© The Authors, 2022, Published by the Universidad del Zulia
*Corresponding author: bleon@undc.edu.pe
Betsabe Leon Ttacca
1,5*
Nora Ortiz Calcina
2
Luis Pauro Flores
3
Rodrigo Borja Loza
3
Paul Mendoza-Coari
4
Luis Alfredo Palao Iturregui
5
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2022, 39(4): e223955
ISSN 2477-9407
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47280/RevFacAgron(LUZ).v39.n4.10
Crop Production
Associate editor: Dra. Evelyn Pérez-Pérez
University of Zulia, Faculty of Agronomy
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Keywords:
Growth
Yield
Production
Endophytic fungi
Chenopodium quinoa
Inoculation methods of native strains of Trichoderma sp. and their effect on the growth and
yield of quinoa
Métodos de inoculación de cepas nativas de Trichoderma sp. y su efecto sobre el crecimiento y
rendimiento de la quinua
Métodos de inoculação de cepas nativas de Trichoderma sp. e seu efeito no crescimento
e rendimento da quinoa
1
Departamento Académico de Agronomía, Facultad de
Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cañete, Jr. San
Agustín 124, San Vicente de Cañete Lima, Perú.
2
Laboratorio de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad Ciencias Agrarias,
Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno, Ciudad
Universitaria. Av. Floral Nº 1153 Puno, Perú.
3
Escuela de Posgrado, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de
Puno, Ciudad Universitaria. Av. Floral Nº 1153 Puno, Perú.
4
Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria – INIA, Puno,
Perú.
5
Facultad Ciencias Agrarias, Escuela Profesional de
Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano
de Puno, Ciudad Universitaria. Av. Floral Nº 1153 Puno,
Perú.
Received: 09-08-2022
Accepted: 22-11-2022
Published: 06-12-2022
ABSTRACT
The use of endophytic fungi is an eective alternative to control
pathogens, improve plant metabolism and yield in crops. The objective of
this study was to assess the eect of ve dierent strains of Trichoderma sp.
on the growth and yield of quinoa plants (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) by
using two methods of inoculation: a) pelleted seed, and b) drenching with
the endophytic fungi. A completely randomized design with a 2 x 5 factorial
arrangement, plus a control with ve repetitions was used. The 11 treatments
were evaluated with ve repetitions. Yield, and aerial and root growth
variables were determined. There were no interactions between strains and
inoculation methods for aerial plant growth, but there were for root growth and
yield. The seed pelleting method produced a higher aerial growth compared
to the drench method. In root length, the greatest values were found with the
TE-7 and TE-126 strains combined with the pelleted seed method. Likewise,
the TE-126 strain induced the greatest dry biomass of roots using the same
method. The yield varied between 4147.6 and 3222.7 kg.ha
-1
in most of the
strain-method combinations, without signicant dierences between them.
Statistically, the control always ranked last, indicating the importance of the
seed inoculation. Trichoderma sp. produced increases in vegetative growth
and quinoa yield, with TE-7 and TE-126 being the best strains. Furthermore,
seed pelleting promoted vegetative growth of the plants, while grain yield
was not aected by the inoculation method.
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2022, 39(4): e223955. October-December. ISSN 2477-9407.
2-7 |
Resumen
El uso de hongos endótos en los cultivos es una alternativa
efectiva para el control de patógenos, mejorar el metabolismo
vegetal y su rendimiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el
efecto de diferentes cepas de Trichoderma sp. sobre el crecimiento
y rendimiento de la quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), mediante
el empleo de dos métodos de inoculación: a) semilla peletizada, y b)
aplicación del hongo al suelo en suspensión acuosa (vía drench). Se
usó un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial de 2 x 5,
más un testigo, con cinco repeticiones. Se determinaron variables de
crecimiento aéreo y radical, y el rendimiento. No hubo interacción
entre cepas y métodos de inoculación para el crecimiento aéreo,
pero sí para el crecimiento de raíces y rendimiento. La peletización
de semillas produjo un mayor crecimiento aéreo respecto al método
vía drench. La mayor longitud de raíces se obtuvo con las cepas
TE-7 y TE-126, combinadas con el método de semilla peletizada,
así como, la mayor biomasa seca de raíces con la cepa TE-126. El
rendimiento varió entre 4147,6 y 3222,7 kg.ha
-1
en la mayoría de las
combinaciones cepa-método, sin diferencias signicativas entre ellas.
