DOI: https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e32189
Received: 12/08/2022 Accepted: 13/09/2022 Published: 20/11/2022
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Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXII, rcfcv-e32189, 1 - 6
ABSTRACT
This research was carried out in the bird´s experimental area of
the Santa Inés Farm (Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad
Técnica de Machala), El Oro Province, Ecuador. The objective was to
evaluate the effect of the inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal in the
feed of Cobb 500 chickens on carcass and visceral parameters. To
guarantee the welfare of the chickens, all the suggestions for open-
shed systems was followed, as well as a basic vaccination schedule
applied in the area. The variables evaluated were: antemortem weight;
blood, feathers, viscera, thighs, counter-thighs, breast, shoulder,
wings, neck, legs, head, heart, liver, gizzard, spleen, intestines and
gizzard fat expressed as a percentage, and nally abdominal fat was
expressed in millimeters. A Completely Randomized Design was
applied, consisting of 5 treatments (T) with 4 experimental units,
containing 10 chickens each one. The T1 or control without M. oleifera
meal, while T2, T3, T4 and T5 incorporated Moringa leaf meal at a rate
of 1, 2, 3 and 4%, respectively. An ANOVA analysis was used prior to
observing the assumptions of normality and homogeneity, and to
discriminate among the means, the Bonferroni multiple comparison
procedure was applied, with a 95% condence level. All calculations
were obtained through the statistical program Statgraphics Centurión
XV.I. The results showed that there is no negative effect on the
variables evaluated, which allows to assume that up to 4% Moringa
meal can be used in feed for chickens without any restrictions since
it does not affect the weight of the carcass.
Key words: Moringa oleifera; broiler chickens; carcass yield; viscera
performance
RESUMEN
Esta investigación se llevó a cabo en el área experimental de aves de
la Granja Santa Inés (Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad
Técnica de Machala), provincia de El Oro, Ecuador. El objetivo fue
evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de harina de hojas de Moringa oleifera
en la alimentación de pollos Cobb 500 sobre parámetros de canal y
visceras. Para garantizar el bienestar de los pollos se siguieron todas
las sugerencias de sistemas de galpón abierto, así como un esquema
básico de vacunación aplicado en la zona. Las variables evaluadas
fueron: peso antemortem; sangre, plumas, vísceras, muslos, contra-
muslos, pechuga, espalda, alas, cuello, piernas, cabeza, corazón,
hígado, molleja, bazo, intestinos y grasa de molleja expresada en
porcentaje, y nalmente la grasa abdominal se expresó en milímetros.
Se aplicó un Diseño Completamente al Azar, consistente en 5
tratamientos (T) con 4 unidades experimentales, conteniendo 10 pollos
cada uno. El T1 o control sin harina de M. oleifera, mientras que los T2,
T3, T4 y T5 incorporaron harina de hoja de moringa a razón de 1; 2; 3 y
4%, respectivamente. Se utilizó un análisis ANOVA previo a observar
los supuestos de normalidad y homogeneidad, y para discriminar entre
las medias se aplicó el procedimiento de comparación múltiple de
Bonferroni, con un nivel de conanza del 95%. Todos los cálculos se
obtuvieron a través del programa estadístico Statgraphics Centurión
XV.I.®. Los resultados mostraron que no existe un efecto negativo en
las variables evaluadas, lo que permite suponer que hasta un 4% de
harina de moringa se puede utilizar en la alimentación de los pollos
sin ninguna restricción ya que no afecta el peso de la canal.
Palabras clave: Moringa oleífera; pollos de engorde; rendimiento
de canal;rendimiento de vísceras
Effects of the use of Moringa oleífera in the feeding of broilers on carcass
and visceral yields
Efecto del uso de Moringa oleifera en la alimentación de pollos de engorde
sobre el rendimiento de la canal y vísceras
Carlos Joel Ramirez-Rojas
1
, Dioselina Esmeralda Pimbosa-Ortiz
2
and Ángel Roberto Sánchez-Quinche
1,2
*
1
Universidad Técnica de Machala, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Research hotbed in Animal Production (SIPA).
Machala, El Oro, Ecuador.
2
Universidad Técnica de Machala, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Research Group on
Food Production and Animal Health (GIPASA). Machala, El Oro, Ecuador.
*Email: arsanchez@utmachala.edu.ec
Experimental Unit observation, T3 (replication 3)
Moringa oleifera in the feed of broilers / Ramirez-Rojas et al. _______________________________________________________________________
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INTRODUCTION
The per capita consumption of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)
per year is 16 kilograms (kg) and this has allowed an important
economic development in the poultry sector [11].
