© The Authors, 2022, Published by the Universidad del Zulia*Corresponding author: vbohorquez@hotmail.com
University of Zulia, Faculty of Agronomy
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Keywords:
Inca peanut
Socioeconomic factors
Environmental factors
Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA)
Agroecological characterization of Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis Linneo) crop
production system in Arauquita, Colombia
Caracterización agroecológica del sistema productivo de Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis
Linneo) en Arauquita, Colombia
Caracterização agroecológica do sistema produtivo de Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis
Linneo) em Arauquita, Colômbia
1
Ingeniero Agrícola, Especialista en Gestión Ambiental,
Maestría en Extensión y Desarrollo Rural, Universidad de
Pamplona, Colombia.
2
Magister en Administración de Empresas, miembro del
grupo de investigación en Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de
Ciencias Agrarias Departamento de Agronomía, Programa
de Ingeniería Agronómica. Maestrías en Extensión y
Desarrollo Rural y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de
Pamplona, Colombia.
3
Ingeniero Agrónomo, Magister en Ciencias Agrarias área
siología de cultivos, Doctor en Ciencias Naturales para
el Desarrollo énfasis en Sistemas de Producción Agrícola.
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Departamento de Agronomía,
Programa de Ingeniería Agronómica. Maestrías en Extensión
y Desarrollo Rural y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de
Pamplona, Colombia.
Received: 16-05-2022
Accepted: 10-09-2022
Published: 07-10-2022
Abstract
The Sacha Inchi or Inca peanut (Plukenetia volubilis Linneo) is an oily
plant native to the Amazon, consumed by indigenous people since ancient times
and recognized for its great contribution of essential fatty acids, antioxidants
and proteins, being potentially attractive as a legal agricultural alternative
for the reincorporation of insurgent groups. The objective of the research
was to characterize the productive system of Sacha Inchi in the municipality
of Arauquita, Colombia. Fifty farmers were selected (40 peasants and 10
ex-combatants of the FARC-EP), using an intentional non-probabilistic
sampling. The information was collected through a questionnaire and two
participatory workshops aimed at identifying limitations and potentialities
of the agroecological and productive system. Data were analyzed using
descriptive and multivariate statistics. The classication analysis allowed
partitioning the set of farmers, based on socioeconomic and environmental
characteristics necessary to guide extension plans. The results showed that
the most used agroecological practices are: soil conservation, application of
lime, use of compost as fertilizer, use of certied seed and direct sowing.
Low crop rotation and limited use of phytosanitary products were evidenced.
The participatory workshops made it possible to identify crop limitations
such as low productivity, few marketing channels and lack of knowledge
of some agroecological techniques necessary to improve its productivity.
Agroecological practices must be reinforced and expanded through extension
programs to achieve recognition as agroecological producers, since this crop
is a highly viable alternative for the municipality of Arauquita, within the
framework of the peace agreement.
Víctor Manuel Bohórquez-Rivera
1*
Elsa Cancino-Susan
2
Enrique Quevedo-García
3
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2022, 39(4): e223948
ISSN 2477-9407
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47280/RevFacAgron(LUZ).v39.n4.03
Socioeconomics
Associate editor: Dra. Fatima Urdaneta
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2022, 39(4): e223948. October-December. ISSN 2477-9407.
2-6 |
Resumen
El Sacha Inchi o maní del Inca (Plukenetia volubilis Linneo)
es una planta oleaginosa originaria de la Amazonía, consumida por
los indígenas desde la antigüedad y reconocida por su gran aporte
de ácidos grasos esenciales, antioxidantes y proteínas, siendo
potencialmente atractiva como alternativa agrícola lícita para la
reincorporación de grupos insurgentes. La investigación tuvo como
objetivo caracterizar el sistema productivo de Sacha Inchi en el
municipio de Arauquita, Colombia. Se seleccionaron 50 agricultores
(40 campesinos y 10 excombatientes de las FARC-EP), empleando un
muestreo no probabilístico intencional. La información fue recolectada
mediante un cuestionario y dos talleres participativos dirigidos a
identicar limitantes y potencialidades del sistema agroecológico y
productivo. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva
y multivariada. El análisis de clasicación permitió particionar el
conjunto de agricultores, con base a características socioeconómicas y
ambientales necesario para orientar planes de extensión. Los resultados
mostraron que las prácticas agroecológicas más utilizadas son:
conservación de suelos, aplicación de cal, empleo de compost como
fertilizante, uso de semilla certicada y siembra directa. Se evidenció
baja rotación de cultivos y uso limitado de productos tosanitarios.