Estadísticamente, el testigo ocupó siempre el último lugar, indicando
la importancia de la inoculación de la semilla. Trichoderma sp.
produjo incrementos en el crecimiento vegetativo y rendimiento de
la quinua, siendo TE-7 y TE-126 las mejores cepas. Por su parte, el
peletizado de la semilla promovió el crecimiento vegetativo de las
plantas, mientras que el rendimiento en grano no fue afectado por el
método de inoculación.
Palabras clave: Crecimiento, rendimiento, producción, hongos
endótos, Chenopodium quinoa.
Resumo
O uso de fungos endofíticos em cultivos é uma alternativa
ecaz para o controle de patógenos, melhorando o metabolismo e
a produtividade das plantas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o
efeito de diferentes cepas de Trichoderma sp. sobre o crescimento e
produtividade da quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa (Willd), por meio de
dois métodos de inoculação: a) semente peletizada e b) aplicação do
fungo ao solo em suspensão aquosa (via encharcamento). Utilizou-se
o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 2 x 5,
mais uma testemunha, com cinco repetições. Variáveis de crescimento
aéreo e radicular e produtividade foram determinadas. Não houve
interação entre linhagens e métodos de inoculação para crescimento
aéreo, mas houve para crescimento radicular e produtividade. A
peletização das sementes produziu um maior crescimento aéreo
em relação ao método por imersão. O maior comprimento de raiz
foi obtido com as linhagens TE-7 e TE-126 combinadas com o
método de sementes peletizadas. Da mesma forma, a linhagem
TE-126 produziu a maior biomassa seca de raízes neste mesmo
método. A produtividade variou entre 4147,6 e 3222,7 kg.ha
-1
na
maioria das combinações estirpe-método, sem diferenças entre elas.
Estatisticamente, o controle sempre cou em último lugar, indicando
a importância da inoculação das sementes. Trichoderma sp. produziu
aumentos no crescimento vegetativo e na produção de quinoa, sendo
TE-7 e TE-126 as melhores linhagens. E por sua vez, a peletização
da semente promoveu o crescimento vegetativo das plantas, enquanto
a produtividade de grãos não foi afetada pelo método de inoculação.
Palavras-chave: Crescimento, rendimento, produção, fungos
endofíticos, Chenopodium quinoa.
Introduction
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is considered a functional
food, of great nutritional value, and an alternative for food security
worldwide (FAO, 2016; Alandia et al., 2020), due to the balance of its
essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals (García et
al., 2015). Belonging to the family Amaranthaceae, this dicot native
to the Andean region of Peru and Bolivia has been widely cultivated
by pre-Columbian cultures (FAO, 2016; Veas and Cortés, 2018).
In Peru, quinoa has had substantial growth in production and
exports, with a higher competitive protability than other traditional
highland crops. At the end of 2021, production was reported at
106,643 t (INEI, 2022), with a variation of 6.4 % over the previous
year and cumulative export volumes for October 2021 of 41,600 t
(MINAGRI, 2021).
In Peru, even though the commercial and nutritional value of
quinoa is recognized, it is still grown under traditional conditions
with limited yields. The INIA Salcedo variety is one of the most
widely used materials and is used as a standard for comparison when
evaluating other varieties of the crop (Urdanegui et al., 2021).
The tendency to produce quinoa with export qualities suggests
the use of cultural practices that allow this purpose to be achieved
eciently, without resorting to the use of insecticides and chemical
fertilizers. One way to promote growth in a sustainable manner is
through direct interaction between benecial microbes and the
host plant, and indirectly through their antagonistic activity against
pathogens (Berg, 2009), with the Trichoderma genus being one of the
most important benecial fungi.
Interactions with Trichoderma induce higher plant yields due to
improvements in the availability of nutrients in the soil, healthy root
development (Chagas et al., 2017), and changes in root microora
composition (Harman and Shoresh, 2007). Its rapid mycelial growth
and production of extracellular enzymes, as well as antibiotics and
antifungals, allow it to compete against pathogenic fungi, while its
spores contribute to the colonization of diverse substrates (Benítez
et al., 2004). The fungus has the ability to adhere, recognize roots,
penetrate and resist toxic metabolites produced, as a sign of its potential
for agricultural sustainability through biocontrol, biostimulation, and
biofertilization (Baron and Rigobelo, 2022).
