© The Authors, 2024, Published by the Universidad del Zulia*Corresponding author:freddyzg_86@hotmail.com
Keywords:
Musa AAA
Trichoderma
Bacillus
ADMF®
Ralstonia solanacearum
AUDPC
Biological control of Ralstonia solanacearum and its eect on the vegetative growth of organic
banana
Control biológico de Ralstonia solanacearum y su efecto en el crecimiento vegetativo de banano
orgánico
Controle biológico de Ralstonia solanacearum e seu efeito no crescimento vegetativo da bananeira
orgânica
Mario Ramos-Veintimilla
1
Freddy Zambrano-Gavilanes
2
*
Karina Solís-Hidalgo
3
Felipe R. Garcés-Fiallos
4
Víctor Quimi Arce
5
Adriana Beatriz Sánchez-Urdaneta
6
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2024, 41(2): e244116
ISSN 2477-9407
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47280/RevFacAgron(LUZ).v42.n2.06
Crop production
Associate editor: Dra. Evelyn Pérez Pérez
University of Zulia, Faculty of Agronomy
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
1
Programa de Maestría en Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Posgrado,
Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador.
Estación Experimental Santo Domingo, Instituto Nacional de
Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), La Concordia, Ecuador.
2
Departamento de Agronomía, Facultad de Ingeniería
Agronómica, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo,
Ecuador.
3
Estación Experimental Tropical Pichilingue, Instituto Nacional
de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), Mocache, Ecuador.
4
Laboratorio de Fitopatología, Departamento de Agronomía,
Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Técnica de
Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador.
5
Empresa privada, Ecuador. Biológicos Alvarado & Maggio,
Machala, El Oro, Ecuador.
6
Departamento de Agronomía, Facultad de Ingeniería
Agronómica, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo,
Ecuador.
Carrera de Bioquímica y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la
Salud, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador.
Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí,
Portoviejo, Ecuador.
Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad
del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
Received: 02-02-2024
Accepted: 01-05-2024
Published: 23-05-2024
Abstract
The banana (Musa AAA) is one of the main economically important
crops worldwide. Currently, it faces a serious problem of plant death
caused by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) variety 2. The
objective of this research was to evaluate the eect of biological control
of Moko disease and its relationship with the vegetative growth of banana
seedlings under eld conditions. Four treatments were employed: absolute
control (T0), Trichoderma spp. (T1), Bacillus spp. (Bio-remedy) (T2),
and ADMF® (T3) with three replications in a completely randomized
block design. The incubation period, the incidence percentage, and the
area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) were evaluated, along
with plant survival and height, pseudostem diameter, and leaf emission
rate. At 113 days after transplanting (dat), treatments T1, T2, and T3
showed higher seedling survival. Plant height (111-145 cm), pseudostem
diameter (7.43-11.28 cm), and leaf emission rate (11.74-13.15 leaves)
exhibited signicant dierences among treatments. Treated plants
showed the lowest AUDPC (between 576.1 and 1435.4 units) compared
to untreated plants (3156.55 units). Trichoderma, Bacillus, and ADMF®
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2024, 41(2): e244116 April-June. ISSN 2477-9407.
2-6 |
were demonstrated to reduce disease incidence and promote banana
vegetative growth, proving to be viable sustainable alternatives for
this crop.
Resumen
El banano (Musa AAA) es uno de los principales cultivos de
importancia económica a nivel mundial. Actualmente, enfrenta
un grave problema de muerte de plantas causada por la bacteria
Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) raza 2. El objetivo de la presente
investigación fue evaluar el efecto del control biológico de Moko
y su efecto relación en el crecimiento vegetativo de plántulas de
banano en condiciones de campo. Se emplearon cuatro tratamientos:
ttestigo absoluto (T0), Trichoderma spp. (T1), Bacillus spp. (Bio-
remedy) (T2) y ADMF® (T3) con tres repeticiones, en un diseño de
bloques completamente al azar. Se evalúo el periodo de incubación,
el porcentaje de incidencia y el área bajo la curva del progreso de
la enfermedad (ABCPE), la sobrevivencia y altura de plantas, el
diámetro del pseudotallo y la tasa de emisión foliar. A los 113 días
después del trasplante (dtt), los tratamientos T1, T2 y T3 mostraron
mayor sobrevivencia de plántulas. La altura de plantas (111-145 cm),
el diámetro del pseudotallo (7,43-11,28 cm) y la tasa de emisión
foliar (11,74-13,15 hojas) presentaron diferencias signicativas entre
tratamientos. Las plantas tratadas presentaron la menor ABCPE
(entre 576,1 y 1.435,4 unidades) en comparación con las no tratadas
(3.156,55 unidades).Trichoderma, Bacillus y ADMF® demostraron
reducir la incidencia de la enfermedad y promover el crecimiento
vegetativo de banano, constituyéndose en alternativas sostenibles
viables para este cultivo.
