Keywords:

Trichilia havanensis

Plant extracts

Spider mite

Two-spotted spider mite

Corrected mortality

Evaluation of ovicidal activity of plant extracts on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari:

Tetranychidae)

Evaluación de actividad ovicida de extractos vegetales en Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari:

Tetranychidae)

Avaliação da atividade ovicida de extratos vegetais em Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari:

Tetranychidae)

University of Zulia, Faculty of Agronomy

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Maestría en Manejo Sostenible de Agroecosistemas,

Centro de Agroecología, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita

Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. Edicio VAL 1,

Ecocampus Valsequillo, San Pedro Zacachimalpa, Puebla,

72960 México.

Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Tabasco. Periférico

Carlos A. Molina S/N, Cárdenas, Tabasco, C.P. 86500,

México.

Unidad de Protección de Cultivos, Departamento de

Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja. C/

Madre de Dios No. 51, Logroño, 26006 España.

Herbario y Jardín Botánico, Vicerrectoría de Investigación

y Estudios de Posgrado, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma

de Puebla. Edicio JB1, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, 72570

México.

Received: 23-06-2022

Accepted: 08-08-2022

Published: 30-08-2022

Abstract

The ovicidal activity of ethanol and hexane extracts of Azadirachta

indica A. Juss., Trichilia havanensis Jacq., Roldana ehrenbergiana (Klatt)

H. Rob. & Brettell, Argemone mexicana L., Schinus molle L. y Gliricidia

sepium

(Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. was evaluated in the laboratory on Tetranychus

urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). The extracts (treatments) were applied

by spraying at a concentration of 1,000 mg.L

-1

to a known number of eggs

(age <18h) on leaf discs of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (10 leaf discs per

treatment), and the percentage of egg mortality was recorded after six days

of the treatment. The corrected mortality (percentage) was obtained for each

test unit, and a simple ANOVA, followed by multiple comparison of means

by the Tukey method (α=0.05), were used to nd statistically signicant

differences between treatment effects. The ethanol and hexane extracts of

T. havanensis seeds caused an average corrected egg mortality of 77.7±3.5

and 58.0±3.4 %, respectively, which was signicantly higher than the egg

mortality caused by the other extracts. The ethanol extracts of the other

plant species caused a corrected egg mortality, which ranged from 8.8±9.6

to 42.9±8.3 %, while the corrected mortality of the hexane extracts ranged

from 0.2±2.3 to 30.1±4.0 %. The results show that the ethanol extract of T.

havanensis seeds has good potential for the development of products with

biological activity for the management of T. urticae.

Miriam M. Rodríguez-Cabrera

Betzabeth C. Pérez-Torres

Agustín Aragón-García

Carlos F

. Ortiz-García

Vicente S. Marco Mancebón

Jesús F. López-Olguín

1,4

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2022, 39(3): e223945

ISSN 2477-9407

DOI: https://doi.org/10.47280/RevFacAgron(LUZ).v39.n3.11

Crop Production

Associate editor: Dra. Lilia Urdaneta

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2022, 39(3): e223945 July - September. ISSN 2477-9407.

2-6 |

Resumen

Se evaluó en laboratorio la actividad ovicida de extractos

etanólicos y hexánicos de Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Trichilia

havanensis Jacq., Roldana ehrenbergiana (Klatt) H. Rob. & Brettell,

Argemone mexicana L., Schinus molle L. y Gliricidia sepium

(Jacq.)

Kunth ex Walp. en Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae).

Los extractos (tratamientos) se aplicaron por aspersión a una

concentración de 1.000 mg.L

-1

a un número conocido de huevos (edad

<18h) de T. urticae sobre discos foliares de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris

L.) (10 discos foliares por tratamiento) y a los seis días se registró

el porcentaje de mortalidad de huevos. Se obtuvo la mortalidad

corregida (porcentaje) para cada unidad de ensayo y se aplicó un

ANOVA simple seguido de la comparación múltiple de medias por

el método de Tukey (α=0,05). Los extractos etanólico y hexánico de

semillas de T. havanensis ocasionaron mortalidad corregida de huevos

de 77,7±3,5 y 58,0±3,4 %, respectivamente. Los extractos etanólicos

de las otras especies vegetales ocasionaron mortalidad corregida

de huevos de 8,8±9,6 a 42,9±8,3 %, mientras que la mortalidad

corregida de los extractos hexánicos varió de 0,2±2,3 a 30,1±4,0 %.