Los talleres participativos permitieron identicar limitantes del
cultivo como baja productividad, pocos canales de comercialización y
desconocimiento de algunas técnicas agroecológicas necesarias para
mejorar la productividad del mismo. Las prácticas agroecológicas
deben ser reforzadas y ampliadas mediante programas de extensión
para lograr el reconocimiento como productores agroecológicos, ya
que este cultivo, es una alternativa altamente viable para el municipio
de Arauquita, en el marco del acuerdo de paz.
Palabras clave: maní del Inca, factores socioeconómicos, factores
ambientales, análisis de correspondencias múltiples (AMC).
Resumo
O amendoim Sacha Inchi ou Inca (Plukenetia volubilis
Linneo) é uma planta oleosa nativa da Amazônia, consumida
pelos indígenas desde a antiguidade e reconhecida por sua grande
contribuição de ácidos graxos essenciais, antioxidantes e proteínas,
sendo potencialmente atrativa como alternativa agrícola legal para
a reincorporação de grupos insurgentes. O objetivo da pesquisa
foi caracterizar o sistema produtivo de Sacha Inchi no município
de Arauquita, Colômbia. Foram selecionados 50 agricultores (40
camponeses e 10 ex-combatentes das FARC-EP), por amostragem
não probabilística intencional. As informações foram coletadas por
meio de questionário e duas ocinas participativas com o objetivo
de identicar limitações e potencialidades do sistema agroecológico
e produtivo. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística
descritiva e multivariada. A análise de classicação permitiu
particionar o conjunto de agricultores, com base nas características
socioeconômicas e ambientais necessárias para orientar os planos de
extensão. Os resultados mostraram que as práticas agroecológicas
mais utilizadas são: conservação do solo, aplicação de calcário, uso de
composto como fertilizante, uso de semente certicada e semeadura
direta. Evidenciou-se baixa rotação de culturas e uso limitado
de produtos tossanitários. As ocinas participativas permitiram
identicar limitações da cultura como baixa produtividade, poucos
canais de comercialização e desconhecimento de algumas técnicas
agroecológicas necessárias para melhorar sua produtividade. As
práticas agroecológicas devem ser reforçadas e ampliadas por meio de
programas de extensão para obter o reconhecimento como produtores
agroecológicos, uma vez que esta cultura é uma alternativa altamente
viável para o município de Arauquita, no âmbito do acordo de paz.
Palabras-chave: Amendoim Inca, fatores socioeconômicos,
fatores ambientais, análise de correspondência múltipla (MCA).
Introduction
Conventional agricultural production has been affected by
the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals and fertilizers, because of
globalization and industrial growth policies, as a strategy to increase
productivity,
leading to an agricultural production model, acquired
from the green revolution, which promotes monoculture, together
with the use of technological packages and a large amount of non-
renewable fossil energy (Martinez-Centeno and Huerta, 2018). In this
sense, it is necessary to generate elements aimed at conserving the
resources used in traditional local agriculture that, in turn, explore
modern ecological knowledge and methods.
These elements can be congured through agroecology, a science
that applies ecological concepts and principles to design and manage
sustainable agroecosystems (Gliessman, 2000), which must integrate
the broad and multifactorial concept of sustainable development, to
meet the needs of the present, indenitely, without compromising
the satisfaction of future needs (Torres-Jaramillo et al., 2021). In
addition, a sustainable production model must face the challenges
of traditional agriculture, studying the risks generated in production,
including environmental risks as a precondition (Saltos et al., 2020).
In this context, emerges Sacha Inchi (P. volubilis L.), a climbing oily
plant of the Plukenetia genus that grows in Latin American countries
such as Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela and Ecuador (Alayón and Echeverri,
2016), consumed by ancestral indigenous populations and whose
cultivation it is feasible under a model of sustainable agroecological
production, even more so when 12 of the 19 species worldwide are
found in their native state in different places of the Colombian Orino-
Amazon (Ayala, 2016), reporting crops in departments such as the
Caquetá, Putumayo, Antioquia, Valle del Cauca, among others, with
1,100 hectares planted, production of 2,418.6 tons and yields between
2 and 6 t.ha
-1
in 2018 (MINAGRICULTURA, 2019).
