*Corresponding author: erika.gp@vguadiana.tecnm.mx

Ixchel Abby Ortiz-Sánchez

Erika Cecilia Gamero-Posada

Cynthia Adriana Nava-Berumen

Sonia Valdez-Ortega

Oscar Gilberto Alaniz-Villanueva

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023, 40(2): e234014

ISSN 2477-9407

DOI: https://doi.org/10.47280/RevFacAgron(LUZ).v40.n2.04

Crop Production

Associate editor: Dra. Evelyn Pérez-Pérez

University of Zulia, Faculty of Agronomy

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Keywords:

Yield

Quality

Biofertilizers

Productivity and nutritional value of common beans with organic fertilization in Durango,

Mexico

Productividad y valor nutricional de frijol común con fertilización orgánica en Durango, México

Produtividade e valor nutricional do feijão comum com adubação orgânica em Durango, México

National Technological Institute of Mexico, Valle del

Guadiana campus, Durango-Mexico highway Km 22.5, CP.

34371, Villa Montemorelos Durango, Mexico.

Received:

03-12-2022

Accepted: 16-03-2023

Published: 21-04-2023

Abstract

Biofertilizers help to increase crop yields and nutritional quality,

reducing the use of agrochemicals that aect ecosystems and human health.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the yield and nutritional value

of the Pinto Rarámuri variety bean, under an organic fertilization scheme

in rainfed conditions in Durango, Mexico. Sowing was carried out in open

elds in Villa Montemorelos, Durango, using a randomized complete block

design with six treatments [manure tea (tea), sewage sludge (sludge), super

lean (lean), commercial organic fertilizer (foc), chemical fertilizer (fqf) and

control] ve repetitions, 30 plots and ve plants per plot as experimental unit.

The variables were: emergence percentage, height and pods per plant, seeds

per pod, seed thickness and length, weight of 100 seeds, yield, crude ber

percentage, protein, ash, fat, and nitrogen-free extract. A two-way analysis

of variance and Tukey’s comparison of means (p ≤ 0.05) were performed.

The treatments showed statistical dierence, the highest yield and weight of

100 seeds was presented by sludge, fqf and foc; while the highest number

of pods and plant height was obtained by sludge and fqf. The lowest yield,

pods per plant, seeds per pod and plant height were observed in control. The

nutritional value presented statistical equality between treatments. The use of

organic fertilization is a sustainable alternative to increase bean productivity

in the state of Durango, without disturbing its nutritional quality.

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023, 40(2): e234014. Abril-Junio. ISSN 2477-9408.

2-6 |

Resumen

Los biofertilizantes ayudan a aumentar el rendimiento y la

calidad nutricional de los cultivos, permitiendo disminuir el uso de

agroquímicos que afectan los ecosistemas y la salud humana. El

objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el rendimiento y el valor

nutricional del frijol variedad Pinto Rarámuri, bajo un esquema de

fertilización orgánica en condiciones de temporal en Durango, México.

La siembra se realizó en campo abierto en Villa Montemorelos,

Durango, utilizando un diseño en bloques completos al azar con seis

tratamientos [té de estiércol (té), lodos residuales (lodos), súper magro

(magro), fertilizante orgánico comercial (foc), fertilizante químico

(fqf) y control], cinco réplicas, 30 parcelas y cinco plantas por

parcela como unidad experimental. Las variables fueron:porcentaje

de emergencia, altura y vainas por planta, semillas por vaina, grosor

y longitud de semilla, peso de 100 semillas, rendimiento, porcentaje

de bra cruda, proteína, ceniza, grasa y extracto libre de nitrógeno. Se

realizó un análisis de varianza doble y la comparación de medias de

Tukey (p ≤ 0,05). Los tratamientos mostraron diferencia estadística,

el mayor rendimiento y peso de 100 semillas fue para lodos, fqf y foc,

mientras que el mayor número de vainas y altura de planta fue para

lodos y fqf. El menor rendimiento, vainas por planta, semillas por

vaina y altura de planta se observó en el control. El valor nutricional

presentó igualdad estadística entre tratamientos. La utilización de

fertilización orgánica es una alternativa sustentable para elevar la

productividad de frijol en el estado de Durango, sin afectar su calidad

nutricional.