Los resultados muestran que el extracto etanólico de semillas de T.

havanensis tiene buen potencial para el desarrollo de productos con

actividad biológica para el manejo de T. urticae.

Palabras clave: Trichilia havanensis, extractos de plantas, araña

roja, araña de dos manchas, mortalidad corregida.

Resumo

A atividade ovicida de extratos etanólicos e hexânicos de

Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Trichilia havanensis Jacq., Roldana

ehrenbergiana (Klatt) H. Rob. & Brettell, Argemone mexicana

L., Schinus molle L. y Gliricidia sepium

(Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp.

em Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) foi avaliada

em laboratório. Os extratos (tratamentos) foram aplicados por

pulverização na concentração de 1.000 mg.L

-1

em um número

conhecido de ovos (idade <18h) de T. urticae disponibilizados em

discos foliares de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (10 discos foliares

por tratamento) e, após seis dias, a porcentagem de mortalidade

de ovos foi registrada. A mortalidade corrigida (porcentagem) foi

obtida para cada unidade de teste, que foi analisada estatisticamente

por meio de ANOVA simples, seguida de comparação múltipla de

médias pelo método de Tukey (α=0,05). Os extratos etanólicos e

hexânicos das sementes de T. havanensis causaram mortalidade

média corrigida de ovos de 77,7±3,5 e 58,0±3,4 %, respectivamente,

que foi signicativamente maior que a mortalidade de ovos dos

demais extratos. Os extratos etanólicos das demais espécies vegetais

causaram mortalidade corrigida de ovos de 8,8±9,6 a 42,9±8,3 %,

enquanto a mortalidade corrigida dos extratos hexânicos variou de

0,2±2,3 a 30,1±4,0 %. Os resultados mostram que o extrato etanólico

de sementes de T. havanensis apresenta bom potencial para o

desenvolvimento de produtos com atividade biológica para o manejo

de T. urticae.

Palavras-chave: Trichilia havanensis, extratos de plantas, aranha

vermelha, ácaro rajado, mortalidade corrigida.

Introduction

Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), commonly

called “two-spotted spider” or “red spider”, has a wide worldwide

distribution, is one of the main pests in agriculture and affects more

than 1200 species of host plants; among them, fruit trees, oilseeds,

vegetables, ornamental and medicinal plants, and more than 150

plants of economic importance in Mexico (Souza-Pimentel et

al., 2016). It causes damage to plants by feeding on the content of

epidermal and parenchymal cells of stems and leaves; reducing its

efciency, as well as the yields and quality of the crops (León et al.,

2014). For its control, synthetic acaricidal chemical products are used

that affect the health of agricultural workers and consumers, have a

negative impact on the environment and have caused toxicological

problems and the development of resistance to acaricides (Cerna et

al., 2009; Villegas-Elizalde et al., 2010).

Faced with this problem, it is necessary to develop alternative

strategies to the use of synthetic chemical products for crop protection,

with the possibility of being incorporated into agroecological pest

management, where priority is given to cultural, biological strategies

and the use of extracts or vegetable oils, among others (Altieri and

Nicholls, 2018). Plants produce secondary metabolites that help

them defend themselves against herbivores (Sierra et al., 2018).

These biomolecules affect the physiology, growth and development

of insects and mites, since they act as growth regulators, feeding

inhibitors, repellents, oviposition inhibitors, molt inhibitors and

chitin formation (Erdogan and Sever, 2017). These plant properties

have been evaluated in insects, mites (Souza de Jesus et al., 2020),

nematodes (Sepúlveda-Vázquez et al., 2018) and bacteria (Cuervo et

al., 2019). However, no references to studies on the ovicidal effect

of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) “nim” extracts were

found, Trichilia havanensis Jacq. (Meliaceae) “jar branch”, Roldana

ehrenbergiana (Klatt.) H. Robinson & Brettell. (Asteraceae) “dog

grass”, Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae) “Chicalote”, Schinus

molle L. (Anacardiaceae) “Pirul” and Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth

ex Walp. (Fabaceae) “Cocuite” or “Mata rata” in T. urticae.

Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of

ethanolic and hexanic extracts of the plant species mentioned above,

on the viability of T. urticae eggs.

