01
a
C20:5n3 3.86 ± 0.02
b
3.95 ± 0.07
ab
4.11 ± 0.09
a
4.00 ± 0.19
ab
C22:2 cis 0.19 ± 0.05
a
0.12 ± 0.01
a
0.11 ± 0.01
a
0.11 ± 0.01
a
C22:6 n3 11.46 ± 0.66
bc
10.65 ± 0.60
c
12.69 ± 0.34
ab
12.98 ± 1.13
a
ΣPUFA 23.10 ± 0.53
a
22.62 ± 0.53
a
24.24 ± 0.16
a
25.63 ± 2.98
a
PUFA/SFA 1.00 ± 0.04
b
1.03 ± 0.01
ab
1.07 ± 0.01
ab
1.15 ± 0.13
a
Σn–3 17.47 ± 0.58
ab
16.86 ± 0.61
b
18.79 ± 0.21
a
19.03 ± 1.41
a
Σn–6 5.47 ± 0.13
a
5.60 ± 0.10
a
5.21 ± 0.15
a
6.32 ± 1.63
a
n6/n3 0.31 ± 0.02
a
0.33 ± 0.02
a
0.28 ± 0.01
a
0.33 ± 0.06
a
DHA 11.46 ± 0.66
bc
10.65 ± 0.60
c
12.69 ± 0.34
ab
12.98 ± 1.13
a
EPA 3.86 ± 0.02
b
3.95 ± 0.07
ab
4.11 ± 0.09
a
4.00 ± 0.19
ab
DHA/EPA 2.97 ± 0.18
ab
2.70 ± 0.13
b
3.09 ± 0.14
a
3.24 ± 0.15
a
Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD). SFA: saturated fatty acid; MUFA:
monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; DHA: docosahexaenoic
acid; EPA:eicoesapentaenoic acid; Σn–6 PUFA: total n–6 polyunsaturated fatty acid;
Σn–3 PUFA: total n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. Different letters (
a–c
) in the same row
for each sh indicate signicant differences in TABLE II (
P˂0.05)
FIGURE 2. Total SFA, MUFA and PUFA values of muscle tissues in WM, D, V and
C regions of Barbus tauricus
Fatty Acid profile of Barbus tauricus / Balikçi and Özcan ____________________________________________________________________________
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regions, respectively. Total PUFA values detected in this study were
similar to the studies in the literature. Total PUFA values of Arabibarbus
grypus (19.2–26.1), Luciobarbus capito capito (25.9–32.2), Luciobarbus
xanthopterus (32.97), Scardinius erythrophthalmus (20.47), and Anguilla
anguilla (22.15%) were in line within this research [18, 22, 23, 26].
C22:6n–3 (DHA) and C20:5n3 (EPA) were the most abundant PUFA
in all groups. In this study, the highest and lowest DHA values were
found in the C (12.98%) and D (10.65%) regions, respectively. In other
freshwater shes, including Arabibarbus grypus (5.2–10.8), Salmo
trutta macrostigma (7.27–22.55), Scardinius erythrophthalmus (3.72),
and Anguilla anguilla (9.24%), the reported DHA contents were similar
to this investigation [18, 26, 27]. The highest EPA content was 4.11%
in the V region in this study. EPA values found in freshwater species
such as Arabibarbus grypus (2.7–3.7), Scardinius erythrophthalmus
(5.68), and Anguilla anguilla (3.87%) in previous studies are in accord
with this study [18, 26].
N–3 fatty acids such as EPA and DHA are rst synthesized in water
by the algae, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Dunaliella salina, and the
cyanobacteria Arthrospira platensis, and then accumulated in sh by
the food chain. This accumulation makes shes rich in EPA and DHA [2].
Content of fatty acids can vary depending on environmental, ecological,
and morphological factors, as well as on natural diet and dietary habits
[30, 31]. The different content of fatty acids among sh species may
be due to these factors. The n–6/n–3 ratio is recommended as 4 by
nutritionists [32]. Consuming these fatty acids more than the maximum
level is dangerous to human health and can cause cardiovascular
diseases [33]. In this study, ω6/ω3 ratio was 0.28–0.33, which did not
exceed the maximum recommended level, in all body regions including
D, A, and V regions in this sh species. Based on the nutrient content
and fatty acid composition, it can be concluded that this species is
nutritious and benecial for human health.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study was found that lipid and fatty acid contents varied in
different body regions of the sh. The caudal muscle part (C) (2.68%)
of crimean barbel (Barbus tauricus) the highest lipid content, followed
by D (2.34), V (1.71), and WM regions (1.54%). Barbus tauricus had 18.61%
protein, 78.49% moisture, and 1.09% ash. The results of the study
revealed that total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) various between
33.73 and 36%, values were higher than those of total saturated fatty
acids (SFA) of 21.94–23.03%) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) of
22.62–25.63% in all whole muscle (WM) and different regions (D, V, and
C) of the crimean barbel. The highest SFA, MUFA, and PUFA amounts
were in WM, D, and C regions, respectively. The highest EPA (4.11%)
value was detected in the D region while the highest DHA (12.98%)
value was in the C region. The results of this study showed that this
sh species can be a benecial food source for human health, even if
all or only a part is consumed, considering its nutritional composition,
PUFA, EPA and DHA values and PUFA ω6/ω3 ratio. However, further
studies are needed to study the seasonal fatty acid composition to
help consumers in making informed sh–consumption choices and
to elucidate the extent of variation in fatty acid composition of sh
caused by ecological and physiological factors.
Conict of interest
The authors have no declaration of competing interests.
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