According to Fuentes et al. [5], none of the protein sources used in
poultry feed have an adequate amino acids prole and due to this there
is a need to look for local alternatives that have good characteristics
of easy accessibility, and that can be added to articial feeds.
The Cobb 500 broiler (B) is a line that has shown great benets
due to its rapid development and growth. This is largely due to the
diet that is administered to it, highlighting the importance of the
nutrients on it, being this a very strong reason for the poultry farmer
to strengthen the nutritional resources given to the B [15].
Moringa oleifera is a widely distributed species in tropical and
subtropical Countries despite its origin in South Asia [13]. It is a
bushy plant, highly resistant to different soil and climatic conditions,
which has made it an option for animal feed due to its many properties,
among them a good forage production and quality [8], in addition to
the fact that it can be harvested at any time of the year. Another of
the interesting properties that Moringa presents is a rapid regrowth
with little rain [10], and 23.19% protein content [2].
Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the
effect of the inclusion of M. oleifera leaf meal in the feed of Cobb 500
B on carcass and visceral parameters.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research location
This research was carried out in the “Santa Inés” farm, Faculty of
Agricultural Sciences of the Universidad Técnica de Machala, which is
located in the coastal region of Ecuador, at kilometer 5 ½ via Machala
– Pasaje; its geographical coordinates are 79°54'05" W, 3°17'16" S,
with an altitude of 5 meters above sea level, with a temperature that
ranges between 22 to 35°C.
Characteristics of the housing and management of the broilers
For the management of the B, the methodology described by Sánchez
et al. [17] was adapted to maintain 200 B of the Cobb 500 line. In order
to generate the adequate comfort temperature, 4 JACKWALL gas
brooders of 1,200 kilocalories· hours
-1
(kcal·h
-1
) – 4,700 British Thermal
Unit·h
-1
reference G14818 (Quito-Ecuador) were used as a source of
heat and for the lighting program, 20-watt Light Emitting Diode (LED)
bulbs were used, applying 24 h of light the rst 7 days (d) and from then
onwards subtracting 1 h per d until reaching only 6 h of articial light.
Four h previous to the arrival of the B, the heat source was turned on
and during the rst 3 d vitamins plus electrolytes at a dose of 1 grame
(g) per liter (L) were administered in the drinking water and the litter was
covered with newspaper. To control air currents, internal and external
plastic curtains were used, which were lowered 20 centimeters (cm)
per d from the eighth d after the arrival of the B, so that at the d 21 they
received total ventilation (without curtains) (FIG.1).
Preparation of M. oleifera leaf meal
To obtain this raw material, fresh leaves of M. oleifera were placed
into the trays of a food dehydrator (“Ronco ®” EZ-Store 5 trays, USA), and
were left there for a period of 6 h at 71°C, obtaining a 32,2% Partially Dry
Matter (PDM). This product was allowed to cool at ambient temperature
for 24 h, then was grinded twice and, nally packed and stored.
Feed formulation
For the formulation of the diets, the Excel Solver tool was used,
applying the data published by De Blas et al. [4] of the raw materials in
the Tables of the Spanish Foundation for the Development of Animal
Nutrition (FEDNA) and according to the nutritional needs of the birds
according to Santomá and Mateos [18], from the which three food
mixtures were elaborated:
1.
Initial: from 0 to 21 (adapted to the manual of nutritional needs
of birds, FEDNA standards, start from 0 to 14 d) that contains
the following ingredients: corn (Zea mays), Soybeans (Glycine
max), rice bran (Oryza sativa), L-Lysine Monohydrochloride,
DL-Methionine, L-Threonine , soybean oil, rovabio Max
Advanced (Enzymatic preparation of endo-1,4-Xylanase, endo-
1,3(4)-β–Glucanase, 6-Phytase enzyme), lodized salt, MIKRO-MX
Prem Qsi initial broiler, Calcium Carbonate, Dicalcium
phosphate, zinc bacitrazine 15%, LERBEK® (Clopidol 20% +
methylbenzoquate 1.67%), dehydrated M. oleifera leaves and
zeolite, each according to the specic treatment. The formula
was isoproteic (21.2% Crude Protein -CP-) and isoenergetic
(2,860 kcal·kg
-1
metabolizable energy –ME-).
2.