Materials and methods

Obtaining plant extracts

To obtain the extracts, G. sepium bark collected in Zolonquiapa,

Izúcar de Matamoros, Puebla was used; stems, leaves, owers

and fruits of A. mexicana, and leaves of S. molle from San Pedro

Zacachimalpa, Puebla; seeds of T. havanensis from Cuetzalan del

Progreso, Puebla; seeds of A. indica from Acayucan, Veracruz and

stems, leaves, owers and fruits of R. enrenbergiana

from Santa Cruz

Alpuyeca, Puebla. The plant material was left to dry in the shade at

room temperature (18 ± 5 °C) for 20 days and was crushed in an

industrial blender (PDH

industrial 5 L stainless steel 1 HP PD14)

until obtaining homogeneous particles that were passed through

a sieve (Mont-Inox

) No. 16 with 1 mm opening. The powdered

material was placed in duly labeled brown paper bags and stored in a

dry place for later use.

The extracts were obtained by the Soxhlet extraction method

(Sierra et al., 2018), based on 100 to 180 g of powdered plant

material (depending on availability) and 800 mL of 96 % ethanol

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3-6 |

(Merck Emsure

Reag Ph Eur) or hexane (Merck Emsure

ACS).

The extracts were concentrated in a rotary evaporator (Sev

A402-

2) at 200 rpm at constant temperature (<40 °C) and stored in amber

glass bottles at 4 °C. The ethanolic extracts of T. havanensis and A.

indica seeds presented two phases that were separated in a centrifuge

(Hermle

Z326K) at 6000 rpm for 5 minutes, obtaining a supernatant

of oily consistency and a precipitate, which were preserved and

evaluated separately.

Breeding of T. urticae

Adults present in damaged leaves (chlorotic spots and presence of

cobwebs) of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), rose (Rosa spp.), tomato

(Solanum lycopersicum L.) and sweet cucumber (Solanum muricatum

Aiton) crops were collected without treatment of insecticides and/or

acaricides in the municipalities of Atlixco and Tepeojuma, Puebla,

Mexico. The plant material with the mites was placed in duly labeled

polypropylene containers, which were transferred to the Laboratorio

de Manejo Agroecológico de Plagas, Centro de Agroecología,

Instituto de Ciencias of the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de

Puebla, where the species was conrmed with the help of keys and

verication of the taxonomic characteristics of T. urticae (Ferragut

and Santonja, 1989). The colonies were established under controlled

conditions of temperature (26 ± 1 °C), relative humidity (50 ± 5 %)

and photoperiod (12:12 h Light: Darkness), on bean plants (Phaseolus

vulgaris L.) contained in acrylic transparent boxes 30x47x20 cm

(high, long and wide, respectively), covered with tricot fabric, from

which the adults necessary for the development of the bioassays were

obtained.

Bioassays

The bioassays were carried out in the laboratorio de Manejo

Agroecológico de Plagas, Centro de Agroecología, Instituto de

Ciencias of the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla,

México.

The experimental unit consisted of a bean leaf disc of 2 cm in

diameter with a certain number of eggs depending on the laying of

two females of T. urticae that had been placed in it, for a period of

18 h, as indicated next. The leaf disc was placed in a 60x15 mm Petri

dish with the bottom covered with two layers of lter paper moistened

to saturation with distilled water. Leaf disc turgidity was maintained

by placing the Petri dish inside an 8x9 cm polypropylene container

with distilled water in the bottom. A piece of absorbent cloth was used

that was attached to the Petri dish with a clip to maintain the ow of

water between the lter paper of the Petri dish and the water reservoir

of the polypropylene container.

Leaf discs were obtained from bean plants grown in pots arranged

in a greenhouse. Using a camel hair brush and a stereoscopic

microscope (Zeigen

), 5 adults (2 females and 3 males) of T. urticae

were placed on the underside of each leaf disc. Females were allowed

to oviposit for a period of 18 hours to obtain as many eggs as possible

on each disk. After this time, the adults were removed, the eggs laid

on each disc were counted and the treatments (plant extracts) were

applied at a concentration of 1,000 mg.L

-1

, using 10 foliar discs

containing between 8 and 20 eggs each. The average number of eggs

per leaf disc in the trials was 9.4 with a standard deviation of 2.5 eggs.