Trichoderma can be found in dierent ecosystems and soils of
agricultural use, however, when it is incorporated into the soil its
population increases and delays the establishment of pathogenic
microorganisms. One way to apply it is by using the drench method, a
technique that consists of applying the antagonistic fungus suspended
in water on the soil surface, where the seeds and absorbent roots are
located (Loli, 2012).
On the other hand, benecial eects have been demonstrated when
Trichoderma is added directly to seeds. One way to achieve this, is
by pelleting, which consists of coating the seeds with microorganisms
of high biochemical potential for nutrient assimilation (Vergani
and Zúñiga, 2018), or with inert powders and a cementing agent to
homogenize their shape and size and provide rigidity (Gaviola, 2020).
In this sense, pelleting with biofertilizers represents a useful
mechanism for the restitution of nutrients to soils with the consequent
improvement in crop yields from small seeds (Afzal et al., 2020).
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
León Ttacca et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2022, 39(4): e223955
3-7 |
Considering the benecial eects of this fungus in this study,
the eect of ve strains of Trichoderma sp. applied by two dierent
inoculation methods on the growth and yield of quinoa under
greenhouse conditions was evaluated.
Materials and methods
The research was carried out in the Phytopathology Laboratory
and the greenhouse of the Professional School of Agronomic
Engineering of the National University of the Altiplano of Puno,
located in the province of Puno, Peru, at an altitude of 3,824 meters
above sea level. During the greenhouse phase, between January and
July, the average minimum and maximum temperatures were 7.1 and
27.4 °C, respectively.
Biological material
Quinoa seeds of the Salcedo INIA variety were used, with 11 %
humidity, varietal purity of 99.1 %, and germination power of 98
%. Five native strains of Trichoderma sp. were used, which were
provided by the same laboratory and obtained from leaves, stems and
rhizosphere of quinoa plants, and stored at -10 °C in 2 mL cryogenic
tubes, with 20 % (
v
/
v
) glycerin (Robles et al., 2016).
The strains were reactivated in Petri dishes with PSA (potato,
sucrose, and agar), and inoculated at 25 °C for ve days; later, they
were multiplied on plates with the same medium (León et al., 2018).
Subsequently, Trichoderma spore reproduction was performed with
the use of techniques and procedures established in the Phytopathology
Laboratory of the National University of the Altiplano, which
consisted of placing 400 g of rice substrate in polyethylene bags of
0.4 L capacity, 150 cm
3
of 3 % calcium bicarbonate was added; it
was homogenized and sterilized at a temperature of 120 °C for 20
minutes. In each bag, pieces of mycelium and 50 % of the culture
medium contained in the plates were placed and taken to an incubator,
with lighting and a temperature of 25 °C for 14 days (Arévalo et al.,
2017).
Inoculation methods
For the inoculation of the Trichoderma sp. strains, a suspension
of conidia was used at a concentration of 1 x 10
7
CFU
-1
.cm
-3
, and
was carried out by two methods: seed pelleting and application to the
substrate using the drench method. For the rst method, each seed
was mixed with the conidia suspension one day before sowing. For
the second method, at the time of sowing, 250 cm
3
of the suspension
were applied in each propagation bag according to the methodology
established in the laboratory.
The substrate used for sowing was obtained by mixing agricultural
soil, organic matter, and sand. The agricultural soil was previously
disinfected by solarization, in beds of 5-10 cm and moistened with
water until it reached its eld capacity, and it was covered with
plastic for one month. The materials were mixed in a 2:1:1 ratio and
then placed in polyethylene bags (4 L capacity). Three days before
sowing, the substrate was watered with water up to its maximum
capacity. Three seeds were sown per bag, and after emergence the
most vigorous seedling was left.
Biostimulation trial
Each treatment consisted of a combination of the ve strains and
the two inoculation methods. In addition, a control treatment was
used, without inoculation, for a total of 11 treatments (table 1).