Palabras clave: Musa AAA, Trichoderma, Bacillus, ADMF,
Ralstonia solanacearum, ABCPE.
Resumo
A banana (Musa AAA) é uma das principais culturas de
importância econômica em todo o mundo. Atualmente, enfrenta
um sério problema de mortalidade de plantas causado pela bactéria
Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) raça 2. O objetivo da presente
pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito do controle biológico da doença Moko
e sua relação com o crescimento vegetativo de mudas de banana em
condições de campo. Foram utilizados quatro tratamentos: controle
absoluto (T0), Trichoderma spp. (T1), Bacillus spp. (Bio-remedy)
(T2) e ADMF® (T3), com três repetições, em um delineamento
de blocos completamente ao acaso. Foram avaliados o período de
incubação, a porcentagem de incidência e a área abaixo da curva
de progresso da doença (ABCPD), além da sobrevivência e altura
das plantas, o diâmetro do pseudocaule e a taxa de emissão foliar.
Aos 113 dias após o transplante (dat), os tratamentos T1, T2 e T3
mostraram maior sobrevivência das mudas. A altura das plantas
(111-145 cm), o diâmetro do pseudocaule (7,43-11,28 cm) e a taxa
de emissão foliar (11,74-13,15 folhas) apresentaram diferenças
signicativas entre os tratamentos. As plantas tratadas apresentaram
a menor ABCPD (entre 576,1 e 1.435,4 unidades) em comparação
com as não tratadas (3.156,55 unidades). Trichoderma, Bacillus e
ADMF® demonstraram reduzir a incidência da doença e promover o
crescimento vegetativo do bananeiro, sendo alternativas sustentáveis
viáveis para esta cultura.
Palavras-chave: Musa AAA, Trichoderma, Bacillus, ADMF,
Ralstonia solanacearum, ABCPE.
Introduction
Banana cultivation (Musa AAA) originated in the Asian continent
and has now spread to many tropical regions of the planet (Brunda
et al., 2023); It is a globally important cash crop, supporting the
livelihoods and food security of millions of people (Debnath et al.,
2019).
Banana cultivation is susceptible to diseases such as Moko or
bacterial vascular wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith)
variety 2, which is characterized by aecting all the organs of the
plant at any stage of development (Milk et al., 2022). The symptoms
occur in one of the three youngest leaves, progressively advancing to
the more senescent leaves, where the vascular tissues subsequently
present vascular discoloration (Valencia et al., 2014). Also with the
progression of the disease, the leaves turn yellowish to brown and
pendulous, a stage in which the plant nally dies due to colonization
and obstruction of the root system of the plants by R. solanacearum
(Castillo, 2023; Ramirez et al., 2020).
Among the biological controls used worldwide against plant
pathogens are some bacteria (Bacillus subtilis
, Pseudomonas
uorescens, Streptomyces spp., among others), plant growth-
promoting bacteria (Azotobacter spp., and Azospirillum spp.) and
fungi (Trichoderma spp.) (Avozani et al., 2022; Crespo-Clas et al.,
2023; Fernandes et al., 2020; Sabando-Ávila et al., 2017).
Some Trichoderma isolates can be considered plant growth-
promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and inducers of plant defenses against
plant pathogens, and they even can attack, parasitize, or simply occupy
the ecological niche of parasites such as R. solanacearum (Avozani et
al., 2022; Quispe-Quispe et al., 2022). In general, biological control
with Bacillus spp. and Trichoderma spp. has advantages in terms of
farmers’ economics and at the environmental level (Sabando-Ávila et
al., 2017; Villegas-Escobar et al., 2018).
The use of these microorganisms and other measures more
compatible with the environment are alternatives to reduce the
populations of R. solanacearum in Musaceae. Therefore, this study
aimed to evaluate the use of biological controls on Moko and their
eect on banana vegetative growth.