To obtain the ethanolic extracts at a concentration of 1,000

mg.L

-1

, 25 mg of the extract were weighed on an analytical balance

(Ohaus

PX124 Pioneer

) and 25 mL of ethanol were added. The

extract with the solvent was placed in a 50 mL rigid polypropylene

container, which was passed through a laboratory shaker (Sunburst

)

for 10 minutes to obtain a homogeneous mixture. The mixture was

transferred to a manual sprayer for subsequent application to the test

units. The treatments consisted of the seven plant ethanolic extracts

and two controls (distilled water and ethanol alone).

Hexanic extracts at a concentration of 1,000 mg.L

-1

were obtained

by combining 25 mg of each extract, 25 mL of distilled water and

25 μL of Surfatol+6

(30 % polyoxyethylene tridecyl alcohol + 20

% phosphoric acid + diluents and conditioners 49 % + fulvic acid 1

%) as adjuvant. Hexane was not used to dissolve the plant extracts

because a preliminary test showed toxicity of this product on T.

urticae eggs, so it was decided to use distilled water and surfatol+6

This product allowed an adequate mixture of the hexanic extracts of

oily consistency with the distilled water. Each of the containers was

placed in an ultrasound tub (Hantec

HNT-UL188) for 30 minutes

at high intensity and then placed in a shaker-vibrator (JT-14

) for

10 minutes to obtain a homogeneous mixture. Finally, the mixture

of each extract was transferred to a manual sprayer for subsequent

application to the test units. The treatments consisted of the six plant

hexanic extracts and the controls consisting of surfatol+6

(to rule out

a possible effect of this product) and distilled water.

The treatments were applied to the test units (leaf discs with T.

urticae eggs) by spraying approximately one mL of each solution

with the help of a manual atomizer with a capacity of 75 mL and they

were standardized at a distance of 10 cm from the outlet of the spray

to the leaf disc, with a ne droplet size to ensure a homogeneous

spray on the surface of the leaf disc with the T. urticae eggs. The

treated discs were left to dry at room temperature for 5 minutes on

a laboratory table and once dry, they were placed according to the

completely randomized design (Infante and Zárate de Lara, 1990) in

the insect breeding room, where the conditions of temperature (26 ±

1 °C), relative humidity (50 ± 5%) and photoperiod of 12:12 h (L: O)

they were controlled. Six days after the application of the treatments,

the number of dead eggs was recorded and later, for each test unit,

the percentage of egg mortality and the corrected mortality (%) were

obtained according to Abbott (1925), considering that the average

mortality of the control treatments in the bioassays was between 5

and 10 %.

Statistical analysis

To rule out a possible effect of the solvents water and ethanol, and

the adjuvant Surfatol+6

, t-Student tests (α = 0.05) were performed,

where the mean mortality of the control treatments consisting of the

application of distilled water versus ethanol and the mean mortality of

the control (without solvent) versus the water plus surfatol+6

control.

The corrected mortality data were processed by means of a one-way

analysis of variance (simple ANOVA), after verifying the assumption

of homogeneity of variances by the Bartlett method, followed by the

multiple comparison test of means by the Tukey method (α = 0.05)

(Infante and Zárate de Lara, 1990). Statistical calculations and

analyzes were performed with the statistical package Statgraphics

Centurion version XVI.I (StatPoint Technologies, Inc., 2009).

Results and discussion

Ovicidal activity of ethanolic extracts

The mean egg mortality of the control treatments (water and

ethanol) did not present a statistically signicant difference (P>0.05),

so they were averaged to consider a single control for the calculation

of corrected mortality. The average mortality percentage was 7.9,

which corresponds to the average mortality of the negative control

(leaf discs not treated with plant extract).

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Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2022, 39(3): e223945 July - September. ISSN 2477-9407.

4-6 |

The ethanolic extracts of T. havanensis seeds, precipitate and

supernatant, were the ones that showed the highest ovicidal activity

in T. urticae, with average corrected mortality of eggs of 60.0 and

77.7 %, respectively. The difference between these mortality means

was not statistically signicant (table 1).

Table 1. Mean mortality (M) and corrected mortality (CM) of

Tetranychus urticae eggs treated with ethanolic plant

extracts.