Table 1. Trichoderma sp. strains evaluated by two inoculation
methods on quinoa seeds of the Salcedo INIA variety
at the National University of the Altiplano, province of
Puno, Peru.
Treatment Trichoderma sp strain Inoculation method
1 TE-5 Drench method
2 TE-7 Drench method
3 TE-3 Drench method
4 TE-55 Drench method
5 TE-126 Drench method
6 TE-5 Pelleted seed
7 TE-7 Pelleted seed
8 TE-3 Pelleted seed
9 TE-55 Pelleted seed
10 TE-126 Pelleted seed
11 Control Without inoculation
Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, aerial dry biomass,
root length, root dry biomass, and yield were evaluated at 188 days
after sowing (dds). Root samples were collected at the beginning of
owering (89 dds). They were washed, and the dry mass and length
were determined using the Asses 2.0 image analyzer program. Crop
yield was estimated considering grain weight and trial sowing area,
to convert to kilograms per hectare. The aerial and root dry biomass
were determined from the fresh and dry weight, obtained by drying
them in an oven at 60 °C for three days.
Statistical analysis
The study was carried out following a completely randomized
design with ve repetitions, and a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement,
combining the two inoculation methods and the ve Trichoderma sp.
strains, plus a control treatment to form a total of 11 treatments. Data
were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05)
using the SAS version 9.2 statistical package (Cary, NC, USA).
Results and discussion
Vegetative growth
Seed pelleting with Trichoderma sp. strains promoted a greater
increase (p ≤ 0.05) in aerial growth variables, i.e., plant height,
number of leaves, stem diameter and aerial dry biomass, compared to
the drench method to soil (table 2). For these variables, no interaction
was detected between the strains and the inoculation method used;
it was noted that all treatments that received the fungus strains
exceeded the control treatment. Among the strains evaluated, TE-7
showed superiority or similarity with the rest of the strains for all
aerial growth variables.
The eectiveness of Trichoderma sp. strains to favor the
germination and emergence of seedlings has been demonstrated
by other authors (Banjac et al., 2021). In the present study, it was
demonstrated that treatments containing Trichoderma sp. strains
also favored subsequent seedling development under greenhouse
conditions. It is inferred that the growth of plants from pelleted seeds
had favorable conditions against the attack of microorganisms in the
early stages, due to the antagonistic eect of Trichoderma; in addition
to the availability of moisture and nutrients due to the presence of the
fungus.
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2022, 39(4): e223955. October-December. ISSN 2477-9407.
4-7 |
plant root length (Table 3A). In this same variable, the inoculation
method using pelleted seed outperformed the drench method.
Likewise, when comparing the interactions, it was observed that
when pelleted seeds were used, strains TE-7 and TE-126 produced
the highest values in root length in relation to the rest (p ≤ 0.05),
regardless of the inoculation method (table 3B).
For its part, the control was outperformed by all strain x method
combinations.
When considering the main eects, no dierences were detected
between the strains in relation to root dry biomass; however, among
the methods, the use of pelleted seed was statistically superior
(table 4A). On the other hand, the interaction eect showed that the
greatest root dry biomass was produced with the use of strain TE-
126 in combination with the use of pelleted seed, surpassing TE-3
inoculated with this same method and with no dierences with
TE-3 and TE-126 inoculated with the drench method (Table 4B). In
all cases, the control treatment was signicantly inferior.
Table 2. Vegetative and root growth of quinoa seedlings var. Salcedo INIA at 188 dds after the application of dierent strains of
Trichoderma sp. by two inoculation methods.
Inoculation methods Plant height (cm) Stem diameter (mm) Number of leaves Aerial dry biomass (g.plant
-1
)
Drench method to soil 117.27 b 9.05 b 99.43 b 6.72b
Pelleted seed 128.53 a 9.62 a 111.57 a 7.54 a
Trichoderma sp. strains
TE-3 128.50 a 9.66 ab 90.90 b 7.31 a
TE-5 125.60 a 9.31 abc 93.50 b 8.20 a
TE-7 127.50 a 9.88 a 115.60 a 7.10 ab
TE-55 122.70 ab 8.98 bc 98.00 ab 6.99 ab
TE-126 123.00 ab 9.66 ab 94.50 ab 7.16 ab
Control 110.10 b 8.54 c 87.00 b 6.02 b
CV (%) 8.67 6.63 16.84 13.03
dds: days after sowing. Dierent letters in each column indicate signicant dierences according to Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05).