Palabras clave: rendimiento, calidad, biofertilizantes.

Resumo

Os biofertilizantes ajudam a aumentar o rendimento e a qualidade

nutricional das culturas, permitindo reducindo o uso de agroquímicos

que afetam os ecossistemas e a saúde humana. O objetivo deste estudo

foi avaliar o rendimento e o valor nutricional do feijão da variedade

Pinto Rarámuri, sob um esquema de adubação orgânica sob condições

de sequeiro em Durango, México. O plantio foi realizado em campos

abertos em Villa Montemorelos, Durango, usando um delineamento

de blocos completo aleatórios com seis tratamentos [infusão de

esterco (tea), mud of esgoto (sludge), super lean (lean), adubo

orgânico comercial (foc), adubação (fqf) e testemunha (control)]

cinco replicados, 30 parcelas e cinco plantas por parcela como unidade

experimental. As variáveis foram: porcentagem de emergência, altura

e vagens por planta, sementes por vagem, espessura e comprimento

das sementes, peso de 100 sementes, rendimento, porcentagem de

bra cruruta, proteína, cinzas, gordura e extrato livre de nitrogênio.

Foi realizada análise de variância duplo e comparação de médias de

Tukey (p ≤ 0,05). Os tratamentos apresentaram diferença estatística,

a maior rendimento e peso de 100 sementes foi para lodos, fqf e

foc; Enquanto o maior número de vagens e altura de planta foi para

sludge e fqf. Os menores rendimentos, vagens por planta, sementes

por vagem e altura da planta foram observados na control. O valor

nutricional apresentou igualdade estatística entre os tratamentos. A

utilização da adubação orgânica é uma alternativa sustentável para

aumentar a produtividade do feijão no estado de Durango, sem afetar

sua qualidade nutricional.

Palavras-chave: produtividade, qualidade, biofertilizers.

Introduction

The bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is distributed worldwide and

is considered a staple food in the human diet due to its high nutrient

content (24.7 % protein, 69.4 % carbohydrates and 1.7 % lipids)

(SAGARPA-CONACyT, 2018).

Mexico ranked ninth in bean exports worldwide (1,288,806.47

t.year

-1

), representing a contribution of 4.65 % of production (FAO,

2021). In Durango, this crop is one of the main economic activities;

during the period 2015 to 2019, an average area of 228 thousand

ha was planted with an average temporary yield of 460 kg.ha

-1

(INFOSIAP, 2020).

Agriculture in Mexico presents a serious problem derived

from the inappropriate use of technology (machinery, fertilizers,

pesticides, among others); this has led to higher production costs and

soil deterioration (SADER-INIFAP, 2021a); the latter inuences the

nutritional quality of food that directly impacts human health (Stean

et al., 2017). In turn, bean production and nutritional quality are

aected by precipitation, soil fertility, and pathogenic organisms that

cause pests and diseases (Rosales-Serna et al., 2019).

The integrated knowledge of producers and scientists has allowed

the development of processes for the production of low-cost organic

inputs, as a sustainable option to minimize the damage caused by the

use of synthetic products in crop nutrition (SADER-INIFAP, 2021a).

These products are obtained from the microbial decomposition

of organic remains of animal and plant origin (Ladrón de Guevara

et al., 2017), as is the case of super lean fertilizer, which is prepared

with bovine rumen uid, water, whey, molasses, and ash, which are

anaerobically fermented (SADER-INIFAP, 2021a) and manure tea,

which results from the aerobic fermentation of manure, sh meal,

molasses, and water; both contain benecial microorganisms and

nutrients that act as plant growth enhancers, enrich the microora,

restore the structure of the soil and strengthen the defense system of

plants helping them to deal with pests and diseases, thus reducing the

use of agrochemicals (SADER-INIFAP, 2021b).

