DOI: https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e32185
Received: 02/08/2022 Accepted: 29/08/2022 Published: 14/11/2022
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Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXII, rcfcv-e32185, 1 - 7
ABSTRACT
This research was carried out at the Santa Inés farm (Faculty of
Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Técnica de Machala), El Oro Province,
Ecuador. The main objective was to evaluate the effect of Moringa
oleifera leaf meal on the productive and economic parameters of
Cobb 500 chickens. For the biosecurity and well-being of the birds,
a pre-established managemet for open-shed systems in the area was
used, applying a basic vaccination schedule to the chickens. For the
experiment, a Completely Random Design (CRD) was applied, using
200 Cobb 500, newborn mixed chickens (male and female), distributed
in 5 treatments and evaluated for 35 days, each treatment had 4
experimental units of 10 chickens. The disposition of the groups
was as follows: control (T1) to which only the basal diet; T2, T3, T4
and T5 in which 1, 2, 3, 4% of M. oleifera leaf meal was administered
in the feed, respectively. The variables evaluated were: live body
weight, feed consumption and accumulated water, feed conversion
ratio, mortality, productive eciency factor, kilograms of meat per
square meters (m
2
) and economic expenses. To determine the possible
differences, the statistical software Statgraphics Centurion XV.I.®,
was used. A parametric analysis of one factor (ANOVA), prior to the
assumptions of normality and homogeneity was used. In order to
discriminate among the means, the Bonferroni multiple comparison
procedure was applied with a condence level of 95%. The results
showed that there is an effect on live weight and feed intake, because
diets with an inclusion greater than 3% were negatively inuenced in
the rst 3 weeks of life of the animal, while the rest of the variables
were not affected.
Key words: Live weight; feed conversion ratio; productive eciency
factor; economic expenses; moringa
RESUMEN
Esta investigación se realizó en la granja Santa Inés (Facultad de
Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica de Machala), provincia
de El Oro, Ecuador. El objetivo principal fue evaluar el efecto de la
harina de hojas de Moringa oleifera sobre los parámetros productivos
y económicos de pollos Cobb 500. Para la bioseguridad y bienestar
de las aves se utilizó un manejo preestablecido para los sistemas
de galpones abiertos de la zona, aplicando un esquema básico de
vacunación a los pollos. Para el experimento se aplicó un Diseño
Completamente al Azar (DCA), utilizando 200 pollos mixtos (machos
y hembras) recién nacidos Cobb 500, distribuidos en 5 tratamientos
y evaluados durante 35 días, cada tratamiento contó con 4 unidades
experimentales de 10 pollos. La disposición de los grupos fue la
siguiente: control (T1) a los que se les administró únicamente la dieta
basal; T2, T3, T4 y T5 a los que se les suministró 1; 2; 3; 4% de harina
de hojas de M. oleifera en la alimentación, respectivamente. Las
variables evaluadas fueron: peso vivo, consumo de alimento y agua
acumulado, índice de conversión alimenticia, mortalidad, factor de
eciencia productiva, Kilogramos de carne por metros cuadrados y
gastos económicos. Para determinar las posibles diferencias se utilizó
el software estadístico Statgraphics Centurion XV.I. ®. Se empleó un
análisis paramétrico de un factor (ANOVA), previo a los supuestos de
normalidad y homogeneidad. Para discriminar entre las medias se
aplicó el procedimiento de comparación múltiple de Bonferroni con
un nivel de conanza del 95%. Los resultados mostraron que existe
un efecto sobre el peso vivo y el consumo de alimento, debido a que
las dietas con una inclusión mayor al 3% se vieron inuenciadas
negativamente en las primeras 3 semanas de vida del animal, mientras
que el resto de las variables no se vieron afectadas.
Palabras clave: Peso vivo; índice de conversión de alimenticia; factor
de eciencia productiva; gastos económicos; moringa
Use of Moringa oleifera in chickens and its effect on Productive and
Economic parameters
Uso de Moringa oleifera en pollos y su efecto en parámetros productivos y económicos
Gloria Estefanía González-Eras
1
, Oliverio Napoleón Vargas-González
2
and Ángel Roberto Sánchez-Quinche
1,2
*
1
Universidad Técnica de Machala, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Research hotbed in Animal Production (SIPA).