Table 3. Root length (cm) in quinoa seedlings of Salcedo INIA variety at 89 dds after the application of dierent strains of Trichoderma
sp. by two inoculation methods.
A) Main eects.
Trichoderma sp. strains
TE-5 TE-7 TE-3 TE-55 TE-126 Control
46.07 b 48.32 a 40.11 d 43.16 c 45.40 b 29.67 e
Inoculation methods
Drench method to soil Pelleted seed
41.70 b 47.53 a
B) Interactions
Inoculation methods
Trichoderma sp. strains
TE-5 TE-7 TE-3 TE-55 TE-126 Control
Drench method to soil
45.20 bc 43.92 c 39.00 e 41.05 d 39.30 de
29.67 f
Pelleted seed
46.93 b 52.71 a 41.19 d 45.27 bc 51.47 a
dds: days after sowing. Dierent letters indicate signicant dierences according to Tukey’s test (p≤0.05).
Stocco et al. (2019), mentioned that the seed coating technique
has potential advantages since it favors rapid and uniform seedling
growth. This could explain why seed pelleting with the fungus
produced higher values in aerial growth variables when compared
to the application of the drench method.
López-Valenzuela et al. (2019), obtained higher growth in
plant height, stem diameter, root volume, and foliage dry weight
in maize plants when seeds were impregnated with a concentration
of Trichoderma spp. similar to that of the present study (1 x 10
7
spores
-1
.cm
-3
).
Comparative results have been found in dierent studies. For
example, Yaqub and Shahzad (2008) found that inoculation of
sunower (Helianthus annuus L.) and mung bean (Vigna radiata
(L.) Wilczek) seeds with Trichoderma spp. conidia in water or in
a sugar solution promoted a signicantly higher plant height in
relation to the control.
Length and dry biomass of roots
In general, strain TE-7 followed by TE-5 and TE-126 statistically
outperformed (p ≤ 0.0001) the rest of the treatments in relation to
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
León Ttacca et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2022, 39(4): e223955
5-7 |
Table 4. Dry biomass of roots in quinoa var. Salcedo INIA at 89 dds after the application of dierent strains of Trichoderma sp. by two
inoculation methods.
A) Main eects.
Trichoderma sp. strains
TE-5 TE-7 TE-3 TE-55 TE-126 Control
1.201 a 1.053 a 1.049 a 1.158 a 1.231 a 0.784 b
Inoculation methods
Drench method to soil Pelleted seed
1.017 b 1.142 a
B) Interactions.
Inoculation methods
Trichoderma sp. strains
TE-5 TE-7 TE-3 TE-55 TE-126 Control
Drench method to soil 1.039 bcde 1.002 cde 1.822 abcd 1.014 cde 1.068 abcde
0.784 e
Pelleted seed
1.362 ab 1.104 abcde 0.915 de 1.300 abc 1.394 a
dds: days after sowing. Dierent letters indicate signicant dierences according to T
ukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05).
The results show that root growth, both in length and biomass,
was favored by the use of pelleted seed, particularly with strain TE-
126, which produced the highest values for both variables. It is likely
that seed pelleting with this strain has produced from germination,
a greater antagonistic eect against pathogens and improved soil
conditions, close to the rst emerged roots.
They also indicate that the strains of Trichoderma sp. evaluated
have a dierential eect on root growth depending on the inoculation
method used. For example, in strain TE-3 the highest value of root
biomass was found when it was inoculated with the drench method
but the lowest value when pelleted seed was used.
Similarly, Ruíz-Cisneros et al. (2018), obtained tomato plants
with greater root length and dry weight when dierent Trichoderma
isolates were applied, with respect to the control treatment, and
Camargo-Cepeda and Avila (2014), found a 68 % increase in root dry
weight in Pisum sativum, with respect to the control treatment, after
inoculating seed and soil with commercial strains of Trichoderma. For
their part, Brenes-Madriz et al. (2019) found the highest elongation
and dry biomass of the root, after applying T. asperellumn in sweet
pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.).