Growth: from 22 to 28 d (adapted to the manual on the
nutritional needs of birds, FEDNA standards, Growth from
15 to 23 d), similar to the previous one but here soybean oil
is replaced by palm oil (Elaeis guineensis). The formula was
isoproteic (20% CP) and isoenergetic (2,990 kcal·kg
-1
ME).
3.
Finisher: from d 29 onwards (adapted to the manual on
the nutritional needs of birds, FEDNA standards, Finisher
from 24 to 36 d). The formula was isoproteic (18.5% CP) and
isoenergetic (3,050 kcal·kg
-1
ME).
Caliper application on abdominal fat
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The T1 or control was a feed made without M. oleifera, while T2,
T3, T4 and T5 have Moringa leaf our at a rate of 1, 2, 3 and 4%,
respectively.
Evaluated variables
At 35 d of age, 2 B of different sex were chosen at random per
Experimental Unit (EU), 8 per Treatment (T), for a total of 40 animals.
These B after a 6 h fast were sacriced, with the aim of minimizing
body weight loss [19], they were sacriced by cervical dislocation,
they were immediately hung by the legs and then a cut was made in
the left jugular vein , they were bled for 2 minutes -min-. Later on,
they underwent the scalding process at 60°C [16] (measured with a
mercury thermometer brand SKU B4006 with a range of –10 to 250
degrees Celsius “Ecuador”) for approximately 30 seconds -s-, where
the following quantitative variables (v) were evaluated (a total of 760
data were generated (5T×4EU×2b×19v) : antemortem weight (g), blood
(%), feathers (%), visceral (%), abdominal fat (milimeters –mm-), thighs
(%), counter-thighs (%), breast (%), shoulder (%), wings (%), neck
(%), feet (%), head (%), heart ( %), liver (%), gizzard (%), spleen (%),
intestines (%) and gizzard fat (%). To record the weight data, a CAMRY
electronic scale with a maximum capacity of 5 kg and a margin of
error of ± 1 g (model EK9332-F302, China) was used. For abdominal
fat thickness data, a vernier caliper (PRETUL TRUP-21455, VER-6P,
México) with a capacity of 160 mm was used.
Antemortem weight (g)
Data obtained prior to slaughtering the B.
Blood (%)
This variable is obtained from the difference between the antemortem
weight and the weight of the bled animal and taken as a percentage.
Blood(%)
antemortem weight (g)
antemortem weight (g)bledweight(g)
100
#
=
-
^h
Feathers (%)
This variable is obtained by subtracting the weight of the bled bird
from the weight of the plucked B and taken as a percentage.
(%)
()
() ()
Feather
bled weight g
bled weight gplucked weight g
100
#
=
-
^h
Visceral (%)
This data is obtained by extracting all the viscera of the B, to express
it as a percentage the following formula is applied:
(%)
()
() ()
Visceral
pluckedweightg
pluckedweightg evisceratedweightg
100
#
=
-
^h
Abdominal fat (mm)
These data were obtained by measuring the thickness of the fat
in the abdomen of the B, directly applying a vernier caliper with light
pressure (PRETUL TRUP-21455, VER-6P, México), the results are
expressed in mm (FIG. 2).
Thighs (%), Counter-thighs (%), Breast (%), Shoulder (%), Wings
(%), Neck (%), Feet (%) and Head (%)
These data were obtained from the cutting of the carcass, it was
carried out by a single technician, weighed in grams and converted
into a percentage, based on the weight of the carcass.
(%)
()
()
Variable
evisceratedweightg
Variable g 100
#
=
^h
Heart (%), Liver (%), Gizzard (%), Spleen (%), Intestine (%) and
Gizzard Fat (%)
TABLE I
Nutritional content of the diets for each stage,
obtained with the Excel Solver tool
Nutrients Initiation Growth Ending
CP (g·kg
-1
) 212.00 200.00 185.00
CF (g·kg
-1
) 34.30 34.96 33.44
Ca (g·kg
-1
) 9.80 9.00 7.50
P (g·kg
-1
) 6.60 5.80 5.60
Na (g·kg
-1
) 1.90 1.70 1.60
Cl (g·kg
-1
) 2.95 2.54 2.31
ME (Kcal·kg
-1
) 2860 2990.00 3050.00
Lys (g·kg
-1
) 13.80 12.50 11.30
Met (g·kg
-1
) 5.50 5.10 5.68
Thr (g·kg
-1
) 9.00 8.30 7.50
CP: crude protein, CF: crude ber, Ca: calcium, P: phosphorus, Na: sodium,
Cl: chlorine, ME: metabolizable energy, Lys: lysine, Met: methionine, Thr:
threonine
Cutting of the carcass and separation of the viscera
Moringa oleifera in the feed of broilers / Ramirez-Rojas et al. _______________________________________________________________________
4 of 6
Data were obtained individually from each of the organs and were
processed as in the previous variables above. (FIG. 3).