In addition, being a promising species, it can be a viable alternative
in the substitution of coca cultivation in vulnerable regions, in the
post-conict framework, by presenting similar cultivation models
(Muñoz, 2019), easy adaptation and propagation to different
ecological conditions, acceptable production and high nutritional
quality of the oil (Caicedo and Certuche, 2019).
Sacha Inchi contains a high concentration of polyunsaturated
essential fatty acids of the omega 3, 6 and 9 family, mainly α-linoleic
(C18:3) and linoleic (C18:2), which range between 79 % to 84 % of
the total content of the oil, together with a high content of tocopherols
and antioxidants (Manco, 2006; Gutiérrez et al., 2011). These
characteristics can positively impact the health of the Latin American
population by preventing the onset of cardiovascular diseases, where
the consumption of cardioprotective agents like olive oil is low
(Alayón and Echeverri, 2016).
In the case of the municipality of Arauquita - Colombia, there
are producers of Sacha Inchi belonging to a peasant economy, with
agricultural practices that require revision so that they can reach levels
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Bohórquez-Rivera et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2022, 39(4): e2239483-6 |
of agronomic productivity that allow them to improve their quality of
life. Therefore, the objective of this research was to agroecologically
characterize the productive units of Sacha Inchi of the Arauquita
municipality, in addition, socioeconomic and environmental aspects
were considered to group them and critical factors were identied to
formulate extension plans for producers of this crop.
Materials and methods
This research uses a mixed methodological approach, combining
strategies for obtaining quantitative and qualitative data, with their
respective analyzes (Tashakkori and Teddlie, 2009). This approach
can be controversial in terms of scientic coherence, but when
implemented correctly it can be a powerful tool for describing,
understanding and explaining the observed phenomena (Núñez,
2017).
Description of the study area
The research was conducted in the municipality of Arauquita
(07°01’39” N and 71°25’55” W), Arauca, Colombia, during the year
2021. The environmental conditions are: 155 m altitude, average
temperature of 28 °C, average annual rainfall of 2255 mm and a
relative humidity of 76 %. Sacha Inchi producers are located in 20
villages: Filipinas, Gaitán Caranal, San Isidro, Las Bancas, La Ossa,
El Vivero, Carretero, La Chigüira, Las Acacias, Mata Oscura, Puerto
Nuevo, La Paz, Guamalito, El Encanto, Los Almendros, Gaviotas,
Aguachica, Santander, El Futuro and El Amparo (gure 1).
Figure 1. Map of the villages in Arauquita where Sacha Inchi is
grown, adapted from the Google Earth satellite map.
Sample and sampling
To select the sample, a non-probabilistic “intentional” sampling
was applied, where the terms of inclusion were with informed consent,
which were dedicated to the cultivation of Sacha Inchi (P. volubilis
L.) in the region and that were afliated to any association in the
municipality. Fifty farmers were included, distributed as follows: (15)
associated to “Sacha Arauquita”, (15) to “Sacha Caño Limón”, (10) to
“Sacha Caricari” and the remaining (10) ex-combatants of the former
FARC-EP organization belonging to the association “FILIMARPAZ
UEAI ZOMAC SAS” - company dedicated to the cultivation of
tropical and subtropical fruits, all were visited and interviewed in
their farms for the application of the questionnaire.
Information collection techniques
For characterization and groupings by multivariate statistical
methods, the information from the survey was used with the
application of a questionnaire (57 questions with multiple and open
answers), where variables and subvariables were established in three
dimensions (socioeconomic, environmental and agroecological),
which are described in table 1.
Table 1. Dimensions, variables and subvariables under study.
Variables Subvariables
Socioeconomic dimension
Owner
Name of the producer, age, sex, marital status,
school grade, membership in an association,
evaluation of basic services, source of higher
income
Property
Name of the property, georeferencing, district,
municipality, department, type of property, area of
the property, topography.
Economic efciency
Productivity, production costs, marketing, monthly
net income.
Farmer Self-Sufciency External inputs, food self-sufciency.