Favorable results have been obtained with the use of these

organic products, as is the case of rice production (Oryza sativa

L.) with manure tea (Diaz and Contreras, 2022), hybrid maize

(Zea mays) under the application of biocompost and vermicompost

(Fortis-Hernández et al., 2009), maize (Zea mays), tomato (Solanum

lycopersicum), chili (Capsicum annuum), sorghum (Sorghum

bicolor), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), pea (Pisum sativum),

pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) with

leachate of vermicompost and soil microorganisms, which decreased

the dose of chemical fertilization by up to 35 % (Guardiola-Márquez

et al., 2019). Alvarado et al. (2017) concluded in their study, that

the use of mycorrhizal-based biofertilizer in common beans achieved

increases of 15 %, in the number of pods and grain weight per plant,

as well as the yield per hectare.

The information that people have about the eect of organic

fertilizers on bean production is scarce, however, products similar

to those of this work (manure tea and super lean fertilizer) have

been evaluated in the production of bananas (Musa acuminata AA)

(Jiménez-Esparza et al., 2019) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)

(González et al., 2015), respectively, highlighting the use of these

biofertilizers over control treatments.

More studies are required to demonstrate the feasibility of

using organic fertilizers to increase crop production and quality that

help mitigate the negative eects of agrochemicals. Therefore, the

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Ortiz-Sánchez et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023 40(2): e2340143-6 |

objective of this research was to evaluate the yield and nutritional

value of the Pinto Rarámuri variety bean, under a scheme of organic

fertilization in rainfed conditions in Durango, Mexico.

Materials and methods

The experiment was carried out in the experimental eld and

laboratories of agrochemistry and plant biotechnology of the

National Technological Institute of México, Valle del Guadiana

campus, located at km 22.5 of the Durango-Mexico highway, Villa

Montemorelos, Durango, Mexico (latitude 24°00’18.25” N and

longitude 104°26’42.13”, 1,860 meters above sea level). At the

experimental site, an average temperature of 21.5 °C (SMN, 2021)

and accumulated precipitation of 632 mm were presented during the

evaluation period (spring-summer agricultural cycle).

The Pinto Rarámuri variety was used, short-cycle, drought-

tolerant crop. In rainfed conditions, maturity occurs between 90-95

days after sowing (dds) and irrigation 95-105 dds (Cruz et al., 2021).

The sowing was carried out on June 29th, 2020, in a vertisol soil,

according to the classication made by the World Reference Base

for soil resources (IUSS, 2015), with clay textural class. A precision

seeder (John Deere®, USA) was used with four rows separated at

0.76 m between them and 0.10 m between plants.

The cultural practices of the soil were carried out according to

the specications of the agricultural technical guide Durango and

La Laguna (SAGARPA-COFUPRO-INIFAP, 2017), under rainfed

conditions. For weed control, 50 % of the dose recommended by

the manufacturer of an herbicide based on uazifop-p-butyl and

fomesafen was applied; subsequently, a weeding was carried out

manually. Chemical pest control was made with a product based on

imidacloprid-beta-cyuthrin. The harvest was done at 106 dds.

For the production of the super lean biofertilizer, the methodology

described by SADER-INIFAP (2021a) was followed, adding

inocula of Azospirillum spp. and Trichoderma spp. with a minimum

concentration of 1x10

UFC.mL

-1

and 1x10

UFC.mL

-1

respectively,

both native to the Guadiana Valley, isolated and reproduced in the

plant biotechnology laboratory of the aforementioned institute.

Manure tea was prepared with bovine manure, under the

methodology of SADER-INIFAP (2021b); the mixture obtained was

inoculated with Azotobacter spp. (1x10

UFC.mL

-1

), Azospirillum

brasilense (1x10

UFC.mL

-1

) and Pseudomonas fluorescens

(1x10

UFC.mL

-1

), from Agribest

To evaluate the eect of organic fertilizers on crop productivity

and nutritional quality, a randomized complete block design was

used, with six treatments (table 1), ve blocks, and 30 plots,

covering a total experimental area of 19,863.36 m

. The experimental

sample consisted of ve plants, harvested from the center of each

experimental plot.