Growth promotion occurs when Trichoderma establishes a close
physical association with the roots (Stewart and Hill, 2014), coupled
with a change in the composition of the microora in this organ, as
well as better absorption and solubility of nutrients, formation of
absorbent hairs, and deepening (Harman and Shoresh, 2007). By
persisting in the soil, particularly in the rhizosphere, and eventually
associated as endophytic, Trichoderma also generates long-term
advantages (Woo et al., 2014).
Yield
The yield obtained in the control treatment of 1,412.6 kg.ha
-1
(gure 1) reects the yield usually obtained by the quinoa crop with
traditional management, which uctuates between 1.200 and 1.500
kg.ha
-1
. The values observed in the gure highlight that the use of
Trichoderma sp. increased the yield by two to three times the value of
the control (p ≤ 0.05), which emphasizes the importance of its use in
sustainable agriculture.
3351.9
3866.6
4147.6
4009.5
3045.4
1412.6
3222.7
3920.9
3456.4
2948.2
3394
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
TE-5 TE-7 TE-3 TE-55 TE-126 Control
Yield (kg.ha
-1
)
Strains of Trichoderma sp.
Drench method Pelleted seed
ab
ab
ab
a
ab
ab
b
b
ab
c
ab
Figure 1. Yield of quinoa plants var. Salcedo INIA after the
application of dierent strains of Trichoderma sp.
by two inoculation methods. Dierent letters between
columns indicate signicant dierences according to
Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05).
Signicant dierences (p ≤ 0.05) were detected for the interaction
between the strains applied and the inoculation methods (gure
1), with no dierences between the use of the two methods (p >
0.05). The eect of the interaction of factors on yield was observed
fundamentally in the statistically lower values obtained with strain
TE-126 when applied with the drench method (3,045.4 kg.ha
-1
), or
with TE-55 when seed pelleting was used (2,948.2 kg.ha
-1
). The
interaction between strain TE-3 and its application to the soil drench
method, produced the highest yield in quinoa plants (4,147.6 kg.ha
-1
),
but without signicant dierences with most of the remaining strains.
The results obtained agree with those of De Oliveira et al. (2018),
who after applying suspensions of T. harzianum and T. asperellum to
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2022, 39(4): e223955. October-December. ISSN 2477-9407.6-7 |
the soil, managed to increase wheat yield 110 days after sowing under
greenhouse conditions.
In the present study, it is observed that the control treatment
showed the lowest yield and was outperformed in all cases and with
both inoculation methods when compared to treatments in which
Trichoderma was included. Ruíz-Cisneros et al. (2018), found that T.
longibrachiatum strains applied to the substrate produced the highest
tomato yields (Solanum lycopersicum), higher than 240 g per plant,
compared to the control plants. On the contrary, Brenes-Madriz et
al. (2019) when applying T. asperellum did not observe signicant
dierences between treatments on sweet pepper yield (C. annuum
L.) under greenhouse conditions. El-Ibrahime and Mourad (2020),
found that the application of T. viride using the drench method to
the soil produced lower yields in sunowers compared to the foliar
application of T. harzianum; however, both treatments were able to
outperform the control.
Concerning quinoa, León-Ttacca et al. (2021) found that
Trichoderma sp. acted as an aggressive mycoparasite, and promoted
a higher yield of quinoa, a condition that possibly helped to enhance
the positive eect on yield observed in the present work. Infante et al.
(2009), pointed out that the more Trichoderma can manifest diverse
modes of action, the more ecient and lasting can be its favorable
eect on the crop.
The benets that Trichoderma produces in the plant have been
widely reported in the literature, so the promotion of higher levels
of aerial and root development are predisposing conditions for high
yields, as was observed in the quinoa plants evaluated in this research.
Likewise, the benecial use of seed pelleting is highlighted, which
was evident in the response of practically all the variables evaluated.
Conclusions
The seed pelleting method with Trichoderma sp. strains is more
eective than the drench method to promote the vegetative growth
of quinoa. It is found that strain TE-7 generates the highest growth
in plants grown under greenhouse conditions. The grain yield
is signicantly increased by the application of Trichoderma sp.,
independently of the inoculation method.
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