Vegetable species

M ± SE* (%) CM ± SE* (%)

Trichilia havanensis

(seeds) supernatant

79.5 ± 03.4 77.7 ± 03.5

a**

Trichilia havanensis

(seeds) precipitated

63.2 ± 04.9 60.0 ± 05.1

47.4 ± 07.9 42.9 ± 08.3

44.1 ± 08.2 39.3 ± 08.6

5.0 ± 11.9 29.4 ± 12.1

33.4 ± 05.1 27.7 ± 05.3

31.3 ± 05.9 25.4 ± 06.1

16.0 ± 09.1 8.8 ± 09.6

Argemone mexicana

(aerial part)

Azadirachta indica

(seeds) supernatant

Roldana ehrenbergiana

(aerial part)

Gliricidia sepium

(cortex)

Azadirachta indica

(seeds) precipitated

Schinus molle

(foliage)

Negative control

(without vegetable extract)

7.9 ± 02.4

*SE= Standard error.

**Corrected mortality means (CM) followed by the same letter are not

signicantly different from each other (Tukey’s HSD test, P>0.05).

The corrected mortality means of the ethanolic extracts of A.

mexicana, R. ehrenbergiana, G. sepium, A. indica supernatant

and A. indica precipitate were signicantly higher than the mean

mortality of the control treatment (P<0.05) with values from 25.4

to 42.9 %, showing no statistically signicant difference between

them. While the ethanolic extract of S. molle caused corrected

mortality of eggs that does not differ statistically from the mortality

of the control.

Ovicidal activity of hexanic extracts

No signicant difference was observed between the corrected

mortality means of white control eggs (untreated leaf discs) and

the application of distilled water plus surfatol+6

; with a general

average of 5.7 %; therefore, the repetitions of both controls were

considered for the calculation of corrected mortality.

Table 2 shows the corrected mortality means and the result of

the multiple comparison of means, where the hexanic extract of T.

havanensis seeds caused the highest activity with 58.0 % corrected

mortality of eggs.

The hexanic extracts of A. mexicana, G. sepium and A. indica

also caused corrected mortality signicantly higher than the

mortality of the control treatment, with no signicant difference

between their mortality means. This group of extracts presented

low ovicidal activity in T. urticae with corrected mortality averages

between 17.6 and 30.1 % while the hexanic extract of S. molle did

not cause signicant ovicidal activity.

Table 2. Mean mortality (M) and corrected mortality (CM) of

Tetranychus urticae eggs treated with hexanic plant

extracts.

Vegetable species

M ± SE* (%) CM ± SE* (%)

Trichilia havanensis

(seeds)

60.4 ± 3.2 58.0 ± 3.4

a**

Azadirachta indica

(seeds)

34.1 ± 3.8 30.1 ± 4.0

Gliricidia sepium

(cortex)

22.5 ± 3.2 17.8 ± 3.4

Argemone mexicana

(aerial part)

22.3 ± 2.1 17.6 ± 2.2

Roldana ehrenbergiana

(aerial part)

17.6 ± 3.2 12.6 ± 3.5

Schinus molle

(foliage)

5.9 ± 2.2 0.2 ± 2.3

Negative control

(without vegetable extract)

5.7 ± 1.9

*SE= Standard error.

**Corrected mortality means (CM) followed by the same letter are not

signicantly different from each other (Tukey’s HSD test, P>0.05).

According to Castiglioni et al. (2002) and Vieira et al. (2014),

plants of the genus Trichilia biosynthesize limonoids, terpenes,

diterpernes, triterpenes, coumarins and avonoids, with a potential

pesticidal effect. Its biological activity has been evaluated in

different pest species, such as in larvae of Spodoptera littoralis

(Boisduval) (López-Olguín et al., 1997), larvae of Spodoptera

litura (Fabricius) (Wheeler and Isman, 2000), adults of T. urticae

(Castiglioni et al., 2002), eggs of Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) (López-

Olguín et al., 2002), larvae of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (De la

Torre-Anzures et al., 2017) and larvae and adults of Copitarsia

decolora (Guenée) (García-Gómez et al., 2018).

De la Torre-Anzures et al. (2017) observed mortality of neonatal

larvae of S. exigua from the concentration of 100 mg.L

-1

of an

acetone extract of T. havanensis seeds in solid state (resin) and the

supernatant oil, with mortality of 75 % at a concentration of 10,000

mg.L

-1

, while García-Gómez et al. (2018) evaluated the effect of the

hexanic extract from the bark of T. havanensis on larvae, pupae and

accumulated mortality of C. decolora and observed that it presents

toxicity in larvae from a concentration of 1,000 mg.L

-1

, with a

mortality of 48 % in larvae and 16 % in pupae, having a cumulative

mortality of 64 %. This activity is attributed to limonoids with a

furan ring that are known to have antifeedant, repellent, toxic and

physiological effects on insects (Ortego et al., 1999, Vieira et al.,

2014). According to Isman (2000), the acaricidal activity of plant

extracts is due to the presence of various chemical compounds with

more than one mode of action.