Table 1. Fertilization treatments evaluated in the production of

Pinto Rarámuri beans.

Identication Treatment Dose

Tea Manure tea 100 L.ha

-1

Sludge Sewage sludge 24 t.ha

-1

Lean Super lean biofertilizer 100 L.ha

-1

Foc Commercial organic fertilizer 40 L.ha

-1

Fqf Foliar chemical fertilizer 2 L.ha

-1

Control Control Unfertilized

The sludge was provided by the South Wastewater Treatment

Plant of the city of Durango, Mexico and was applied with a

mechanical shovel 15 days before sowing, distributing it uniformly

over the corresponding plots; Once dry, two steps of drag were

made to incorporate it into the soil. The rest of the treatments were

applied by foliar application using a 15 L hand sprinkler (Swissmex

Mexico). Lean, tea, and foc were applied at 0, 15, 30 and 45 (dds); fqf

was applied at 38 and 50 dds. The doses of organic treatments were

established based on previous research (Salcedo-Pérez et al., 2007).

Table 2 shows the chemical, physical and/or biological

composition of each of the fertilization treatments evaluated.

Table 2. Chemical, physical and/or biological composition of

fertilization treatments evaluated in the production of

Pinto Rarámuri beans.

Treatment Composition

tea

pH: 4.8; electrical conductivity (CE): 4.02 dS.m

-1

; Potassium (K):

516 ppm; Calcium (Ca): 380 ppm; Magnesium (mg): 48 ppm;

Sulfates (S-SO

): 890 ppm; Bicarbonates (HCO

): 414 ppm;

Phosphates (P-PO

): 27.6 ppm; Nitrates (N-NO

): Zn: 0.81 ppm.

lean

pH: 7.73; organic matter (MO): 0.48 %; Potassium (K): 0.188 %;

Calcium (Ca): 0.117 %; Magnesium (mg): 0.04 %; Total nitrogen:

0.017 %; Phosphorus (P): 0.028 %; Sodium (Na): 0.038 %

(Phosphates (P-PO

): 27.6 ppm; Nitrates (N-NO

): Zn: 0.81 ppm;

Chlorides (Cl): 135 ppm; Fe (10.32 ppm); Mn (1.48 ppm); Humic

material: 0.14 %; Humic acid: 0.03 %; Fulvic acids: 0.07 %.

sludge

pH: 6.8; organic matter (OM): 14.11 %; electrical conductivity

(EC):3.52 dS.m

-1

; Nitrogen (N): 0.70 %; Phosphorus (P): 247.92

mg. Kg

-1

; Potassium (K): 55 ppm; Arsenic (As):<0.1 ppm;

Cadmium (Cd):<0.34 ppm; Chromium (Cr):<124 ppm; Copper

(Cu): 66.48 ppm; Lead (Pb):<64 ppm, Mercury (Hg):<0.6 ppm;

Nickel (Ni): <56 ppm; Zinc (Zn): 429.43 ppm; Fecal coliforms:

<300 NMP.g

-1

Dry base; Salmonella: <300 NMP.g

-1

Dry base;

Helminth eggs: 0 Eggs.2 g

-1

g St; Moisture lost by drying: 77 %.

fqf

Potassium (K): 5.0 %; Calcium (Ca): 207 ppm; Magnesium (mg):

207 ppm; Total nitrogen: 9.1 %; Phosphorus (P): 6.6 %; Sulfur

(S): 1250 ppm; Boron (B): 332 ppm; Cobalt (Co): 17 ppm; Zn:

666 ppm; Copper (Cu): 332 ppm; Molybdenum (Mo): 42 ppm;

Manganese (Mn): 332 ppm; Iron (Fe): 415 ppm; Thiamine

hydrochloride: 33 ppm; Indoleacetic acid: 25 ppm.

foc

Bacillus subtillis, Trichoderma, Azospirillum, Azotobacter,

Rhizobium, Amino Acid Enzymes, Auxins.

tea: manure tea; sludge: sewage sludge; lean: super lean; foc: commercial

organic fertilizer; fqf: chemical fertilizer; ppm: parts per million.