Machala, El Oro, Ecuador.
2
Universidad Técnica de Machala, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Research Group on
Food Production and Animal Health (GIPASA). Machala, El Oro, Ecuador.
*Email: arsanchez@utmachala.edu.ec
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
20
25
30
35
40
45
Days
Temperature (°C)
Min.
Max.
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
25
50
75
100
Days
Humidity (%)
Min.
Max.
FIGURE 1. Daily temperature record (February-March 2022), maximum
(orange color) and minimum (blue color) taken in the morning (8 am)
through a digital thermo-hygrometer (LWH model: HTC-2), during the
experiment
FIGURE 2. Daily record of humidity (February-March 2022), maximum
(orange color) and minimum (blue color) taken in the morning (8 am)
through a digital thermo-hygrometer (LWH model: HTC-2), during the
experiment
Use of Moringa oleifera in chickens / González-Eras et al. __________________________________________________________________________
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INTRODUCTION
The intensive rearing of broilers (B) is currently conditioned by
several factors such as genetic improvement, growth speed, use
of feed and the growing intensication into the rearing facilities,
resulting in an increase in population density which requires proper
management for this type of production [13].
The production of food species has become a primary strategy
to meet the needs of animal protein, added to the demand by the
consumer that has inuenced producers to increase the amount of
raw material they allocate for feeding the animals; therefore the diets
offered to poultry must meet minimum nutritional requirements, in
addition to responding to the availability and price of raw materials,
all of this to obtain healthy and economically productive chickens
(Gallus gallus domesticus) [10].
In Ecuador, the poultry industry shows a promising future due to
the acceptance of its products, its demand is closely related to the
nutritional contribution and affordability of its price, in addition to the
consumer’s criteria that considers aspects such as good appearance,
characteristics sensory and a good carcass [2].
Moringa oleifera L. belongs to the Moringaceae family, native to India,
Pakistan, Asia Minor, Arabia and Africa, spreading to Regions such as
the Philippines, the entire American Continent and the Caribbean.
The whole plant is useful, the leaves, owers, fruits and roots, are
appreciated for their nutritional value [12]. It is a fast grower with
moderate altitudes, measuring between 7 to 12 meters (m) to the
crown, produces strong and deep roots, adaptable to all types of soil,
resistant to drought. It’s ideal growth temperature is 25-35°C, although
it tolerates up to 48°C. [5]; It is considered a multipurpose crop because
it uses a high-yield biomass production system, rapid regrowth after
pruning. Its yields are dependent on the season, weather conditions,
the culture method and the application of fertilizers [15].
Moringa is used for human and animal consumption due to its high
source of dietary protein and essential amino acids, being observed
an increase in meat yield in animals; the leaf contains 20 to 30%
protein, 5.0 to 7.5% fat, and 25 to 31% ber, being an excellent source
of iron, calcium, and vitamin C [7]. There is evidence that Moringa
has hypotensive, hypoglycemic, anticancer, antiobesity, antidiabetic,
antianemic and, lipid metabolism regulatory properties [8], the leaf
has an antiparasitic and curative effect in animals [11].
The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of M.
oleifera leaf meal on the productive and economic parameters of
Cobb 500 chickens.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research location
This research was carried out in the “Santa Inés” farm, Faculty of
Agricultural Sciences of the Universidad Técnica de Machala, which is
located in the coastal region of Ecuador, at kilometer 5 ½ via Machala
– Pasaje; its geographical coordinates are 79°54’05” West, 3°17’16” S,
with an altitude of 5 meters above sea level, with a temperature that
ranges between 22 to 35°C (FIGS. 1 and 2).
Characteristics of the housing and management of the chickens
Bird management was as described by Quinche et al. [17] adapted to
handle 200 Cobb 500 B from the “INCU-PASAJE” incubator company
(Pasaje-El Oro-Ecuador); 4 JACKWAL brand gas brooders of 1200
kilocalories· hours
-1
(Kcal·h
-1
) – 4700 British Termal Unit·h
-1
reference
G14818 (Quito-Ecuador) were used as a heat source and internal and
external plastic curtains were used to control air currents, which were
lowered 20 centimeters -cm- per day -d- from the 8th d of age of the
animals, in such a way that at d 10 the brooders were eliminated and,
FIGURE 3. Turbo dehydrator charged with the leaves of M. oleifera
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on d 21 they received total aeration (without curtains). Four h before
the reception of the baby chicks, the heat sources were turned on and
during the rst 3 d of age, vitamins plus electrolytes (1 grame -g- per
liter -L-) were administered in the drinking water, in addition to covering
the litter with wallpapered. The lighting scheme consisted of applying
24 h light for the rst 7 d and afterwards it was reduced by 1 h per d,
until the birds are given 6 h of rest (darkness), for this purpose 20 watt
(W) light emitting diode (LED) bulbs were used.