Materials and methods
Description of the experimental area
This research was carried out in 2022, in the province of
Esmeraldas (0°05 ́1.34 ́ ́ S and -79°26 ́25.0 ́ ́ W), at an altitude of 186
m a.s.l. The trial was set up in an organic banana plantation certied
for this purpose 7 years ago by Quality Certication Services (QCS).
Considering that the soils have been cultivated with cocoa and coee,
before carrying out the research, a physical-chemical analysis of the
soil was carried out, whose results are presented in table 1.
The soil prole of the rst site was deep, well-drained, with
groundwater below 15 m, silty loam textured, classied as Eutrudox;
while the second sandy clay site was classied as Oxisol, according
to the USDA Soil Taxonomy (Santos et al., 2013; Soil Survey Sta,
2014).
In terms of climatic characteristics, the minimum rainfall was 7.2
mm in December and the maximum was 153.7 mm in June, with an
average of 80.45 mm; the minimum temperature was 18 °C, while the
maximum temperature was between 27.9 and 32.1 °C, in August and
October, respectively.
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Ramos-Veintimilla et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2024 41(2): e244116
3-6 |
Table 1. Soil analysis of the organic banana trial, La Unión,
Esmeraldas, Ecuador.
Parameters Units Result Interpretation
Method of
analysis
pH 6.2 Slightly acidic
Soil: water ratio
(1:2.5)
NH
4
ppm 24 Average
Colorimetry
technique
P ppm 65 High
Colorimetry
technique
K Meq.100 g
-1
0.36 Average
Atomic
Absorption
Ca Meq.100 g
-1
11 High
Atomic
Absorption
Mg Meq.100 g
-1
39 High
Atomic
Absorption
S ppm 15 Average ICP method
Zn ppm 11.9 High
Atomic
Absorption
Cu ppm 8.2 High
Atomic
Absorption
Fe ppm 353 High
Atomic
Absorption
Mn ppm 6.1 Average
Atomic
Absorption
B ppm 0.48 Low ICP method
MO % 5.3 High
Walkley-Black
method
Ca/Mg meq.100 g
-1
2.8
Atomic
Absorption
Mg/K meq.100 g
-1
11.14
Atomic
Absorption
Ca+Mg/K meq.100 g
-1
42.57
Atomic
Absorption
Sand % 40
Bouyoucos
method
Silt % 54
Bouyoucos
method
Clay % 6
Bouyoucos
method
Textural
class
Silt loam
OM: organic matter
Experimental conditions
The sowing distance in the eld was 1.5 x 1.5 m. Additionally,
preventive disinfection measures were applied during and after the
installation of the experiment (using quaternary ammonium for the
disinfection of footwear and tools), because the soil had a history of
the presence of R. solanacearum.
Experimental design and statistical analysis
A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used, with four
treatments, established in three blocks (table 2). The experimental
units were plots of 10 m x 8.7 m, containing 18 banana plants, totaling
216. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied and Duncan’s test
(P≤0.05) was used for the comparison of means, using the INFOSTAT
statistical program version 2020.
Table 2. Treatments evaluated in biological control of Ralstonia
solanacearum causing Moko in banana plants.
Symbol Treatments Description
T0 Absolute control No product application
T1
Trichoderma spp.
T. asperellum, T. harzianum and
T. virens
T2 Bacillus spp. (Bio-remedy)
Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium
and Paenibacillus polymyxa
T3
ADMF
®
Product of the maceration of plant
remains (de-stressing action of
maximum performance)
Evaluated biological controls and their application in the eld
Trichoderma spp. The isolates of Trichoderma spp. (T. harzianum,
T. asperellum and T. virens) came from the collection of the
Phytopathology Laboratory of the Department of Plant Protection of
the EETP of INIAP, Ecuador. The inoculum of the biological control
was seeded in Petri dishes containing the potato dextrose agar (PDA)
culture medium that was incubated for 7 days. Subsequently, 5 mL.L
-1
of sterile water was added to each Petri dish, and the conidia were
detached from the mycelium with a spatula. The solution obtained
from each isolate was ltered through sterile gauze and adjusted
to a concentration of 1×10
7
conidia.mL
-1
in a Neubauer chamber
(Agamez-Ramos et al., 2008).
For eld application, a mixture was prepared using 16 mL of
Trichoderma spp. suspension, with a concentration of 1×10
7
conidia.
mL
-1
, in one liter of water.
The mixture was evenly distributed in the experimental unit,
with a dose of 56 mL of suspension per plant.