The response variables were: emergence percentage (%) at 13 dds;

plant height (cm) at 55 dds; number of pods per plant and number of

seeds per pod (Morel et al., 2021); weight of 100 seeds (g) and yield

(t.ha

-1

) (Rosales-Serna et al., 2019); seed thickness and length (cm)

(Espinosa-Pérez et al., 2015).

The nutritional value of the bean grain was determined by

laboratory tests established in the manuals of the Association of

Ocial Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 2002). The samples consisted

of 100 bean seeds randomly selected in each treatment, which were

ground in a mill (Thomas-Wiley®, Laboratory Mill Mod. 4 type,

USA), to obtain homogeneous particles of 1 mm. The ours were

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023, 40(2): e234014. Abril-Junio. ISSN 2477-9408.

4-6 |

placed in sealed and labeled paper bags until the time of analysis.

The variables of nutritional value were: percentage of crude ber,

protein, fat, ash, and nitrogen-free extract.

Statistical analysis

A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed

and signicant dierences between treatments (p ≤ 0.05) were

compared with Tukey’s test (p = 0.05), using InfoStat software (Di

Rienzo et al., 2018).

Results and discussion

In the ANOVA, signicant dierences (p ≤ 0.05) were found

between treatments for the variables evaluated. Table 3 shows the

comparison of means.

Table 3. Comparison of means of emergence, plant height, pods per plant, seeds per pod, seed thickness and length, weight of 100 grains,

and yield of Pinto Rarámuri beans inuenced by biofertilizers.

Productivity Variables control fqf lean tea foc sludge CV

Emergence (%) 100a 100a 90ab 80b 100a 80b 5.14

Plant height (cm) 16.7cd 22.95ab 15.10d 21.16bc 19.03bcd 27.80a 10.87

Pods per plant 13.55c 24.75ab 20.95b 21.25b 20.55b 26.61a 10.81

Seeds per pod 3.44c 3.51c 4.12ab 3.51c 4.33a 3.82bc 5.08

Seed thickness (cm) 0.75b 0.84a 0.74b 0.64c 0.86a 0.61c 4.76

Seed length (cm) 1.22a 1.26a 1.22a 1.06b 1.25a 1.06b 2.63

P100S (G) 26.00b 37.94a 29.22b 27.50b 36.33a 39.00a 6.11

Yield (t.ha

-1

) 1.21d 3.29ab 2.59bc 2.05cd 3.23ab 3.96a 16.63

Values with dierent letters in the same row are statistically dierent, according to Tukey (p ≤ 0.05). tea: manure tea; sludge: sewage sludge; lean: super lean; foc:

commercial organic fertilizer; fqf, chemical fertilizer; p100s: weight of 100 seeds, CV: coecient of variation.

The emergence of plants was 100 % in control treatments, fqf,

and foc, lean treatment presented 90 % and tea and sludge 80 %,

this negative eect of inoculated organic fertilizers (tea and lean),

can be attributed to imbalances in the synthesis of enzymes, due to

the competition for nutrients between seeds and inoculated bacteria,

as well as the presence of volatile metabolites that can positively

and negatively aect the emergence and vegetative development of

seedlings (León and Rojas, 2015).