During the study, the following variables were recorded: live weight,
feed consumption and accumulated water, feed conversion ratio,
mortality, productive eciency factor, kilograms -kg- of live meat
per m
2
and economic expenses. An electronic scale (CAMRY, model
EK9332-F302, China) was used, which a maximum capacity of 5 kg ±1 g.
Feed formulation
For the feed formulation, the Excel Solver tool was applied, using the
guide of the tabulated values of the raw materials that are published
in the Fundación Española para el Desarrollo de la Nutrición Animal
(FEDNA) tables [6], and taking into account the nutritional needs for
poultry: Standards FEDNA [19], the raw materials were purchased from
the BALMAR Company (El Oro – Ecuador). Three phases were carried out:
Initial diet: from 0 to 21 d (adapted from the Nutritional needs for
poultry, FEDNA standards, initiation 0 to 14 d) that contained the following:
Soybeans (Glycine max) , corn (Zea mays), rice bran (Oryza sativa), L-Lysine
Monohydrochloride , DL-Methionine, L-Threonine, soybean oil, robavio
Max Advanced (Enzymatic preparation of endo-1,4-Xylanase, endo-
1,3(4)-β-Glucanase, 6-Phytase enzyme), Iodized Salt, MIKRO-MX Prem Qsi
initial broiler, Calcium Carbonate, Dicalcium Phosphate, Zinc Bacitrazine
15%, LERBEK® (Clopidol 20% + Methylbenzoquate 1.67%), dehydrated M.
oleifera and Zeolite; each ingredient according to the specic treatment
(TABLE I). The formula was isoproteic (21.2% crude protein -CP-) and
isoenergetic (2.860 Kcal·kg
-1
of metabolizable energy -ME-).
Growth diet: from d 22 to 28 d (adapted from the Nutritional needs
for poultry, FEDNA standards, 15 to 23 d), similar to the previous one,
except that Soybean oil was replaced by Palm oil (Elaeis guineensis). The
formula was isoproteic (20% CP) and isoenergetic (2.990 Kcal·kg
-1
ME).
Completion diet: from d 29 onwards (adapted from the Nutritional
needs for poultry, FEDNA standards, 24 to 36 d), the same as above,
except that the formula was isoproteic (18.5% CP) and isoenergetic
(3.050 kcal/kg ME)
Preparation of M. oleifera meal
For the elaboration of this raw material, fresh leaves were harvested,
the weight was recorded with a CAMRY brand electronic gram scale
(model EK9332-F302,China), and then they were put in the trays of a
food dehydrator ("Ronco®" EZ-Store 5 trays,USA), at a temperature of
71°C, for 6 h, obtaining 32.2% of raw material partially dried (RMPD).
After this process, the material was left to cool (ambient temperature)
for 24 h in a sealed container and, later on it was subjected to two
grindings (FIG. 3).
TABLE I
Nutritional values of the diets for each stage, obtained
with the Excel Solver tool and used in this research
Nutrients Initiation Growth Ending
CP (g·kg
-1
) 212.00 200.00 185.00
CF (g·kg
-1
) 34.30 34.96 33.44
Ca (g·kg
-1
) 9.80 9.00 7.50
P (g·kg
-1
) 6.60 5.80 5.60
Na (g·kg
-1
) 1.90 1.70 1.60
Cl (g·kg
-1
) 2.95 2.54 2.31
ME (
Kcal·kg
-1
) 2860.00 2990.00 3050.00
Lys (g·kg
-1
) 13.80 12.50 11.30
Met (g·kg
-1
) 5.50 5.10 5.68
Thr (g·kg
-1
) 9.00 8.30 7.50
CP: crude protein, CF: crude ber, Ca: calcium, P: phosphorus, Na: sodium, Cl:
chlorine, ME: metabolizable energy, Lys: lysine, Met: methionine, Thr: threonine
Evaluated variables
All variables were quantitative.