308 line for up to 42 d and reported a decrease in the weight of the
B at the end of the experiment. On the other hand, the results of
Rugel and Emén [15], who included 7 to 15% of Moringa meal in the
diet of 15 Cobb 500 B with an initial average weight of 45 g and were
slaughtered on d 42, obtaining a higher weight when compared to
those with lower Moringa meal inclusion.
In TABLE IV is showed there is no signicant difference in the
variables antemortem weight, blood, feathers and abdominal fat when
comparing the T against the control. These results agree with Mesa
et al. [9], who used replacement White Leghorn L33 pullets (9 to 18
weeks –wk-) and laying hens (19 to 26 wk), where two experiments were
carried out by adding Moringa meal up to 20%, and reported that such
inclusion did not affect live weight or live weight gain. On the other
hand, these results do not agree with Paul et al. [12], who pointed out
that 12 Cobb 500 pullets, belonging to group C, were fed a basal diet
+ water (with 1% ne M. oleifera meal) for 35 d, nding a greater body
weight gain in this group and that the rest of the measured parameters
were similar to group B (basal diet + antibiotics “Ciprooxacin”).
From these variables, only at the visceral level it can be seen there
is a signicant difference, being T4 (14.51), the one that presents
the lowest value. These results agree with what was mentioned
by Khan et al. [7], who used 100 d-old chicks (Hubbard) that were
randomly divided into ve groups with four replicates containing ve
B each. All of the B in the experimental groups received the same
diet supplemented with M. oleifera leaves at 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5%,
for 35 d, showing that the nal body weight and length of the small
intestine increased as the inclusion level of M. oleifera rose to 1.2%,
and then decreasing with supplementation to 1.5%.
The FIG. 4 corroborates there is no signicant difference in the
general Table and in the analysis of these variables by sex. These
results agree with the report of Cui et al. [3] who carried out a study
for 42 d with 720 male chickens of the Arbor Acres line, where it is
mentioned that no effects either linear or quadratic were found in
muscle performance of both the breast and the leg, in response to
the levels of addition of M. oleifera at 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15%, in the diet.
However, these data do not agree with the results of Rehman et al.
[14] who in their research administered M. oleifera leaf powder at 6
g·kg
-1
, 9 g·kg
-1
, 12 g·kg
-1
and 15 g·kg
-1
in Hubbard chickens of 100 d of
age, for a period of 35 d, and it was found that this diet increased the
water retention capacity of the muscle of the B breast, causing the
diameter of this ber to be greater (P<0.05) in the groups of 12 g·kg
-
1
and 15 g·kg
-1
M. oleifera leaf powder, which means a greater weight in
the animal. Furthermore, Gómez [6] by using 90 specimens of Cobb
500 male B for up to 21 d of age, to which 8% of Moringa (leaves)
TABLE II
Treatments blood (%) feathers (%) viscera (%)
1 2163.00 ± 185.46
a
4.27 ± 0.73
a
3.10 ± 0.53
a
15.45 ± 1.03
a
1.69 ± 0.57
a
2 2235.63 ± 185.46
a
4.02 ± 0.73
a
3.38 ± 0.53
a
15.97 ± 1.03
a
1.31 ± 0.57
a
3 2233.50 ± 185.46
a
4.10 ± 0.73
a
3.13 ± 0.53
a
15.79 ± 1.03
a
1.94 ± 0.57
a
4 2220.25 ± 185.46
a
4.56 ± 0.73
a
3.73 ± 0.53
a
14.88 ± 1.03
a
1.50 ± 0.57
a
5 2263.50 ± 185.46
a
3.90 ± 0.73
a
3.23 ± 0.53
a
16.57 ± 1.03
a
1.88 ± 0.57
a
Treatments: weight ant., antemortem weight; fat. abd., abdominal fat;
ab
: It is the representation of the statistical
dierences (
P<0.05) found when being compared against the control.
Experimental design
A Completely Random Design (CRD) was applied, divided into 5 T,
with 4 EU containing 10 B each, for a total of 200 B (40 animals per T).
Statistical analysis
The statistical analysis were based on the book by Blasco [1].