When evaluating the plant height at 55 dds, it was observed

that the best treatments were sludge (27.80 cm) and fqf (22.95 cm);

Control plants and those treated with lean presented the lowest

height. The behavior observed in plants with the application of

sludge (Table 2) can be attributed to the contribution of organic

matter and macro and micronutrients by sludge (Salcedo-Pérez et

al., 2007), as well as in fqf, which in addition to nutrients, contains

thiamine hydrochloride and indoleacetic acid, both plant growth

factors. The results observed in treatments with lean (Table 2)

contrast with those reported by Martínez et al. (2016) and Quintero

et al. (2018), who reported that bean plants treated with commercial

biofertilizer, alone or combined with biostimulants, signicantly

increased plant height, compared to those unfertilized plants.

In terms of the number of pods per plant, all treatments

exceeded control (13.55 pods), highlighting sludge treatment

(26.61 pods). These results show that the use of some type of

fertilization, including organic, stimulates the greater production

of pods, indicating that the nutrients present in the fertilizer are

successfully assimilated by the plant, as reported by Morel et al.

(2021), who obtained a greater number of pods when applying an

organic fertilizer on common beans.

In the variable seeds per pod, plants treated with foc presented

4.33 seeds, followed by lean and sludge (p≤0.05); in the third

statistical group, tea, fqf, and control treatments showed no

statistical di

erence between them. The number of seeds per pod is

an important component of the yield that, together with the number

of pods, results in an important factor of elevation of the same

according to De la Fé et al. (2016), contrary to this, in the present

work an eect was observed on the weight of seeds and not on the

number of these (Table 3).

The weight of 100 seeds and yield showed statistical dierences

(p ≤ 0.05) between treatments, however, all are in the category

of medium seeds (between 25 to 40 g), according to Singh et al.

(1991a, b). The treatments with the highest weight of 100 seeds,

were sludge, fqf, and foc (39.00; 37.94, and 36.33 g, respectively),

which also presented the highest yields (3.96; 3.29 and 3.23 t.ha

-1

)

and exceed the average annual production under rainfed conditions

in the entity (0.460 t.ha

-1

) (INFOSIAP, 2020); in addition, the

treatment with sludge exceeded 38.00 g corresponding to the weight

of 100 seeds and 0.7-1.5 t.ha

-1

yield under rainfed conditions in

beans reported by Cruz et al. (2021).

The lowest weight of 100 seeds and yield was observed in

the control treatment (26.00 g and 1.21 t.ha

-1

, respectively). The

yield of the crop with sludge was higher than the rest of the other

treatments (Table 2), and was probably due to the contribution of

macro and micronutrients (N, P, K, Zn, among others), as well as

organic matter, which when assimilated by the plant during the

seed lling stage, contribute to its weight signicantly; as stated

by Salcedo-Pérez et al. (2007), when evaluating sewage sludge

as organic fertilizer in maize. Similarly, Arellano-Arciniega et al.

(2015) obtained the highest yield, number of pods, and weight of

100 seeds in common bean crops fertilized with bovine manure.

In this work it was found that not necessarily the seeds with

larger dimensions show the highest yields, as was the case of the

treatment with sludge which obtained the smallest seeds with the

highest yield, as well as the highest plant height, number of pods

and weight of 100 seeds, coinciding with the work of Quintero

et al. (2018), who applied biostimulants by foliar application on

common beans and observed the increase in morphophysiological

parameters, directly related to yield.

It has been reported that these types of products act as

stimulators of the physiological processes of plants, promoting

their growth and development (Calero et al., 2016), thus oering

a greater photosynthetic surface for the production of biomass that

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Ortiz-Sánchez et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2023 40(2): e2340145-6 |

is subsequently redirected to pods and seeds (Pumalpa et al., 2020;

Quintero et al. 2018); they also work as anti-stress agents and favor

the formation and lling of fruits (López and Pouza, 2014).

The application of organic matter to the soil favors some physical

characteristics such as the stability of aggregates, bulk density,

and porosity that improve the ow of air, water, and the radical

development of plants (Arellano-Arciniega et al., 2015). For their

part, the benecial microorganisms of agronomic interest present in

these bioproducts (Table 2), improve the physicochemical conditions

of the soil and favor the availability of nutrients for the plant, by

being directly or indirectly associated with its root system (Calero-

Hurtado et al., 2022). They are also capable of providing greater

protection and resistance against the attack of external agents (Morel

et al.,2021), and some genera such as Azospirillum and Rhizobium

which act as nitrogen-xing bacteria (Rangel et al., 2014).