Live weight (g)
To generate the data, the birds were weighed individually at the
beginning of the experiment and weekly until d 35 (5 Treatments -T- ×
4 Experimental Units –EU– × 10 Chickens B × 5 weeks –wk-), without
taking into account the mortality during the experimental phase.
Cumulative feed intake (g)
This variable was recorded wk, obtained from the difference
between the feed offered and the one leftover. Obtaining a total of
100 data (5T × 4EU × 5wk).
Accumulated water consumption (mL)
The sum of daily water consumption was performed to obtain wk
data. Generating 100 data (5T × 4EU × 5wk).
FIGURE 4. Random distribution of treatments
Use of Moringa oleifera in chickens / González-Eras et al. __________________________________________________________________________
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Feed conversion ratio (FCR)
This data is obtained from the division between the accumulated
feed consumed and the weight gain of the B, recorded wk. 100 data
(5T × 4EU × 5wk) were obtained.
Mortality
For this data, the number of dead B during the entire rearing period
was recorded.
Productive eciency factor (PEF)
This variable allows to evaluate the eciency of the batches, it is
obtained at the end of the handling of the B, the following formula is applied:
%
PEF
FCRage days
Survival rate finalweight kg
100
#
#
#
=
-- --
^h
Kg of meat per m
2
This data is obtained by adding the nal weight (kg) of the B in a
m
2
of space.
Economic expenses
All the expenses on materials and equipment of the housing divided
by the number of EU was taken into account, and to this was added
the cost of the diet consumed by the B.
Experimental design
A completely randomized design (CRD) was applied, where 5T
were used, each with 4EU with 10 B, for a total of 200 B evaluated.
T1 or control contained a diet without Moringa meal, while T2, T3,
T4 and T5 included dehydrated Moringa leaf meal at 1, 2, 3 and 4%,
respectively (FIG. 4).
Statistical analysis
The data analysis was based on Blasco’s book [3]. For all the variables
of the experiment, an ANOVA test was used, prior assumptions of
normality and homogeneity, and to discriminate between the means,
the Bonferroni multiple comparison test was used with a condence
level of 95%. Everything was analyzed using the Statgraphics Centurión
XV.I statistical program ®.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Live body weight of the broilers
In TABLE II, it is evident that there was no signicant difference
at week 1, 2, 4 and 5, while at wk 3 there was a difference, when
comparing T5 with the control, these results are partially similar
to those found by Fuentes et al. [7], who reported that by adding
10% Moringa leaf meal to the diet of Ross-308 B for 42 d affected
the average nal weight, being lower than the control treatment,
attributing this result to the increase of ber in the diet. Similar to
the results found in another species by Castillo et al. [4], who used
meal from M. oleifera leaves in the diets for fattening Japanese quails
(Coturnix japonica) showed that in the starter diet (d 1 to 14) there were
signicant differences, in such a way that by increasing the amount
of meal (7, 14 and 21%) a reduction in weight was observed, although
they also mentioned that at d 35 the inclusion level had no any effect.
Cumulative feed intake
Cumulative feed intake (TABLE III) was not different during wk 1 and
2, but in wk 3, 4 and 5 a signicant difference was obtained between
T5 and control. This differs from the ndings of Romero et al. [18],
who experimented with semi – heavy hens of the line Plymouth Rock
by including 3 levels (0, 3 and 6%) of M. oleifera in their diet, and found
no differences in feed consumption. Furthermore, these results also
differ from the research carried out by Gómez et al. [9], who included
Moringa meal at 4 and 8% in Cobb 500 male B, and whose analysis
began after 21 d, although they had signicant differences, they
showed a higher intake in the T that carried 4 and 8% compared to
the control T, concluding that ber (relatively high content) increased
feed consumption.
Accumulated water consumption
In TABLE IV, it is observed that there were no signicant differences
when comparing the water consumption among T. These results
were similar to the results reported by Antara et al. [1], who included
Moringa extract fermented by a probiotics (Saccharomyces spp.) at 2%
in the drinking water of laying hens up to 70 wk of age, and found no
signicant effect on water intake, at a dose of 2-4 mililiters (mL)/100
mL of drinking water.