Sociocultural relationship Producer satisfaction, producer quality of life
Environmental dimension
Crop Established crops, cultivated area, type of crop.
Soil
Loss due to erosion, productivity and conservation
of soil life.
Water
Quality, quantity, sources for cultivation,
protection and soil conservation
Waste disposal
Crop residue management and domestic waste
management
Agroecological Dimension
Knowledge
Native seeds, natural resource, biofertilizers,
biodiversity, seed conservation, integrated pest
management, trap plants, biological pest control,
light traps for insects, genetically modied seeds,
food safety, nitrogen xers, phosphosolubilizers,
efcient microorganisms, entomophagous
(predators), phytopesticide, entomopathogen,
antagonist.
Practices
Soil conservation, weed control, types of fertilizer,
seed varieties, type of crop on your property, types
of tillage, crop rotation and phytosanitary use.
Crop production critical factors were identied through two
participatory workshops and work groups with the producers,
analyzing the system internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external
(opportunities and threats) environment, where the limitations and
potentialities of the cultivation of Sacha Inchi were determined.
Information analysis techniques
the Questionnaire information was analyzed using descriptive
statistics to perform characterizations. Socioeconomic and
environmental grouping were constructed by multivariate
statistical techniques: multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and
classication analysis (Hair et al., 2004). The information obtained
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2022, 39(4): e223948. October-December. ISSN 2477-9407.
4-6 |
Figure 3. Agroecological practices of Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia
volubilis L.) producers.
In terms of the subvariables analyzed, the producers of the
Sacha Inchi crop need to transform the current production system,
incorporating clear objectives of sustainable development. The
FAO (2018) establishes 10 elements that allow reaching this north,
dening the characteristics that frame the agroecological system,
the basic practices and the innovation criteria (diversity, synergies,
efciency, resilience, recycling and the joint creation and exchange
of knowledge), the own context of the system (human and social
values, food culture and traditions) and those that describe and
build a favorable environment (circular and solidarity economy
and responsible governance), elements of agroecology that are
interrelated and interdependent.
Socioeconomic characterization of Sacha Inchi production
systems
In relation to the planted area, an approximate average extension
of 1 ± 0.94 ha was found, with a crop establishment time of 1.48 ± 0.5
years, the average annual production was 2.5 ± 0.5 t.ha
-1
and a yield
that represents 42 % of what was reported by MINAGRICULTURA
(2019) for the departments of Caquetá (6 t.ha
-1
.year
-1
), Valle del
Cauca (5 t.ha
-1
.year
-1
) and Boyacá (5.8 t.ha
-1
.year
-1
).
The average annual production income was $17,681,250 ±
4,873,270, with annual production expenses equal to $6,682,214.92
± 1,239,135, made up of the items: labor, fertilizers, agricultural
inputs, collection and freight, the two being rst, the ones with the
greatest weight, 70 % of the total costs are invested in labor and
the purchase of inputs. The exercise yielded an annual average net
income of $12,646,622 ± 3,187,845.
The largest source of income for producers comes from
agriculture (68 %) and livestock (32 %). All agreed that the
cultivation of Sacha Inchi was protable since the product is
continuously harvested, generates prots in a short time and is sold
quickly, but the labor and cost of inputs has increased signicantly
in recent years.
Most of the producers (98 %) evaluated the Sacha Inchi as
being of good quality. The only distribution channel is the regional
from the questionnaires was cross-checked with that obtained from
the participatory workshops to identify the main limitations that
affect production and the causes that prevent the implementation of
good agroecological practices in cultivation. All the opinions were
summarized in DOFA matrices to elaborate solution proposals for
the different needs (Masera et al., 1999).
Results and discussion
The FAO (2018) argues that farmers are the people who have
the tools to practice agroecology in their territories, where the
solution is generated by combining the advancement of science
and the traditional, practical and local knowledge of the producers.
Agroecology studies the relationship of the different components
of the agroecosystem; as a practical aspect, it seeks to make
agricultural systems sustainable, optimize and stabilize production,
and as a multifunctional social movement, it reinforces agriculture,
culture and the economic viability of rural areas.