BIO-REMEDY® is a commercial product containing B. subtilis,
B. megaterium, and P. polymyxa, at a concentration of 1x10
8
CFU.g
-1
.
The application of the product in the eld was carried out at a rate of
3 kg.ha
-1
, uniformly in each experimental unit.
ADMF® is a commercial product classied as a biostimulant,
obtained from the maceration of plant remains containing N (4%), P
(2 %), K (11 %), Ca (1.5 %), Mg (1 %), Fe (0.4 %) and OM (56 %),
which was applied uniformly in the experimental units in doses of 2
L.ha
-1
.
Variables evaluated
Soil microbial load was assessed at the beginning and end of the
experiment by collecting 12 soil samples, one for each treatment
(4) and repetition (3). Each soil sample (1 g) was homogenized and
subjected to serial dilution (10
-1
to 10
-5
) using a PDA culture medium
(potato, dextrose, agar; Difco brand). Dilutions were seeded in Petri
dishes and incubated at laboratory room temperature (24 ± 5 °C)
for six days, to allow the growth of lamentous fungal colonies.
Subsequently, the observation and counting of the developed colonies
was carried out.
The incubation period of the disease was quantied daily
in seedlings transplanted in the eld (21 days of age), until the
appearance of the rst symptom.
The percentage of incidence of the disease was obtained weekly,
using the formula suggested by Castaño-Zapata (1989):
% Incidence =
Number of diseased plants
Total number of plants evaluated
100
1
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Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2024, 41(2): e244116 April-June. ISSN 2477-9407.
4-6 |
With the incidence data obtained during the evaluation, the area
under the disease progression curve (AUDPC) was calculated using
the formula proposed by Shaner and Finney (1977):
Where:
Xi: intensity of disease damage at the ith evaluation.
ti: time in days of the ith evaluation.
n: number of evaluations.
The percentage of plant survival was recorded weekly, quantifying
the number of living plants in each plot, and then transforming the
values obtained into a percentage.
The height of plants (cm) was evaluated monthly with the help of a
ruler graduated in m, measuring the height from the base of the soil to
the point of insertion of the true leaf. The diameter of the pseudostem
was also assessed monthly, using a digital caliper (Tacklife DC02,
Singapore). Initially, the diameter was measured at the base of the
plants, but when the plants grew, it was measured at 1 m from the soil.
Finally, for the leaf emission rate, at 30 days after transplanting (dat),
the ag leaf was marked on each plant, and at the end of the study, the
number of leaves emitted by each plant was quantied.
Results and discussion
Microbial load
The presence of Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum
sp., Fusarium sp., Rhizopus sp., and Colletotrichum sp. was observed
at the beginning of all treatments (table 3), while four months after the
rst evaluation, the microorganisms Penicillium sp., Colletotrichum
sp., and Fusarium sp. were found in the control. Trichoderma spp.
and Penicillium sp. were found in treatment with Trichoderma spp.;
Penicillium sp. and Bacillus sp. were found in treatment with Bio-
remedy, and Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp., and Rhizopus sp.
were found in treatment with ADMF®.
Table 3. Determination of microbial load of soil organisms,
analyzed at the beginning and the end of the research
trial.
Treatments
Start of trial
Presence of microorganisms
End of trial
T0 Absolute control
Penicillium sp.
Cladosporium sp.
Colletotrichum sp.
Fusarium sp.
Penicillium sp.
Colletotrichum sp.
Fusarium sp.
T1 Trichoderma spp.
Penicillium sp.
Cladosporium sp.
Colletotrichum sp.
Fusarium sp.
Rhizopus sp.
Trichoderma sp.
Penicillium sp.
T2
Bacillus spp.
(Bio-remedy)
Penicillium sp.
Colletotrichum sp.
Fusarium sp.
Rhizopus sp.
Penicillium sp.
Bacillus sp.
T3
ADMF
®
Cladosporium sp.
Colletotrichum sp.
Fusarium sp.
Rhizopus sp.
Cladosporium sp.
Colletotrichum sp.
Rhizopus sp.
ADMF®: Product of the maceration of plant remains (de-stressing action of
maximum functioning).
The presence of Trichoderma in the soil at the end of the
experiment could be due to the application of one of the products
based on this biological control, inferring that the fungus practically
occupied the ecological niche, displacing the rest (Quispe-Quispe et
al., 2022; Sabando-Ávila et al., 2017).