Feed conversion ratio (FCR)
There were no signicant differences on FCR (TABLE V), results that
differ from those of Paul et al. [16], who included 1% of the aqueous
extract of M. oleifera in the drinking water of Cobb 500 B for 5 wk and
whose results showed a lower FCR when compared to the control
group. On the other hand, the present results were similar to what
was found in the study by Mesa et al. [14], who included 0.10, 15 and
20% of M. oleifera forage meal in the feed of White Leghorn L33 laying
hens from 19 to 26 wk of age, and did not show any difference in FCR.
Mortality
The only mortality recorded during the experiment was in T3, where
a B died on d 3, the necropsy showed omphalitis. On a study by Vázquez
et al, [20] who included M. oleifera forage meal at 0.5, 1 and 1.5% in
the diet of 28 male B (EB
34 hybrid
) for up to 42 d, when they evaluated
the results of immunological indicators (spleen, thymus and bursa
of Fabricius), and also hematocrit and hemoglobin, found out that by
including up to 1.5% Moringa meal does not affect mortality.
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TABLE II
Average weekly live weight of the chickens according to treatment (average ± condence intervals)
Trat. week 1 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 5
1 192.48 ± 21.39
a
516.68 ± 23.13
a
1046.80 ± 36.39
a
1632.22 ± 87.45
a
2250.75 ± 116.29
a
2 189.70 ± 21.39
a
493.40 ± 23.13
a
1001.65 ± 36.39
ab
1536.22 ± 87.45
a
2156.82 ± 116.29
a
3 195.35 ± 21.39
a
511.53 ± 23.13
a
1020.65 ± 36.39
a
1591.72 ± 87.45
a
2179.78 ± 116.29
a
4 190.15 ± 21.39
a
506.68 ± 23.13
a
1009.38 ± 36.39
ab
1584.30 ± 87.45
a
2242.17 ± 116.29
a
5 162.05 ± 21.39
a
470.38 ± 23.13
a
965.65 ± 36.39
b
1566.27 ± 87.45
a
2247.90 ± 116.29
a
Trat.: Treatments; Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5: Weeks;
ab
: It is the representation of the statistical dierences (P<0.05) found
when being compared against the control
TABLE III
Average weekly accumulated feed consumption of the chickens
according to treatment (average ± condence intervals)
Trat. week1 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 5
1 187.30 ± 9.31
a
575.43 ± 25.64
a
1214.97 ± 50.42
a
2137.80 ± 67.52
a
3318.53 ± 98.35
a
2 184.65 ± 9.31
a
556.03 ± 25.64
a
1151.68 ± 50.42
ab
2052.92 ± 67.52
ab
3230.30 ± 98.35
ab
3 178.50 ± 9.31
a
550.70 ± 25.64
a
1152.18 ± 50.42
ab
2066.68 ± 67.52
ab
3283.13 ± 98.35
a
4 183.35 ± 9.31
a
553.60 ± 25.64
a
1145.75 ± 50.42
ab
2039.20 ± 67.52
ab
3253.40 ± 98.35
ab
5 169.85 ± 9.31
a
524.93 ± 25.64
a
1102.88 ± 50.42
b
1962.30 ± 67.52
b
3065.80 ± 98.35
b
Trat.: Treatments; Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5: Weeks;
ab
: It is the representation of the statistical dierences (P<0.05) found
when being compared against the control
TABLE IV
Average weekly accumulated water consumption according to treatment (average ± condence intervals)
Trat. week 1 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 5
1 4507.75 ± 118.97
a
10600.00 ± 191.1
a
18628.30 ± 1007
a
33636.30 ± 9214.40
a
36566.80 ± 2136.30
a
2 4490.00 ± 118.97
a
10413.50 ± 191.1
a
18233.00 ± 1007
a
24318.50 ± 9214.40
a
35590.30 ± 2136.30
a
3 4438.75 ± 118.97
a
10418.80 ± 191.1
a
17715.50 ± 1007
a
24319.50 ± 9214.40
a
36121.30 ± 2136.30
a
4 4452.00 ± 118.97
a
10619.00 ± 191.1
a
18281.00 ± 1007
a
24903.50 ± 9214.40
a
37192.00 ± 2136.30
a
5 4579.50 ± 118.97
a
10648.00 ± 191.1
a
18422.30 ± 1007
a
25390.50 ± 9214.40
a
37120.30 ± 2136.30
a
Trat.: Treatments; Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5: Weeks;
ab
: It is the representation of the statistical dierences (P<0.05) found
when being compared against the control
TABLE V