In relation to the parameters evaluated on the nutritional value of

the bean, the analysis of variance did not nd statistically signicant

dierences (p ≥ 0.05); however, for some variables, the results tend to

be higher in organic treatments compared to chemical ones (Table 4).

Table 4. Comparison of means of variables of the nutritional value

of Pinto Rarámuri beans inuenced by biofertilizers.

Variable

(%)

control fqf lean tea foc sludge CV

Crude ber 2.65 3.29 3.89 3.04 2.86 3.32 19.80

Protein 23.21 22.91 22.34 23.85 24.39 23.08 12.08

Ash 4.89 4.97 4.63 4.40 4.65 4.48 15.98

Fat 1.17 1.13 1.17 1.44 1.06 1.10 16.22

Nitrogen-free

extract

68.07 67.71 67.97 67.27 67.04 68.02 4.25

tea: manure tea; sludge: sewage sludge; lean: super lean; foc: commercial

organic fertilizer; fqf, chemical fertilizer; CV: coecient of variation.

The percentage of crude ber ranged from 2.65 to 3.89, with

the highest values in lean treatment (3.89 %), followed by sludge

(3.32 %), while crude protein was higher in foc (24.39 %). As for

ash, the highest results were for fqf (4.97 %), followed by the control

(4.89 %). The fat content was presented in a higher percentage for

tea treatments (1.44) and the proportion of nitrogen-free extract

(carbohydrates) was higher in the control (68.07 %).

Most of the treatments evaluated in this study exceeded the results

reported by Rosales-Serna et al. (2019), for the Pinto Saltillo bean

variety with chemical fertilization under irrigation conditions, where

they obtained 2.5 % crude ber, 22.4 % protein, 4.1 % ash, 1.6 % fat,

and 69.5 % nitrogen-free extract, while the fat content was similar.

On the other hand, Fernandez and Sánchez (2017), obtained in Pinto

Saltillo beans, low values of ash, fat, and carbohydrates (2.53 %, 0.85

%, 39.02 %, respectively) and high in crude ber (7.18 %) and protein

(48.98 %) compared to those obtained in this study.

The percentage of protein obtained with the foc treatment may

be due to the fact that it is made from benecial microorganisms,

including Azospirillum spp. and Rhizobium spp. (table 2), bacteria

that contribute to improving plant nutrition by xing nitrogen (Rangel

et al., 2014) during the reproductive stage, aecting performance and

nutritional quality (Apáez et al., 2016), due to the increased protein

formation (Kozera et al., 2013).

Beans are one of the staple foods of the Mexican people and an

important source of protein, which allows it to be used as a substitute

for meat products and other foods with high protein content (FAO,

2018).

Chemical fertilization is used to provide micro and macronutrients

to the plant, which is why in the fqf treatment (Table 2) the highest

percentage of ashes was obtained (Alayón et al., 2014). On the other

hand, the ber contained in the beans helps the digestion process

favoring intestinal transit and providing greater satiety (Brouns et al.,

2017).

Conclusions

The organic fertilization treatments evaluated in this study

(sludge, tea, lean, and foc) showed a positive eect on the production

variables with respect to chemical fertilization (fqf) and the

control (without fertilization). Residual sludge exceeded chemical

fertilization by 0.67 t.ha

-1

, and any of the rest of the fertilizers to the

control. Depending on the type of fertilization, whether chemical or

organic, and the composition of the latter, the height of the plant, the

number of pods, the number of seeds per pod, and the weight of 100

seeds were increased, variables that inuenced the yield. The use

of organic fertilizers did not alter the nutritional quality of the bean

seed. Organic fertilization is a sustainable alternative to increase bean

productivity in the state of Durango.

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