Incubation period
The rst symptom of Moko, recognized as the yellowing of
newly emerged leaves, was determined at 48 dat in the control
treatment (T0). Conversely, in plants treated with Bacillus spp. (T2)
and ADMF® (T3), symptoms of the disease were observed at 60
dat. It manifested later (69 dat) in plants treated with Trichoderma
(Figure 1). Although its cycle lasts about 21 days until the plant dies
(He et al., 1983), the appearance of Moko symptoms, in Williams
banana cultivar (M. acuminata) seedlings of the Cavendish subgroup,
can be observed between 6 and 30 days after inoculation with R.
solanacearum (Creencia et al., 2022; Ramírez et al., 2020).
Figure 1. Symptoms caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. A = no
symptoms, B = one wilted leaf, C = two to three wilted
leaves, D = four or more wilted leaves, E = completely dead
plant.
The non-inoculated plants remained green and asymptomatic
during the development of this research; in addition, the incubation
period obtained, contrasted with the results found by Creencia et al.
(2022) and Ramírez et al. (2020), these dierences would be given
by the conditions in which each research was carried out. Regardless
of this fact, all biological treatments applied, especially Trichoderma,
seem to have a negative eect against Moko in banana plants.
Incidence of the disease
The incidence of Moko was dierent between treatments (P≤0.014)
from 48 to 113 dat (Figure 2). Although microorganisms and ADMF®
signicantly reduced the disease, a superiority of Trichoderma and
ADMF® was observed. For example, disease incidence at 113 dat
(end of the experiment) was 86 % in untreated plants, while in those
treated with Bacillus spp., ADMF®, and Trichoderma spp. it was 43
%, 27 %, and 17 %, respectively (Figure 2).
According to Bautista-Montealegre et al. (2016), the incidence
of Moko in untreated plants uctuated between 60 and 77 %, which
was lower than what was found in the present research. In both
bananas and tomatoes, it has been possible to verify the ecacy
of other commercial products based on Trichoderma and Bacillus,
such as Ecoterra® for the management of vascular wilt caused by R.
solanacearum (Ceballos et al., 2014; Zhou et al., 2021). However,
the low incidence of Moko found in the present study (17 %) was
lower than that obtained by Zhou et al. (2021) in tomato plants treated
with B. velezensis (36 %). This further denoted the importance of the
results obtained in the present research.
ABCPE =
X
i+1
+ Xi
2
(
t
i+1
ti
)
n1
i=1
1
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Ramos-Veintimilla et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2024 41(2): e244116
5-6 |
Figure 2. Incidence of the disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum
in bananas and its response to biological and cultural
control treatments. Means followed by letters in common
are not signicantly dierent for Duncan’s test (P<0.05).
The vertical lines at each of the points in the gure refer to
the standard deviation.
Area under the disease progression curve
The AUDPC was dierent among treatments (P≤0.05), with a
higher value (3,197 units) found in the untreated plants (Figure 3).
Plants treated with Bacillus spp., ADMF®, and Trichoderma spp.
had an incidence of 1,435, 936, and 576 units, respectively. If it is
considered that R. solanacearum is a fairly aggressive bacterium
that is easily dispersed and dicult to control, the results presented
here would be important in future decisions in the management of
Moko in Musaceae. It should be considered that all products used in
the research have been formulated from microorganisms, including
ADMF® that has organic matter. Thus, biological controls may be
inhibiting the growth of phytobacteria directly or through the action
of bioactive compounds, or simply occupying the microcosm of the
soil (Quispe-Quispe et al., 2022; Ramírez et al., 2020; Villegas-
Escobar et al., 2018), thus considerably reducing Moko’s AUDPC in
banana plants.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
AUDPC (%-days)
Treatments
a
bc
b
c
Trichoderma spp. Bacillus spp. ADMF
®
Control absolute
Figure 3. Area under the disease progression curve (AUDPC)
caused by Ralstonia solanacearum in banana and its
response to biological and cultural control treatments.
Dierent letters indicate signicant dierences according
to Duncan (P<0.05). The intervals on each bar represent
the standard error.
Plant survival
Although plant survival varied signicantly between treatments
(P≤0.005) from 48 dat, this variable was always lower in untreated
plants at 14 %. The most discrepant answers were found at 105 and
113 dat. At both times, plants treated with Bacillus spp., ADMF®,
and Trichoderma spp. averaged 57 %, 73 %, and 83 %, respectively.