Agroecological characterization
From the diagnosis on the knowledge and agroecological
practices carried out by the producers of Sacha Inchi, it was
observed that more than 60 % of the producers know about native
seeds, natural resources, biofertilizers and biodiversity (blue bars,
gure 2); however, less than 40 % of the producers are unaware
of issues such as seed conservation, integrated pest management,
trap plants, food safety, among others, and are totally unaware of
terms such as phytopesticides, entomopathogens and antagonists
(red bars, gure 2).
Regarding agroecological practices, it was observed that more
than 80 % of the producers surveyed apply them to their crops,
these being soil conservation with lime as fertilizer, pest control
using plant cover, the use of compost as fertilizer, the maintenance
of permanent crops, direct sowing as a tillage method and the use of
certied seed. On the other hand, few producers (8 %) practice crop
rotation, while only 54 % use phytosanitary products (gure 3).
Figure 2. Agroecological knowledge of Sacha Inchi producers.
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Bohórquez-Rivera et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2022, 39(4): e2239485-6 |
market and the limitations to produce Sacha Inchi were sales and
processing of the grain, among others. These results conrm what
was observed by Garcés (2021), since the intervention of the state is
necessary in terms of providing basic conditions for rural populations
and facilitating access to nancial, educational and technological
resources, which allow them to be productive and self-sufcient.
Grouping of Sacha Inchi production systems
For the groupings of the Sacha Inchi production systems, the
socioeconomic and environmental dimensions were considered.
Socioeconomic grouping
Next, the rst factorial plane derived from a classication analysis
carried out on the coordinates of the Multiple Correspondence
Analysis (MCA) is presented. In this case, socioeconomic indicators
were considered, and the classication variable was marital status. In
gure 4, three groupings represented by ovals of blue, red and green
colors are identied.
Group 1. It is observed that a large part of the producers
(represented with numbers) inside and outside the blue oval (54
%), indicates that the majority are in a free union, are male, have an
average age of 53 years, are afliated to Sacha Arauquita, her main
source of income() comes from agriculture and livestock, her school
grade is high school, the material of her house is brick-block, all
afliated with SISBEN, the health services (ss), they are evaluated as
regular, drinking water (ap) and electric energy (ee) are evaluated as
regular. The sewage service (al), the gas service (sg) and the internet
service (in) were rated as poor.
Group 2. The second group corresponds to the group of producers
who are inside the pink oval (30 %). Producers who are married were
concentrated there, most of them male, with an average age of 55
years, associated with “Sacha Caño Limón” and “Sacha Arauquita”,
their school grade is incomplete primary, the sources of higher
income are the livestock and agriculture, health services and drinking
water rated it as good. Similarly to group 1, gas, sewage and internet
services were evaluated as decient.
Figure 4. AMC factorial foreground with socioeconomic
indicators.
Group 3. This group of people concentrated in the green oval (14
%), are characterized by being single, with an average age of 57 years,
the source of the highest income is agriculture and livestock, and they
are associated with Sacha Caricari and to Filmarpaz. Their school
grade is complete elementary school and incomplete high school,
electrical energy services were rated as regular, internet services were
poor, and sewerage (16 %) was rated as excellent.
Environmental grouping
The second factorial map shows some environmental indicators
(gure 5). Two large groups represented by colored ovals are identied
in the graph, based on a classication analysis by soil productivity
(ps), carried out on the MCA coordinates. The groupings obtained
with the most relevant aspects are described below.
Figure 5. Second MCA factorial plane with environmental
indicators.
Group 1. Corresponds to 50 % of the producers who are
concentrated in the green oval, who state that the productivity of
the land (ps) is moderate, carry out soil conservation practices (pcs)
almost always; do not do soil analysis, water erosion (eh) is evaluated
as moderate, water quality (ca) is considered good, the need for water
for crops (nac) is high, the source of water for crops (fac) are the
rains, the management of crop residues (mr) are incorporated into the
same properties and the domestic residues (mrd) are converted into
fertilizers or used for animal feed.
Group 2. A second group is represented by the pink oval, (46
% of the producers), this group is characterized by considering soil
productivity (ps) as high, water erosion (eh) as low; the quality of
the water (ca) is considered regular; show that the need for water for
crops (nac) is very high, just like group 1, the source of water for
crops is rain.