The ethanolic extract of A. mexicana caused 42.9 % corrected

mortality of T. urticae eggs. While Carrillo-Rodríguez et al. (2011)

recorded with this same extract corrected mortality of adults of

T. urticae greater than 50 %. These results are similar to those

obtained in this research in terms of biological activity; however,

higher mortality was observed in adults than the mortality of

T. urticae eggs obtained in this work, which could be due to the

different concentration of the extracts evaluated in these studies or

to the different susceptibility of the different stages of development.

Granados-Echegoyen et al. (2019) reported that the insecticidal

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Rodríguez-Cabrera et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2022, 39(3): e223945

5-6 |

activity of A. mexicana could be due to the alkaloids, anthraquinones,

avonoids and terpenoids found in the crude extracts of different

parts of the plant.

A. indica extracts have been extensively studied for their

insecticidal effect. Encina Romero et al. (2011) found that the

aqueous extract of neem leaves at 1 % caused a mortality of 37.8 %

at 72 h after exposure in adult mites of the genus Tetranychus. This

mortality was similar to the corrected mortality of eggs obtained in

this investigation (39.3 %) with the supernatant ethanolic extract of

neem seeds at a concentration ten times lower. The difference could

be due to a greater susceptibility of the eggs to the activity of the

extracts and a higher concentration of active compounds in the seeds,

compared to the neem leaves.

On the other hand, the hexanic extract of A. indica seeds showed

moderate ovicidal activity with corrected mortality of T. urticae eggs

of 30 %. In other arthropods, neem has been shown to have similar

biological activity, as observed by Barrientos et al. (2018), who found

that the hexanic extract of A. indica seeds caused a mortality of 47.9,

37.5 and 27.1 % of the Meccus pallidipennis (Stal) bug nymphs

because of topical application of concentrations of 80, 60 and 30

% of the extract, respectively. The main biomolecule of A. indica is

azadirachtin, which affects the physiology and life cycle of organisms

(Esparza-Díaz et al., 2010).

No references to studies on the biological activity of ethanolic and

hexanic extracts of G. sepium and R. ehrenbergiana on phytophagous

mites were found; however, its effects have been evaluated on other

pest organisms. Martin de la Guardia et al. (2003) observed that the

ethanolic extract of G. sepium has antifeedant activity of 40 % in

larvae of Pieris phileta (Fabricius) and Plutella xylostrella (L.). In

this work, the ethanolic extract of G. sepium bark caused 27.7 % of

corrected mortality of T. urticae eggs, while the hexane extract of G.

sepium showed a corrected mortality of 17.8 % of eggs. Santacoloma

and Granados (2012), suggest that the activity of G. sepium is due to

the coumarins, tannins, lignins, phenols and saponins that it contains

in leaves and stems.

In this study, the ethanolic extract of aerial parts of R.

ehrenbergiana caused corrected mortality of T. urticae eggs of 29.4

%. No information was found on the activity of extracts of this plant

in mites, but the ethanolic extract of the root, at concentrations of 10

and 20 %, caused mortality of 83 % and 99 %, respectively, in larvae

of Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (García, 2009). The discrepancy

could be due to the species treated or the plant tissue used and the

concentrations tested.

The ethanolic and hexanic extracts of S. molle were the ones that

presented the lowest biological activity in T. urticae

eggs with values

of 8.8 % and 0 % corrected mortality, respectively. Topuz et al. (2018)

also did not observed an effect of an essential oil from S. molle leaves

applied as a fumigant on T. urticae eggs.

Conclusion

The seed extracts of T. havanensis, especially the ethanolic ones,

have potential for the development of products for the management of

T. urticae, and thus, to contribute to the agroecological management

of crops. The extracts of the other plants did not show ovicidal activity

with potential for the management of T. urticae.

Acnowledgement

The authors thank to Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología

of México, for the support granted to the rst author through a

scholarship to study for a master’s degree in science.

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