Bautista-Montealegre et al. (2016) indicated that the survival of
banana plants ranged between 13 and 40 %; the lowest value (13
%) was similar to that obtained in the present research. The positive
eect on the survival of banana plants obtained with ADMF® and
Trichoderma spp. was relevant, considering that it was obtained
under eld conditions.
These biological controls increased the survival rate of the plants
compared to the untreated plants (control), thus highlighting their
potential for eective disease management in bananas. Future studies
should optimize the large-scale application of these antagonistic
microbial agents in commercial plantations, as current trials indicate that
they can increase yields by reducing losses caused by bacterial wilt.
Plant height and pseudostem diameter
Both the height of the plants (Figure 4A) and the pseudostem
diameter (Figure 4B) showed dierences between treated and
untreated plants, only at 90 and 113 dat (P≤0.05). In both times, the
application of Trichoderma spp. and ADMF® generally increased
plant height (greater than 140 cm) and pseudostem diameter (greater
than 10 cm) by 14 and 20 %, respectively, compared to Bacillus spp.
and the control.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
30 60 90 113
Pseudostem diameter (cm)
Days after transplant
Figure 4. Plant height (cm) (A) and pseudostem diameter (cm) (B)
of banana and their response to biological and cultural
control treatments for Ralstonia solanacearum.
Dierent letters indicate signicant dierences according
to Duncan (P<0.05). The intervals on each bar represent
the standard error.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 48 60 66 73 85 92 98 105 113
Incidence (%)
Days after transplant
a
b
bc
c
a
b
b
b
a
b
b
b
a
b
b
b
a
b
b
b
a
b
b
b
a
ab
b
b
a
b
b
b
a
b
b
b
Trichoderma spp. Bacillus spp. ADMF
®
Absolute control
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
30 60 90 113
Plant height (cm)
Days after transplant
a
a
ab
b
a
a
b
b
Trichoderma spp.
Bacillus spp.
ADMF
®
Control absolute
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2024, 41(2): e244116 April-June. ISSN 2477-9407.
6-6 |
The use of both bacterial and fungal biological controls can induce
increased height in tomato plants infected with R. solanacearum and
Meloidogyne incognita, respectively (Chávez-Arteaga et al., 2022;
Zhou et al., 2021). Biological controls would not only positively aect
plant height and pseudostem diameter, but also chlorophyll content,
leaf area, leaf thickness, shoot biomass, and roots of banana seedlings
infected with F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense variety 4 tropical (Li et
al., 2021). Even though, the mechanism by which Trichoderma spp.,
ADMF®, or in a certain way Bacillus spp. induced increased plant
height and pseudostem diameter in banana plants was not studied, it
could be inferred that these inputs could be acting as biostimulants or
plant growth promoters (Chavez-Arteaga et al., 2022; Quispe-Quispe
et al., 2022).
Leaf emission rate
Although the leaf emission rate assessed up to 113 dat was similar
in plants treated with Trichoderma spp., Bacillus spp., and ADMF®
compared to those not treated, only the Trichoderma spp. treatment
diered positively from the control (13.3 and 11.8 leaves on average,
respectively). The increase generated by Trichoderma spp. in banana
plants could subsequently also have an impact on fruit production.
However, this and other aspects may be addressed in future research.
In this context, Vargas-Calvo et al. (2015) noted that the number
of total leaves emitted (liform and true) in tall and short banana
cultivars was 39 leaves on average throughout their life cycle.
Conclusions
Trichoderma spp. (T1), Bacillus spp. (T2) and ADMF® (T3)
have a benecial eect on the management of Moko caused by R.
solanacearum in bananas. These inputs evidenced their biocontrol
capacity, which allows to reduce the incidence and progress of the
disease in banana plants under eld conditions. Likewise, their
application promotes a greater vegetative development of banana
plants. Considering these results, Trichoderma, Bacillus, and the
ADMF® product are promising sustainable alternatives to be
implemented in the integrated management of Moko in organic
banana crops. However, further studies are needed to conrm its
eectiveness on a larger scale.
Acknowledgment
The research work was possible thanks to the support of the Tierra
Verde Agricultural Production Association “ASOPRATVERDE”, the
National Institute of Agricultural Research “INIAP” (Santo Domingo
Experimental Station, Pichilingue Tropical Experimental Station), the
DAPME Project, AGROCALIDAD and the Sustainable Agriculture
and Bioenergy Research Group of the Faculty of Agronomic
Engineering of the UTM.
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