Average weekly feed conversion rate according to treatment (average ± condence intervals)
Trat. week 1 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 5
1 0.97 ± 0.17
a
1.12 ± 0.05
a
1.16 ± 0.04
a
1.31 ± 0.09
a
1.48 ± 0.09
a
2 0.98 ± 0.17
a
1.13 ± 0.05
a
1.15 ± 0.04
a
1.34 ± 0.09
a
1.50 ± 0.09
a
3 0.92 ± 0.17
a
1.08 ± 0.05
a
1.13 ± 0.04
a
1.30 ± 0.09
a
1.51 ± 0.09
a
4 0.97 ± 0.17
a
1.10 ± 0.05
a
1.14 ± 0.04
a
1.29 ± 0.09
a
1.45 ± 0.09
a
5 1.10 ± 0.17
a
1.12 ± 0.05
a
1.14 ± 0.04
a
1.25 ± 0.09
a
1.37 ± 0.09
a
Trat.: Treatments; Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5: Weeks;
ab
: It is the representation of the statistical dierences (P<0.05) found
when being compared against the control
FIGURE 5. Comparison of PEF by treatments
FIGURE 7. Comparison of the economic expenses per treatment
FIGURE 6. Analysis of the number of kilograms of meat (live weight)
that are produced in one square meter per treatment
Use of Moringa oleifera in chickens / González-Eras et al. __________________________________________________________________________
6 of 7
CONCLUSIONS
The inclusion of Moringa leaf our has no effect on the variables
evaluated, because at the end of the experiment, no difference was
observed, only in the consumption of food, which from the third wk
was inuenced to be less until the end, so it is assumed that Moringa
oleífera does not negatively affect the productive parameters.
According to the results, it is recommended to work with levels of
3% Moringa leaf meal as a maximum in the initial diets, while in the
growth and nishing diets this percentage can be exceeded.
The economic parameters were not statistically affected by
including Moringa in the diets, however, arithmetically speaking,
the difference of cents in the diets that included the product would
represent a saving for the poultry industry, due to the large number
of birds that are produced.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To the authorities of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the
Universidad Técnica de Machala for their continued support of eld
research.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
[1] ANTARA, I.K.; BIDURA, I.G.; SITI, N.W. Effects of Moringa
oleifera leaf and probiotics mixed fermented extract on the
egg production and cholesterol contents in egg of laying hens.
Intern. J. Fauna Biol. Stud. 6(5): 06–12. 2019.
[2] ATTIA, Y.A.; AL-HARTHI, M.A.; KORISH, M.A.; SHIBOOB, M.M.
Evaluación de la calidad de la carne de pollo en el mercado
minorista: efectos del tipo y origen de las canales.Rev. Mex.
Cien. Pec. 7(3): 321–339. 2016.
[3] BLASCO, A. Análisis de varianza. En: Análisis de datos
experimentales para proyectos n de carrera. Ed. Universidad
Politécnica de Valencia. Pp 61–82. 2010.
[4] CASTILLO, L.; PORTILLO, L.J.; LEÓN, F.J.; GUTIÉRREZ, D.R.;
ANGULO, E.M.; MUY-RANGEL, M.D.; HEREDIA, J. B. Inclusion
of Moringa leaf powder (Moringa oleifera) in fodder for feeding
japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).Braz. J. Poult. Sci.
20: 15–26. 2018. https://doi.org/jj29.
Productive eciency factor
FIG. 5 shows that there were no signicant differences among T;
however, numerically it can be seen that T 5 has the best PEF.
Kg of meat per m
2
FIG. 6 shows the amount of kg of meat per m
2
and, although there
are no signicant differences, numerical differences can be seen
when comparing the control (22.50) with T2 (21.60) and T3 (21.20),
showing the lowest data.
Economic expenses
FIG. 7 shows that there was no signicant difference, although
there was a numeric difference. These results showed the cost for
each T (40 animals).
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