Critical factors of the agroecological production of Sacha
Inchi
The different factors that can positively or negatively affect the
development of concerted plans with the producers were seen in
the participatory workshops and analyzed through a DOFA. The
weaknesses found were focused on the lack of economic capital to
increase the cultivated areas, as well as the lack of equipment for
seed processing. Producers do not have business training, leading to
a lack of criteria for decision-making at the business level, depending
entirely on the decisions made by actors such as the Sacha-Colombia
Cooperative. The need to train several of the producers in good
agricultural practices and in the industrial processes that can be
carried out with the seeds, as well as for the management of pests and
diseases and soil edaphic conditions, was observed.
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Bohórquez-Rivera et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2022, 39(4): e2239486-6 |
Empirical knowledge, family labor, the great nutritional value of
the seed, fertile land of alluvial origin, associated producers and own
land were identied as Strengths. These strengths must be strengthened
through the socialization of the business management proposal of
the producers towards the different actors of the productive chain,
reinforcing agricultural strategies and guidelines, which allow the
producers to deepen their knowledge on issues such as the selection
and production of seeds, marketing and commercialization strategies,
aimed at achieving a product with denomination of origin.
Regarding Opportunities, there is access to government support
programs, the existence of a potential demand for products derived
from the cultivation of Sacha Inchi, in national and international
markets. It is important to seek technical assistance and training, by
linking universities, research centers and other active knowledge-
generating actors involved in the production chain. The seed and
its derived products must also be characterized compositionally,
allowing the existence of specialized production niches in the area
to be established. It is important to reinforce the marketing plans
for derived products, integrating these environmental sustainability
criteria. For example, the amount of environmental carbon captured
by Sacha Inchi crops.
Among the threats detected is that the quality of education
at the municipal level is regular, there is no periodic technical
assistance, which allows producers to deal with problems such as
the attack of pests and diseases at the root level, costs of cultivation
implementation. Also, the lack of an organic agriculture certication
for the farms and the management of the internal control system leads
to the application of chemical products, which generate residuality,
affecting the commercialization of the seed for its industrial use and
human consumption.
Conclusions
Through the agroecological characterization, it was observed that
many Sacha Inchi (P. volubilis L.) producers carry out agroecological
practices aimed at soil conservation, pest control, the use of compost
as fertilizer and the use of certied seed. However, elements such
as low crop rotation and the lack of alternatives to the use of
agrochemicals show the need to incorporate Good Agricultural
Practice techniques into the Sacha Inchi production system in
Arauquita, aimed at incorporating the necessary elements to make
of this a sustainable agroecological system. Their knowledge of
some agroecological concepts that they apply must be reinforced
and expanded through extension programs designed by different
actors involved in the production chain, leading to their training and
recognition as agroecological producers.
Socioeconomic grouping evidenced the need to improve access to
and quality of basic services for producers such as health, education,
and public services, and grouping by environmental indicators showed
adequate conditions in terms of soil quality and waste management.
However, it is necessary to evaluate aspects such as water erosion,
low crop rotation, and water quality and availability.
Even though the area of the Sacha Inchi (P. volubilis L.) crops
characterized is small compared to other references in the country,
the opportunity for expansion is high, given the productive yields
observed, being necessary to guarantee access to nancial resources,
generate seed transformation processes and strengthen technical and
business training processes, linking actors such as universities and
training centers (SENA) and research, which together with producers
generate new knowledge on cultivation and a vision for the generation
of agricultural companies .
Under the current context of the country, with the implementation
of the peace agreements and the need to offer productive alternatives to
coca cultivation, Sacha Inchi is presented as a highly viable crop for the
municipality of Arauquita, requiring compositional characterization
of the seed and its by-products, establishing the characteristics of
the productive system that is developed in Arauquita, which would
generate advantages to be commercialized or used by other actors that
can be linked to the productive chain.
Literature cited
Alayón, A. and Echeverri I. (2016). Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis Linneo):
¿una experiencia ancestral desaprovechada? Evidencias clínicas asociadas
a su consumo. Revista chilena nutrición 43(2), 167-171. http://dx.doi.
org/10.4067/S0717-75182016000200009
Ayala, G. (2016). Análisis de crecimiento y producción de 3 variedades de sacha
inchi (Plukenetía volubilis L), en el Municipio de Tena. Tesis de Pregrado.
Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales. https://repository.
udca.edu.co/bitstream/handle/11158 /487/TESIS%20SACHA%20
INCHI.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Caicedo, A. and Certuche, A. (2019). Principales aspectos productivos y
agronómicos del cultivo de Sacha Inchi Plukenetia volubilis L., como
alternativa productiva para el municipio de Popayán. Tesis de Pregrado.
Fundación Universitaria de Popayán. http: //unividafup.edu.co/
repositorio/les/original/819f865685e947ea3ed8766c792dc022.pdf
FAO, (2018). Los 10 elementos de la agroecología guía para la transición hacia
sistemas alimentarios y agrícolas sostenibles. https://www.fao.org/3/
i9037es/i9037es.pdf
Garcés, W. (2021). Seguridad alimentaria en un contexto de paz–El caso de ex
cultivadores de coca del Municipio de Arauquita (Arauca). https://
repository.javeriana.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10554/57974/Garces_
Bona_Wilson_Leonel_2019.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Gliessman, S. (2000). Agroecología Processos ecológicos em agricultura
sustentável 1
er
ed. (pp. 54). Editorial Universidade/UFRGS. ISBN:
8570255578 9780120445653
Gutiérrez, L., Rosada, L. & Jimenéz, A. (2011). Chemical composition of sacha
inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.). Seed and characteristics of their lipid
fraction. Grasas y aceite 62(1): 76-83. https://doi.org/10.3989/gya044510
Hair Jr, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R. & Black, W. (2004). Análisis Multivariante 5ª
ed. Prentice Hall International, Inc. p. 832. ISBN:84-8322-035-0
Manco, E. (2006). Cultivo de sacha inchi. Situación y avances del cultivo de sacha
inchi en el Perú. Dirección de Investigación Agraria. Instituto Nacional de
Investigación y Extensión Agraria. Estación Experimental “El Porvenir.
Editorial Madriguera. 2
da
. ed. 48 pp. https://pdf4pro.com/amp/cdn/
cultivo-de-sacha-inchi-incainchi-es-4e1788.pdf
Martinez-Centeno, A. and Huerta Sobalvarro, K. (2018). La revolución verde.
Revista Iberoamericana de Bioeconomía y Cambio Climático, 4(8), 1040-
1052. https://doi.org/10.5377/ribcc.v4i8.6717
Masera, O., Astier, M. & López-Ridaura, S. (1999). Sustentabilidad y Manejo de
Recursos Naturales. El marco de evaluación MESMIS. MundiPrensa-
GIRA-UNAM, Mexico. p. 99. ISBN: 968-7462-11-6
MINAGRICULTURA, (2019). Cadena de sacha inchi. Indicadores e
instrumentos. https://sioc.minagricultura.gov.co/Pasioras/
Documentos/2019-0630%20Cifras% 20Sectoriales%20SACHA%20
INCHI.pdf
Muñoz, M. (2019). De la coca al Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.): el
surgimiento de un proceso autónomo, gestado por productores de coca,
durante el período 2010-2017, en Puerto Caicedo, Putumayo, Colombia.
Tesis de Maestria. Universidad Javeriana de Colombia. https://doi.
org/10.11144/Javeriana.10554.43267
Núñez, J. (2017). Los métodos mixtos en la investigación en educación: hacia
un uso reexivo. Cadernos de Pesquisa. 47(164), 632-649. http://dx.doi.
org/10.1590/198053143763
Saltos, M., Capa, L. & Carchi, K. (2020). Análisis de riesgos ambientales
en negocios de exportación, desde la perspectiva de las ciencias
administrativas. Universidad y sociedad, 12(1), 330–336.http://scielo.sld.
cu/pdf/rus/v12n1/2218-3620-rus-12-01-330.pdf
Tashakkori, A. and Teddlie, C. (2009). Foundations of mixed methods research.
integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in the social and
behavioral sciences. AGE Publications. p. 339. ISBN 978-0-7619-3012-9
Torres-Jaramillo, L., Raffo-Folleco, L., Bermeo-Almeida, O. & Cruz-Romero C.
(2021). Desarrollo sustentable con base en una propuesta agroecológica
para agrícolas bananeras. Caso agrícola Don Víctor. Fomento de la
investigación y publicación en Ciencias Administrativas, Económicas y
Contables, 6(3), 128-161. https://doi.org/10.23857/pcaec.v6i1.432