For the variables that allowed it, a parametric analysis of variance
(simple ANOVA) was applied prior to observing the assumptions of
normality and homogeneity. To discriminate between the means, the
Bonferroni multiple comparison procedure was applied, with a 95%
condence level. All the calculations made were obtained through
the Statgraphics Centurión XV.I statistical program ®.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TABLES II and III showed the average weights obtained from the
variables evaluated in which was noticed that there is no signicant
difference among T. These results differ from those found by Fuentes
et al. [5], who added 10% of Moringa leaf meal to feed B of the Ross-
General averages obtained with the cutting of the carcass
after slaughtering the chickens on day 35, with their respective
General averages obtained after the slaughtering of the
________________________________________________________________________Revista Cientica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXII, rcfcv-e32189, 1 - 6
5 of 6
meal was included, whose results showed no adverse effects on
the productive performance, nor the yield of the carcass and cuts
of commercial value.
Furthermore, the FIG. 5 corroborates there is no significant
difference in the general Table and in the analysis of these variables
by sex. These data do not agree with Vázquez et al. [21] who used 28
male hybrid B of the line EB-34. Those authors reported that when
using Moringa meal at 0.5, 1 and 1.5%, for a period of 42 d, they found
TABLE III
Averages obtained from the slaughtering of male chickens on
Treatments blood (%) feathers (%) viscera (%)
1
2405.50 ± 130.06
a
4.63 ± 1.49
a
2.86 ± 0.97
a
14.18 ± 1.70
a
2.13 ± 0.89
a
2
2470.75 ± 130.06
a
4.39 ± 1.49
a
3.49 ± 0.97
a
15.17 ± 1.70
a
1.50 ± 0.89
a
3
2361.25 ± 130.06
a
4.26 ± 1.49
a
3.43 ± 0.97
a
15.60 ± 1.70
a
1.88 ± 0.89
a
4
2453.75 ± 130.06
a
4.98 ± 1.49
a
3.62 ± 0.97
a
15.25 ± 1.70
a
1.75 ± 0.89
a
5
2443.00 ± 130.06
a
3.69 ± 1.49
a
3.16 ± 0.97
a
17.06 ± 1.70
a
1.38 ± 0.89
a
Treatments: weight ant., antemortem weight; fat. abd., abdominal fat;
ab
: It is the representation of the statistical
dierences (
P<0.05) found when being compared against the control
TABLE IV
Averages obtained from the slaughtering of female chickens on
Treatments blood (%) feathers (%) viscera (%)
1
1920.50 ± 140.86
a
3.91 ± 0.60
a
3.35 ± 0.73
a
16.72 ± 1.08
a
1.25 ± 0.81
a
2
2000.50 ± 140.86
a
3.66 ± 0.60
a
3.26 ± 0.73
a
16.77 ± 1.08
a
1.13 ± 0.81
a
3
2105.75 ± 140.86
a
3.95 ± 0.60
a
2.82 ± 0.73
a
15.98 ± 1.08
ab
2.00 ± 0.81
a
4
1986.75 ± 140.86
a
4.15 ± 0.60
a
3.83 ± 0.73
a
14.51 ± 1.08
b
1.25 ± 0.81
a
5
2084.00 ± 140.86
a
4.10 ± 0.60
a
3.31 ± 0.73
a
16.08 ± 1.08
ab
2.18 ± 0.81
a
Treatments: weight ant., antemortem weight; fat. abd., abdominal fat;
ab
: It is the representation of the statistical
dierences (
P<0.05) found when being compared against the control
an increase in the weight of the spleen, thymus and Fabricio’s bag
with respect to the control. Likewise Valdivié et al. [20] reported that
when experimenting with 36 laying hens L-33, the weight of the liver
did not present differences on the diets with up to 10% Moringa, but,
it did decrease in the diet containing 20% of this meal, concluding
that it was due to the lower contribution of EM and EE in the diet.
Moringa oleifera in the feed of broilers / Ramirez-Rojas et al. _______________________________________________________________________
6 of 6
CONCLUSIONS
Adding M. oleifera (leaves) meal showed nor positive effects on the
parameters of the carcass of Cobb 500 B, neither when analyzing the
variables by sex, which allows to mention that it can be included in
the diets up to 4%, being safe to use it as an alternative raw material.
Regarding the viscera variable (%), there was no generalized effect
in males, but it was in females from 2% inclusion of Moringa our in
the diet, which tends to have lower percentages in the weight of it,
without affecting the performance of the carcass.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To the Authorities of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the
Universidad Técnica de Machala for providing unconditional support
to research in food production and animal health.
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